What is Socialization?

 Socialization is the process through which individuals learn cultural norms, values, and
behaviors to function effectively in society.
 Socialization is a fundamental process that shapes individuals beliefs, values, and
behavior, enabling them to participate effectively in society.
The Importance of Socialization
 Cultural Transmission
Socialization ensures the transmission of cultural knowledge and practices from
one generation to another.
 Social Integration
Socialization enables individuals to integrate into society, fostering cooperation,
empathy, and a sense of belonging.
 Functionalism
Socialization contributes to the smooth functioning of society, as individuals
internalize social norms and roles.
Agents of Socialization
 Family- primary agent of socialization that shapes an individuals beliefs, attitude, and
behaviors from an early age.
 Education- Schools provide structured learning environments that impart knowledge,
social norms, and prepare individuals for future roles.
 Peers- friends and peer groups play a crucial role in socializing individuals, influencing
behavior, and shaping identity.
 Media- Mass media including television, internet,, and social media have a significant
impact on socialization, shaping cultural values and trends.

What is Stratification?
 Stratification is the systematic layering of people into hierarchy based on their social
roles or characteristics.
 Stratification refers to the division of society into different layers or levels based on
various attributes such as wealth, power, occupation, education, and social status.
Nature of Stratification
 Class- One of the primary dimensions of stratification based on income, wealth, and
occupation.
 Gender- The unequal distribution of power and resources between men and women
creates a gendered stratification system.
 Race- Institutionalized racism forms the basis of racial stratification systems.
  Sexuality- The stratification system in which people are categorized based on their sexual
preferences, identity, and orientation.
Importance of Stratification
 Efficiency- Stratification allows for tasks to be divided among different social classes,
providing a more efficient means of getting work done.
 Social Mobility- Stratification creates a system where opportunities for upward mobility
exist for those who work hard and achieve success.
 Deservingness- Stratification can be seen as a system of reward and punishment that
justly allocates resources based on effort and merit.

What is Personality?
 Personality is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a person’s unique
set of characteristics, traits, behaviors, and patterns of thinking and feeling. It is what
makes each individual distinct and defines their overall demeanor. Personality is shaped
by a combination of genetic factors, early experiences, and environmental influences. It
influences how we perceive and interact with the world around us, as well as how we
respond to different situations and challenges. Furthermore, personality plays a crucial
role in shaping our relationships, career choices, and overall well-being. It is a dynamic
aspect of our identity that can evolve and change over time, but it remains a
fundamental aspect of who we are as individuals.
 Personality refers to a person’s unique set of characteristics, traits, behaviors, and
patterns of thinking and feeling that define them as an individual.

What is Social- Self?

 Social self refers to the part of an individual’s identity that is influenced by social
interactions and societal expectations. It is the aspect of our self-concept that is shaped
by how we perceive ourselves in relation to others and how we believe others perceive
us. The social self is a product of socialization, which includes the process of internalizing
societal norms, values, and roles. It encompasses our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
that are influenced by the groups we belong to, such as family, friends, community, and
culture. The social self is dynamic and can change depending on the social context and
the people we interact with. It plays a crucial role in our social interactions, as it guides
our behavior and helps us navigate social situations. The social self is closely linked to
our self-esteem and self-image, as it affects how we feel about ourselves and how we
present ourselves to others.
 The social self is the aspect of our identity that is shaped by our interactions with others
and the societal expectations we internalize.
What are the theoretical perspective of stratification?
There are several theoretical perspectives of stratification, including functionalism,
conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
 Functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a system made up of
interconnected parts that work together to maintain social equilibrium. In terms of
stratification, functionalists argue that social inequality is necessary for the smooth
functioning of society. They believe that stratification serves important functions such as
motivating individuals to work hard and pursue education, ensuring that the most
qualified individuals fill important positions, and providing rewards for those who
contribute the most to society.
 Conflict theory, on the other hand, sees society as a constant struggle for power and
resources between different social groups. According to this perspective, stratification is
the result of social conflicts rooted in inequalities of power, wealth, and access to
resources. Conflict theorists argue that the dominant classes in society use their power
to maintain and reinforce social stratification, while the subordinate classes struggle for
greater equality and social change.
 Symbolic interactionism focuses on the ways in which individuals construct and interpret
the meanings of social interactions. From this perspective, stratification is not solely
determined by structural factors but is also shaped by the subjective meanings and
understandings that individuals attach to social positions and inequalities. Symbolic
interactionists emphasize the role of social interactions and individual agency in shaping
and perpetuating stratification. They argue that individuals actively negotiate and
interpret their social positions and that these interpretations can influence their
behavior and social outcomes.
What are the Social Classes?
 Lower Class - The working poor who live below the poverty line, often with unstable
employment and rely on government assistance.
 Working Class- People with unskilled or blue-collar jobs, who work long hours for low
wages but are able to support themselves and their families.
 Middle Class- those with white-collar jobs who earn a higher income, own property, and
have economic stability.
 Upper Class- The wealthiest individuals who have massive financial resources, a high
level of education, and access to social prestige.

What is Social Mobility?

 Social Mobility is a concept from the social sciences that explains the ability of
individuals or groups to change their position within their society's class structure during
their lifetime.
What is culture?
 Culture can be defined as the shared beliefs, customs, values, and behaviors of a
particular group or society.
Origin of culture:
 The origin of culture can be traced back to the earliest human societies, where
individuals began to develop unique ways of thinking, behaving, and interacting with
one another.
Elements of culture:
 Culture is comprised of various elements that shape and define a society. These
elements include language, beliefs, values, customs, traditions, arts, music, literature,
architecture, clothing, cuisine, social norms, rituals, and even technology. They all
contribute to the overall identity and shared experiences of a particular culture.
Characteristics of Culture:
 Culture is shared.
 Culture is learned.
 Culture is based on symbols.
 Culture is integrated.
 Culture is dynamic.
Functions of Culture:
 Culture serves various functions in society, including providing a sense of identity and
belonging, facilitating communication and social interaction, transmitting knowledge and
customs across generations, shaping behavior and norms, promoting social integration
and cohesion, and serving as a framework for interpreting and understanding the world.
What is Cultural Concept?
 A cultural concept refers to an idea, belief, or value that is shared and understood within
a particular culture. It encompasses the collective knowledge, customs, traditions,
symbols, and norms that shape the way people within a society perceive and interact
with the world. These concepts can include language, religion, family structure, social
hierarchy, gender roles, art, music, and many other aspects of a culture. Cultural
concepts play a vital role in shaping individual and collective identities and influencing
behavior and attitudes within a society.
What is Cultural Variation?
  Cultural variation refers to the differences and diversity that exist among different
cultures or within a single culture. It acknowledges that cultures are not static and
homogeneous, but rather dynamic and multifaceted. Cultural variation can manifest in
various aspects, such as language, customs, traditions, beliefs, values, social norms, and
behaviors. These variations may arise due to factors like geography, history, religion,
socioeconomic status, politics, and interactions with other cultures. Embracing and
understanding cultural variation is essential for promoting inclusivity, appreciating
diversity, and fostering intercultural understanding and collaboration.
List down Filipino Cultures
1. Family-oriented: Family plays a central role in Filipino culture. Strong family ties, respect
for elders, and the concept of “utang na loob” (debt of gratitude) are deeply ingrained
values.
2. Hospitality and warmth: Filipinos are known for their hospitality and warm nature.
Visitors are often welcomed with open arms and offered food and drinks as a sign of
generosity and friendship.
3. Festivals and celebrations: The Philippines is known for its vibrant festivals and
celebrations. From the colorful Sinulog Festival in Cebu to the grandiose Ati-Atihan
Festival in Kalibo, Filipinos love to celebrate through music, dance, food, and religious
processions.
4. Catholicism: The Philippines is predominantly Catholic, with Catholicism playing a
significant role in the culture. Religious practices and traditions, such as fiestas,
processions, and the observance of Lent, are deeply rooted in Filipino society.
5. Respect for authority: Respect for authority figures, such as parents, elders, and leaders,
is highly valued in Filipino culture. This respect is shown through gestures, such as
“mano po” (blessing the hand of an elder and touching it to one’s forehead), and using
polite forms of address like “po” and “opo.”
6. Bayanihan spirit: The concept of “bayanihan” refers to the Filipino spirit of communal
unity and cooperation. It is often demonstrated through acts of helping one’s neighbors
or community, such as during house moving or community projects.
7. Love for food: Filipino cuisine is diverse and delicious. From adobo (marinated meat) and
sinigang (sour soup) to lechon (roast pig) and halo-halo (a mixed dessert), food holds a
special place in Filipino culture and is often shared with family and friends.
8. Art and music: The Philippines has a rich artistic and musical heritage. Traditional arts,
such as painting, sculpture, and weaving, showcase indigenous creativity. Filipino music,
including folk songs, kundiman (traditional love songs), and modern pop music, is also
widely appreciated.
9. Filipino languages: The Philippines has over 180 languages, with Filipino (based on
Tagalog) being the national language. Regional languages, such as Cebuano, Ilocano, and
Hiligaynon, are also widely spoken.
 10. Love for basketball: Basketball is the most popular sport in the Philippines. It is deeply
ingrained in Filipino culture, with local leagues, school competitions, and support for
professional basketball teams drawing passionate fans.
List down Filipino values

1. Respect for elders: Filipinos have a strong sense of respect for elders. They believe in
showing deference and seeking guidance from older family members, teachers, and
authority figures.
2. Strong family ties: Family is at the core of Filipino society. Filipinos prioritize the
needs and well-being of their families, often living in close-knit households and
providing support to relatives both financially and emotionally.
3. “Utang na loob” (Debt of gratitude): Filipinos have a strong sense of gratitude and
reciprocation. They believe in repaying kindness and favors received, often going out
of their way to help others as a way of expressing gratitude.
4. Hospitality and generosity: Filipinos are known for their warm hospitality and
generosity towards guests. Visitors are often welcomed with open arms, offered food
and drinks, and treated like family.
5. Bayanihan spirit: The concept of “bayanihan” refers to the Filipino spirit of
communal unity and cooperation. Filipinos often come together to help each other,
especially during times of need or when there are community projects or events.
6. Strong faith and religious values: The Philippines is predominantly Catholic, and
religion plays a significant role in Filipino culture. Strong religious beliefs, devotion to
saints, and participation in religious ceremonies are common.
7. Resilience and perseverance: Filipinos are known for their resilience and ability to
endure hardships. Despite facing various challenges, Filipinos remain resilient and
maintain a positive outlook on life.
8. “Hiya” (Sense of shame): Filipinos have a strong sense of “hiya” or shame, which
influences their behavior and interactions with others. It encourages individuals to
act in a way that upholds their personal and family honor.
9. “Pakikisama” (Harmony and camaraderie): Filipinos value harmonious relationships
and camaraderie. They strive to maintain good relations with others, avoid conflicts,
and promote a sense of unity and cooperation.
10. “Kapwa” (Shared humanity): The concept of “kapwa” emphasizes the
interconnectedness of individuals and the importance of treating others with
empathy and respect. It encourages Filipinos to value the welfare of others and to
act with compassion.