Week# 1

Operating Systems
Instructor : Dr. Farzana Jabeen

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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 About the Course & Text Book
Class Schedule
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday (Check latest time-table:)
Consult course page on LMS/QALAAM for
Lecture Notes, Quizzes, Assignments /Attendance
Text Books:
1. Avi Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin, and Greg Gagne, “Operating System
Concepts”, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2018。

2. William Stallings, “Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles”,

9th Edition, Pearson, 2018.
3. Andrew S Tanenbaum, Herbert Bos, “Modern Operating Systems”, 4th
Edition, December 2015。

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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 LMS Course Registration Code
128903654

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Course Objectives

1. Design and implement systems-level software,

2. Understand how real operating systems work, and

3. Appreciate the tradeoffs involved in operating systems design.

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Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Overview
What Operating Systems Do
Computer-System Organization
Computer-System Architecture
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Operations
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Protection and Security
Kernel Data Structures
Computing Environments
Open-Source Operating Systems

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 What is an Operating System?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkGCLIQx1MI

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer
OS is a System Software that runs all the time
OS is responsible to manage all the operations and
services in systematic way.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Operating System Definition (Cont.)

No universally accepted definition

“The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
Everything else is either
a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
an application program.

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
Users
 People, machines, other computers

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Four Components of a Computer System

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 What Operating Systems Do

Depends on the point of view

Users want convenience, ease of use and good performance
Don’t care about resource utilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must
keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated
resources but frequently use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability
and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computer Startup

bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known
as firmware
Initializes all aspects of system
Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Difference b/w Firmware and OS

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computer System Organization

Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for
memory cycles

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computer-System Operation

I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
Each device controller type has an operating system device driver
to manage it
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller
Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by
causing an interrupt

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Windows: Device Manager

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Functions/Features/Services of OS

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Features of OS (cont.)
Here is a list important features of OS:
• Protected and supervisor mode
• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Control Panel : Services (cont.)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Operating System Services(cont.)
Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs
and services to programs and users
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user:
User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI).
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI), touch-screen, Batch (see slides 26-31)
Program execution - The system must be able to load a program
into memory and to run that program, end execution, either
normally or abnormally (indicating error) (see slide 32)
I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device
File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular
interest. Programs need to read and write files and directories,
create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.
Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Operating System Services (Cont.)
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user (Cont.):
Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
 Communications may be via shared memory or through
message passing (packets moved by the OS)
Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible
errors
 May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in
user program
 For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action
to ensure correct and consistent computing
 Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and
programmer’s abilities to efficiently use the system

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Operating System Services (Cont.)
Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation
of the system itself via resource sharing
Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs
running concurrently, resources must be allocated to each of them
 Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file
storage, I/O devices.
Logging - To keep track of which users use how much and what
kinds of computer resources
Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a
multiuser or networked computer system may want to control use
of that information, concurrent processes should not interfere with
each other
 Protection involves ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled
 Security of the system from outsiders requires user
authentication, extends to defending external I/O devices from
invalid access attempts

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 A Broader View of Operating System Services

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Task Manager

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 User Interface

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 UI

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Command Line interpreter

CLI allows direct command entry

Sometimes implemented in kernel, sometimes by
systems program
Sometimes multiple flavors implemented – shells
Primarily fetches a command from user and executes it
Sometimes commands built-in, sometimes just names
of programs
If the latter, adding new features doesn’t require
shell modification

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Bourne Shell Command Interpreter

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 User Operating System Interface - GUI

User-friendly desktop metaphor interface

Usually mouse, keyboard, and monitor
Icons represent files, programs, actions, etc
Various mouse buttons over objects in the interface cause various
actions (provide information, options, execute function, open
directory (known as a folder)
Invented at Xerox PARC
Many systems now include both CLI and GUI interfaces
Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
Apple Mac OS X is “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX kernel
underneath and shells available
Unix and Linux have CLI with optional GUI interfaces (CDE, KDE,
GNOME)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Touchscreen Interfaces

Touchscreen devices require new

interfaces
Mouse not possible or not desired
Actions and selection based on
gestures
Virtual keyboard for text entry
Voice commands

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Program Execution

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Self Reading Task
Slide (34-38)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage Structure
Main memory – only large storage media that the CPU can
access directly
Random access
Typically volatile
Typically random-access memory in the form of
Dynamic Random-access Memory (DRAM)
Secondary storage – extension of main memory that provides
large nonvolatile storage capacity

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage Structure (Cont.)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – rigid metal or glass platters covered
with magnetic recording material
Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided
into sectors
The disk controller determines the logical interaction between
the device and the computer
Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices– faster than hard disks,
nonvolatile
Various technologies
Becoming more popular as capacity and performance increases,
price drops

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage Definitions and Notation Review
The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two
values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits.
Given enough bits, it is amazing how many things a computer can represent:
numbers, letters, images, movies, sounds, documents, and programs, to name
a few. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient
chunk of storage. For example, most computers don’t have an instruction to
move a bit but do have one to move a byte. A less common term is word,
which is a given computer architecture’s native unit of data. A word is made
up of one or more bytes. For example, a computer that has 64-bit registers and
64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A computer
executes many operations in its native word size rather than a byte at a time.

Computer storage, along with most computer throughput, is generally

measured and manipulated in bytes and collections of bytes. A kilobyte, or
KB , is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes; a gigabyte, or GB, is
1,0243 bytes; a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes; and a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245
bytes. Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that
a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking
measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits
(because networks move data a bit at a time).

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy
Speed
Cost
Volatility
Caching – copying information into faster storage system; main
memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage
Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O
Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage-Device Hierarchy

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013