A Strong Partner for Sustainable Development

Module
in
THC101

Macro perspective of Tourism and

Hospitality

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
1
1 WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)1
WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)
 Module No. 4

THE IMPACTS, CURRENT TRENDS AND

ISSUES OF THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
INDUSTRY

1st Semester AY 2021-2022

ROY B. CABARLES
Instructor 1

ii
Table of Contents Page
Title Page i

Table of Contents iii

Instructions to the User iv

Introduction v

Chapter 6 1

Overview 1

Learning Outcomes 1

Pre-test 2

Lesson 7 3

A. Learning Outcomes 3

B. Time Allotment 3

C. Discussion 3

D. Exercises/Activities 21

E. Evaluation/Post-test 23

Lesson 8 24

A. Learning Outcomes 24

B. Time Allotment 24

C. Discussion 24

D. Exercises/Activities 42

E. Evaluation/Post-test 44

References 45

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the impacts of tourism and hospitality and current
trends and issues in the tourism and hospitality industry.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

STAY SAFE AND HEALTHY!

iv
INTRODUCTION

This module will serve as an alternative learning material. The instructor will facilitate
and explain the module to the students to achieve its expected learning outcomes and to
ensure that they will learn amidst of pandemic.

This material discusses the impacts of tourism and hospitality and current trends and issues
in the tourism and hospitality industry. It is very important that the learner cooperates by
using this module page by page and completing all the given activities. At the end of the
module, the learning outcomes are evaluated based on the different tasks given to the
learner.

Through the learner’s cooperation in this kind of flexible learning delivery,

understanding the impacts of tourism and hospitality and current trends and issues in the
tourism and hospitality industry. It is expected that after using this module the learner will
become well-oriented on the coverage of this chapter.

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 MODULE 4
THE IMPACTS, CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES OF THE TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Overview

This Chapter discusses the impacts of tourism and hospitality. It covers the positive
economic effects of tourism and hospitality, negative aspects of tourism and hospitality,
positive and negative social effects of tourism and hospitality, impact of tourism and
hospitality on culture, and environmental impact of tourism and hospitality.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this chapter, you can:

1. determine the economic effects of tourism and hospitality;
2. discuss the social impacts of tourism and hospitality;
3. explain the impacts of tourism and hospitality on culture;
4. analyze the environmental impacts of tourism and hospitality;
5. discuss the social and economic changes that suggest a bright future for the
tourism and hospitality industry;
6. identify the current trends in hospitality and tourism industry; and
7. be familiar with the specific issues that owner and managers of the tourism
and hospitality establishments are likely to face.

1
 PRE-TEST

This module will help shed some light to you as we discuss the impacts of tourism
and hospitality in the economic, social and environmental aspect.

We see tourism and hospitality industry as bright and competitive industry because
of significantly valuable impacts to many, however, we also need to look at the other side of it to
let the industry run in the future.

Direction: Accomplish the table below. Identify one impact of tourism and hospitality
industry in each column.

ASPECT POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE IMPACT

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

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 LESSON 1
The Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. determine the economic effects of tourism and hospitality;
2. discuss the social impacts of tourism and hospitality;
3. explain the impacts of tourism and hospitality on culture; and
4. analyze the environmental impacts of tourism and hospitality.

B. Time Allotment
3 hours

C. Discussion

The Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality

The rapid growth of tourism and hospitality in the twentieth century has
produced both problems and benefits for destination countries. it has had visible impacts
on the sociocultural and socioeconomic
environment. Although tourism and hospitality can
bring economic advantages to a destination
country, it also brings with its serious long-term
problems which, without careful control and
planning, can threaten the society.

Source: HTTPs//www.businessinsider.com

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The Positive Economic Effects of Tourism and Hospitality

Like any other industry, tourism and hospitality affects the economy of those
areas in which it takes place. The area affected may be a resort, 3 regions, or the entire
nation. Notwithstanding the size of the affected area, the economic effects of tourism
and hospitality may be classified into four groups, namely: effects on income; on
employment; on the area’s balance of payments with the outside world; and on
investment and development.

Income

The tourism and hospitality industry obviously generate income. within a

destination country. Nations wanting to increase their income have used tourism and
hospitality as a means for reasonably quick development. Experience has shown us that
it takes less time to increase income from tourism and hospitality than from
manufactured goods or other available options.

Tourism income, in general, comes from

wages and salaries. interest, rent, and profits.
Since tourism and hospitality is a
labor7intensive industry, the greatest
proportion of its income is derived from
wages and salaries. Income is also generated
from interest, rent, and profits on tourism
Source: https://www.youngadultmoney.com and hospitality businesses such as interests
paid on loans to an airline in order to buy aircraft, or rent paid to a landowner for a car
park. income is also obtained from direct taxation or indirect taxation. Imposing value-
added tax (VAT) on hotel bills is an example of indirect taxation.

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Employment

Employment, from local to national, benefits

as well from tourism and hospitality. In general, the
tourist industry offers more employment
opportunities than other economic sectors.
Generating employment is perhaps the greatest
advantage of tourism and hospitality on a
developing economy. Tourism and hospitality
generate employment faster for developing
nations than for the developed ones. In general, Source: https://www.pinterest.ph

tourism and hospitality employees in developed nations are usually paid less. In
developing countries, the opposite is true.

There are three types of employment generated by tourism and hospitality. These are the
direct, indirect, and induced employment.

➢ Direct employment is generated as a result of providing goods and services

directly to tourist in hotels, restaurants, bars, nightclub, and the like.

➢ Indirect employment consists of those positions that are associated with other
tourism-related activities but are used by both the local resident and the tourist.
Shops and food wholesalers are considered to be sources of indirect employment.

➢ Induced employment refers to people working in positions only peripherally

related to tourism and hospitality, but generated because of it. Examples are
construction workers, merchants, and professionals such as doctors and
accountants who service the employees working directly in tourism-related
positions.

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Balance of Payments

Tourism and hospitality have a major influence on the country's balance of

payments. Balance of payments is an accounting of flow of goods, services, and funds in
and out of the country during a given period. If a country pays or agrees to pay more
money than it receives, it has a deficit in its balance of payments. If it receives more
money than it sends or exports, it has a surplus in its balance of payments.

Most countries, particularly those with good

tourism and hospitality facilities but little
industrial or agricultural export potential,
appreciate the contribution that incoming
tourists can make to their balance of payments
account. They therefore take steps to maximize
their tourist receipts through the development
of new attractions, promotions, subsidized
Source: http://clipart-library.com exchange rates, and other measures. They also
try to keep their own residents within the
country by taxation on outgoing tourists, limitations on foreign exchange availability, or
refusal to grant exit permits (as in many communist countries).

Investment and Development

Once an area has become economically successful, businessmen and government

agencies may be influenced to invest in tourism and hospitality and other industries in
that area. This is known by economists as an accelerator concept.

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Negative Economic Aspects of Tourism and Hospitality

While most countries encourage tourism and hospitality for its economic benefits,
there are some negative economic aspects of tourism and hospitality that have to be
identified and discussed.
These are high inflation and land speculation destination, high leakages from the
economies of developing countries, low returns on investments because of seasonal
fluctuations in demand, and overdependence on tourism and hospitality.

Inflation and Land Values

The inflationary effects of tourism and hospitality can arise in different ways. Rich
tourists can afford to buy items at high prices. Retailers, realizing that their profits can
be greatly increased by catering to tourists, increase their prices on certain products and
provide more expensive goods and services. Such stores can compete more successfully
with those catering to local residents. They can afford to pay higher rents and taxes which
are passed on to the customers through higher prices. Thus, local residents have to pay
more for their goods.

Inflation within destination areas is also caused by increasing land values. Growth
in the tourist trade creates additional demand for land, and competition from potential
buyers increases the price of land. The demand for more hotels, vacation homes, and
tourist facilities may bring more income to builders, real estate agents, and landowners,
but local residents are forced to pay more for their homes because of the increased value
of land.

High Leakages

Leakage occurs from a variety of sources. It occurs from the cost of goods and
services that must be imported to satisfy the needs of tourists. Examples of these are
developing countries which have to import cars, buses, manufactured materials, and
technology from developed nations to meet the demands of tourists. Another source of
leakage is the remittance of profits and wages to outside sources. If foreign capital is
invested in the country’s tourism and hospitality industry, plant intertest payments,

7
rents, or profits may have to be paid to the foreign country; thereby reducing profits in
the destination country.

Seasonality

Many tourist regions experience low returns on investment because of seasonal

fluctuations in demand. The seasonality of demand is reflected in hotel occupancy rates.
Many hotels experience greatly reduced revenues during the off season, Nevertheless,
most hotels prefer to remain open all year round to secure as much revenue as possible.
Accommodation investments are not the only ones with a low rate of return; tour
operators also face similar problems.

Overdependence on Tourism and Hospitality

Some destinations have made themselves vulnerable to changes in tourist

demand by becoming overdependent on tourism and hospitality for their livelihood.
Tourism is highly susceptible to changes from within and outside the industry. Examples
of changes from within are price and fashions; while global economic trends, political
situations, and energy availability are examples of outside changes. Many tourists avoid
destinations which are politically unstable but they usually select an alternative. The
decrease in demand for a destination results in underutilization of services,
unemployment, and loss of income.

Social Impacts of Tourism and Hospitality

The social impacts of tourism and hospitality should not be confused with the
popular term "social tourism." The social impacts of tourism and hospitality refer to the
changes in the quality of life of residents of
tourist destinations. The objective of social
tourism is to ensure that tourism is accessible
to all people.

Source: https://discoveryindochina.com

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Host-Visitor Interactions

Tourism and hospitality cause more

interaction between peoples particularly
between the tourists or visitors and the local
residents or hosts. To understand the social
impact tourists, have on an area, the
characteristics of various types of visitors and
the level of interaction with the hosts should be
clarified. Smith (1997), categorized tourists Source: http://oneocean.org
into several types and outlined her views on the intensity of interaction between the
tourists (visitors) and the local residents (hosts). Her classifications are as follows:

1. Explorer -This type of visitor is interested in being an active participant observer

among the population. The explorer easily adapts to local lifestyles and does not need
special tourist accommodations;

2. Elite - This type of tourist is few in number. He can afford to pay well for unusual
vacations. He is well-traveled and usually known as “the jet-setter." He differs from the
explorer. in his attitude. His arrangements are either made by a travel agent or may be
pre-planned. Although he is willing to sample the local lifestyle, he requires some degree
of comfort;
3. Offbeat - This tourist adapts well to simple accommodations and services provided
for the occasional guest;

4. Unusual Tourist - This tourist loves sub exotic cultural sites, and the unusual or
primitive sites as long as he can quickly and safely return to more familiar surroundings
and group;

5. Incipient Mass Tourist - This is a visitor who looks for the amenities of Western
societies in hotels and other travel-related facilities. He is a mixture of both pleasure
seeker and business traveler;

6. Mass Tourist - He comes from the middle class. He arrives in a destination with
other tourists. There is a diversity of tastes among them and their attitude is “you get
what you pay for"; and
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7. Charter Tourist - The charter tourist comes “en masse” with others of his kind
creating an extremely high amount of business and receiving a high degree of
standardization in services and products. The interaction between the visitors and the
hosts is limited and impersonal.

Table 1 Frequency and types of tourists and their adaptation to local norms
Source: https://slideplayer.com

The level of interaction between the hosts and guests is illustrated in Table 1 for each
type of tourist.

The impact increases with each level of tourist. The explorers and elite tourists
usually have little impact on the local culture because of their limited number. The
offbeat and unusual tourists generally use the same hotels and services as the local
travelers. With the increase in number, and greater expectations 'and demand for special
facilities and services, a corresponding change in the local area occurs. Against this
background, it is possible to discuss the positive and negative social impacts of tourism
and hospitality on a tourist destination.

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Positive Social Effects of Tourism and Hospitality

Some of the positive effects of tourism and hospitality are the following:

1. It creates a new medium for social change and multicultural understanding;

2. It encourages adaptation to the realities of modern life and works toward improving
the host country’s environment and lifestyle options;
3. it promotes knowledge and use of foreign languages; and;
4. It improves health conditions and disease control.

Social Change and Multicultural Understanding

One of the most important benefits of

tourism and hospitality is the bringing
together of diverse people to help them
understand one another. Pope plus XII
touched on this aspect of tourism and
hospitality when he spoke of “subjecting
oneself, joyfully or Sorrow fully, to the
inconveniences, great or small, which can
Source: https://timesofmalta.com with difficulty be avoided.” The' United
Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) considers tourism as an encounter
between a person and a destination in its natural setting. Above all, the UNWTO believes
it is an exchange or encounter between individual groups of people as well as between
social groups.

Adaptation to the Realities of Modern Life and Improvement of the Host

Country’s Lifestyle.

This positive social benefit is the result of the following:

1. The quality of life improves in places where tourism and hospitality are being
developed by bringing both the urban infrastructure (water, housing; sewerage)
and population benefits (medical care, social assistance, schools) together;

2. The changes that occur in occupation and Income patterns create a middle class
with its different attitudes, values, and social concerns;

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 3. Increased social mobility results in new employment opportunities in tourism
and hospitality; and

4. Changes in family relations occur through the employment of women outside the
home. This Increases the family' Income and gives the worker’ 5 children more
Opportunity for higher education.

Use of Foreign Language

Use of a foreign language brings people in

contact with those of other language maps. The
need and the desire to communicate increase
interest in both the host and visitors to learn
another language.

Source: https://brewminate.com
Visitors to other destinations often want to learn a language to improve the quality
of future experiences. They may rent tapes or buy books to assist them in learning a
language. Many popular tourist destinations have developed short-term language
courses to assist visitors.

Improved Health Conditions and Disease Control

The desire of tourists for high quality public health facilities can contribute to the
maintenance and improvement of those facilities in destination areas and provide
additional sources of revenue which, in turn, can be invested in upgrading water and
sewage disposal facilities.

Through tourism and hospitality, local residents can become aware of both health
problems and good hygiene. This awareness can lead to a change in the health
infrastructure of a destination. Improvement in one community then paves the way for
improvement of the whole region.

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 Negative Social Effects of Tourism and Hospitality

While tourism and hospitality has enabled different people to strengthen the'
social structure, mass tourism has brought with it expenses and problems. Among these
are: social saturation; changes in the social structure, behavior, and roles; community
problems; and negative demonstrative effects.

Social Saturation

The presence of large numbers of tourists in particular places at specific times

results in saturation or congestion of facilities and services and competition for limited
resources. The local residents frequently resent
having to share their facilities and services with
visitors.
In destinations that attract a large number
of tourists, public transportation is so crowded
with tourists that there is hardly any room for
local residents. Shops are full of travelers, forcing
the locals to change their shopping patterns.
Streets are full of visitors resulting to traffic jams.
Thus, saturation or congestion brought about by
Source: https://www.travelandleisure.com
tourism and hospitality is often cited as a social cost.

Changes in the Social Structure, Behavior, and Roles

Tourism and hospitality change the traditional forms of employment which

results in the lowering of the status of
agricultural workers, migration of the
population, and the breaking up of families.
Many young people demand freedom from
their families. They also disregard social
norms such as respect for elders and dose
family ties. Young women who enter the
workforce have changed their traditional
Source: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com
dress to tourist clothes. Tourism and

13
hospitality in some areas leads to other social problems in the family. Some wives who
work in tourism and hospitality establishments have higher salaries than their husbands.
This often leads to the loss of self confidence among their husbands.

Community Problems

Prostitution, often called the “oldest profession,” certainly. existed before the
growth of mass tourism. it is difficult to say how responsible tourism and hospitality has
been for the rise of prostitution in tourist destinations. The following are some of the
reasons for the increase of prostitution in tourist resorts:

1. The processes of tourism and hospitality have created locations and environments
which attract prostitutes and their clients;

2. By its very nature, tourism and hospitality means that people are away from the
puritanical bonds of normal living, anonymity is assured away from home, and
money is available to spend hedonistically;

3. As tourism and hospitality affords employment for women, it may upgrade their
economic status; and

4. Tourism and hospitality may be used as a scapegoat for the’ general loosening of
morals.

Negative Demonstrative Effects

Negative demonstrative effects consist of tourist behaviors which can be

considered socially and economically inappropriate. One of the major results of negative
demonstrative effects is the polarization of the hosts from the tourists, which happens in
a number of ways.

➢ First, tourists often demand commodities and facilities beyond the economic
capacity of local residents. Rich tourists frequently eat in fine restaurants and live-
in luxurious hotels in areas characterized by hunger, unemployment, and limited
economic opportunity. This disparity has led in some cases, to militant
revolutionary action by the local residents.

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 ➢ Second, the social norms of the tourists that are very different from the local
customs give rise to social problems. Also, the values and materialism of young
travelers are copied by the young local people. Examples are nude bathing,
inappropriate manner of dressing, and irresponsible behavior.

➢ Third factor which initiates polarization is the importation of foreign workers

from more developed countries. These workers who are more skilled than the
local people generally get better-paying jobs and are usually supervisors of the
less-skilled local people.

Impact Control Measures

A number of control measures can be adapted to decrease the negative change in
an area. Some of these are:

1. Reducing the contact between hosts and guests by limiting the carrying
capacity of the destination and by regulating the tourist flow;
2. Separating the hosts and the tourists within tourist enclaves;
3. Designing community education and citizen involvement programs centered
on tourism and hospitality development, policy, and regulatory issues; and
4. Expanding human resource development and training programs in all
components of the tourism and hospitality system to include social skills
(interpersonal relations and networking referral tactics).

Impact of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture

Tourism and hospitality increase the acculturation process as well as the cultural
convergence of people. Acculturation is defined as
those changes that occur in a culture through
borrowing from other cultures. These changes may
include technology, language, and values. Cultural
convergence is the tendency of world cultures to
become more alike. A very good example of this is
the adoption of many European ways by people of
less-developed countries because of their exposure
to European culture and technology.
Source: https://reinholdmangundu.wordpress.com

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Positive Effects of Tourism and Hospitality on Culture

The two most important positive effects of tourism and hospitality on culture are
the promotion of intercultural communication and the renaissance of native culture.

Intercultural Communication

Mobility, which is a prerequisite of tourism and hospitality, is necessary for

different social groups, nationalities, and cultures to meet and interact. Such interaction
may contribute to the removal of social or national prejudices and the promotion of
better understanding and positive social change, Cross-cultural communications
between tourists and their hosts may promote changes in local culture while preserving
or revitalizing local ethnic and cultural identity.

Renaissance of Native Culture

Tourism and hospitality may be important to the host country to remind its
people of its history and culture. In Eastern
and Western Europe, many traditional folk
customs and costumes are preserved for the
benefits of tourists. Folk culture festivals are
organized to attract visitors. Model cultural
centers in both developed and developing
countries have been highly profitable and have
helped maintain interest in their cultures.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

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Negative Cultural Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

While tourism and hospitality has enabled different people to restore and
maintain interest in their own cultures, it has also
led to the destruction of a country’s work of art. The
local residents resent tourists who think they have
the right to the country’s art whether bought or
stolen. Several tourists persuade the natives to sell
traditional Objects which have been used for
generations. The greed for money which induces
people to part with family heirlooms explains the
destruction of the archeological Sites or the Source: https://www.history.com

desecration of monuments in Egypt, Bali, India, or Central America.

Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

The history of tourism and hospitality closely shows that the environment has
contributed to the birth and progress of tourism and hospitality. The term
“environment” connotes both human and physical characteristics. Speakers and writers
often refer to it as human environment, physical environment, or a combination of both.
A term that describes the human and physical characteristics of an area is pre-existing
forms.
it is expected that some change in pre-existing forms will be necessary to
accommodate mass tourism. However, tourism and hospitality can either be carefully
controlled by the government to maximize economic and employment Opportunities
while reducing its social, cultural, and physical impact; or it can be changed as to
enhance the physical environment and make it more attractive to both the guests and
the local residents.

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Positive Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality
Tourism and hospitality have created environmental awareness in two ways:
1. Contact with scenic areas has raised man’s awareness of the earth’s beauty and made
it easier for him to see and enjoy it with minimum damage; and
2. Environmental awareness has been heightened by mass tourism which caused direct
and indirect destruction.

In developed countries, several national parks and monuments have been created
to preserve the natural, cultural, and recreational resources of the land for the
enjoyment, appreciation, and education of present and future generations. The
development of parks was intended to open up areas for viewing as well as to control the
flow of traffic within the park.

Tourism and hospitality have created appreciation of the environment by

bringing scenic attractions to the attention of the public. In Switzerland for example,
mountain sports and vacations, both in winter and summer, have mushroomed as a
result of rapid tourist growth.

Conservation

Conservation and preservation of

the environment not only benefit
the local area but they also
determine the future of tourism
and hospitality. First, the local
residents benefit from the
preservation. Second, tourism
and hospitality, for as long as it
draws tourists, will continue to be
Source: https://www.worldatlas.com a socioeconomic and cultural
asset. The aim of the National Park Service, with the inclusion of conservation, is much
broader now than it was in the past. The national parks in East Africa, Kenya, and
Tanzania were founded to protect wildlife.
Development of Attractions
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 Several countries around the world are identifying areas which have the potential
to attract tourists. In the Caribbean island of St. Croix, the US National Park Service has
established and developed an underwater national park. This unique site attracts
snorkelers and those interested in corals. It helps preserve the area and creates an
awareness of the character of the coral reefs and the sea floor.

Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism and Hospitality

Exceeding the carrying capacity and saturation levels of an area will negatively
affect that area. The term” carrying capacity" is the
degree of development a certain area can take
without having detrimental effects on the
environment. if the tourist development becomes
saturated, the very attractions which draw visitors
to a place May be destroyed, causing the decline in
quality and popularity of a certain tourist
destination.

Source: https://www.google.com

Environmental Conflicts

Some of the problems affecting the quality of the environment are destruction of
the vegetation, pollution (air, water, and noise), and the destruction of wildlife. The
destruction of the vegetation occurs because of the large number of tourists who trample
on the vegetation. In many parks, campers have cut branches of trees and completely cut
down small trees. In areas such as ocean fronts and islands, many visitors going to and
from the area destroy the vegetation cover, thus changing the natural habitats for birds
and animals and, in some cases, even changing the temperature of the area. Sometimes
the loss of vegetation leads to soil erosion and the further debasement of the
environment.

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Air pollution results from the gas fumes emitted by automobiles, taxis, buses, aircrafts,
and factories. Areas with large numbers of vehicles usually suffer from air pollution.

Water pollution is the result of the discharge of untreated waste from resorts or boats
into seas, rivers, lakes, and springs. The lack of an effective sewerage system in some
areas has led to the widespread pollution of the inshore waters making fish consumption
inadvisable and swimming unhealthy.

Noise pollution is associated with traffic congestion on Land and on air. Many
recreational vehicles such as motorcycles, motorboats, and aircraft cause a lot of noise.

Geological Conflicts

Tourism and hospitality affect geological formations. Some tourists collect

minerals, rocks, fossils, and corals from tourist attractions; others destroy natural
formations by vandalizing.

Resident Conflicts

A number of conflicts frequently occur between residents and tourists or tourism

developers. In cities, hotels are built at the expense of residential accommodations. The
increasing value of land often forces residents to move away from the area. Hotel
development also brings traffic congestion and air pollution. In fishing and hunting
areas, the increasing demand creates problems for local fishermen and hunters who now
compete with the tourists’ as well as with each other.

Conflict between tourists and the local residents may also arise because of damage
to the area brought about by littering, vandalism, and traffic congestion. In rural areas,
the damage to crops, farm buildings, and livestock are common complaints of farmers,
together with the increasing value of lands, competition for labor, and land erosion

20
 ACTIVITY/EXERCISE
Activity 1.
IMPACTS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

ACTIVITY GUIDELINES:
1. You will be working by group (4 -5 members each group)
2. You can choose from the given destination below, and then you should identify the
following:
A. What are the positive and negative economic impacts of tourism & hospitality
to the destination?
B. What are the positive and negative social impacts of tourism & hospitality to
the destination?
C. What are the positive and negative cultural impacts of tourism & hospitality
to the destination?
D. What are the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism &
hospitality to the destination?

Philippines Thailand Vietnam Indonesia

India Myanmar Cambodia Malaysia
Hong Kong Singapore Nepal Maldives

3. All information needed must be well presented in the written output.

4. Rubric will be the criteria to check your work. These activities will be recorded as part
of your performance task. (60 points)

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 FORMAT:
1. Title page must contain the following: Tourist Destination, submitted by: (names of
group members), Submitted to:
2. Written output must be encoded on a long bond paper (save as pdf) Font style: Cambria;
Font Size: 11; Margin: 1” all sides; Single Spacing

Rubric for assessment

CRITERIA HIGHEST POSSIBLE

SCORE
Relevance and completeness of items in the
output submitted
30
• All information is relevant and required is in the
submitted output.
Organization
• The output has excellent formatting.
• The output has well organized information. 15
• The information indicated are clear and easy to
understand.
Format & Quality of Output
• Quality is evident
• Use of graphics is adequate to present the content 15
of the publication.
• Has followed the format stated above
TOTAL 60 pts

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 POST-TEST
TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct. Write FALSE if the statement is
incorrect.

1. The impacts of tourism and hospitality are all beneficial.

2. Social damage can occur with destruction of soils, plants and

animals.

3. Mitigating measures are executed in order to lessen the negative

change in an area.

4. It is necessary to project the carrying capacity of an area to avoid

detrimental impacts.

5. Traveling could affect the way of life of a tourist or a resident.

6. One economic impact of tourism and hospitality activities is

prostitution.

7. Acculturation is the tendency of world cultures to become more

alike.

8. Tourism and hospitality has stimulated the preservation of

traditional art including traditional songs and dances.

9. Cross-cultural communication elevate changes in local culture

while preserving or revitalizing local ethnic and cultural identity.

10. If we will unite as one in implementing the preservation program,

we will not achieve our goal to preserve our environment for the
future.

23
 LESSON 2
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE TOURISM
AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

A. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. discuss the social and economic changes that suggest a bright future for
the tourism and hospitality industry;

2. identify the current trends in hospitality and tourism industry; and

3. be familiar with the specific issues that owner and managers of the
tourism and hospitality establishments are likely to face.

B. Time Allotment

3 hours

C. Discussion

The Bright Future of Tourism and Hospitality

In recent years, a number of significant social and economic changes have

occurred that suggest a bright future for the tourism and hospitality industry. These are:

1. Early retirement. At present, many workers retire at an earlier age than the
case in previous years. The US social security system provides benefits to
workers as young as 62 years of age and many employee retirement programs
are based on years of service rather than on age. In some retirement programs,
specifically government programs, it is possible to work 25 or 30 years and
receive benefits at the age of 55 or younger. The increasing number of people
who retire early is beneficial for the tourism and hospitality industry because
these people use their time to travel and see the world;

24
2. Longer life span. The average individual can now expect to live beyond the
age of 70 and many will live longer. This is in contrast to earlier generations when
the average life span was much less the increasing population of older, retired
citizens who are richer due to pension programs and are healthier provides a
larger base of potential customers for tourism and hospitality operations;

3. Shorter workweek. in the past, the six-day workweek was the standard for
most working people. At present, the five-day workweek is standard and the four-
day workweek is becoming common-leaving several days for other activities. The
resulting increase in leisure time, combined with faster and easier transportation,
makes possible for many individuals to take weekend vacations and travel to a
degree they could not have made a few years ago. The tourism and hospitality
industry will surely benefit from this increase in travel;

4. Greater disposable income. The average family has more money to spend
than before. This is due to higher wages and two-earner households. A large
portion of the additional disposable income is spent on consumer goods and
services. The tourism and hospitality operations receive an important share of it;

5. Greater mobility. Improved roads and better transportation make it easier

to travel every year. The modern highway system has reduced the time required
for automobile travel between any two points. New planes use new technologies
which enable them to carry more passengers while using less fuel. These increases
in travel have a positive impact on tourism and hospitality industry sales; and

6. Smaller families. The average family size has decreased. Thus, it is easier
for the family to travel and travel costs less if few family’s member’s travels.

25
Hospitality and Tourism Current Trends

The Latest Trends in The Hospitality and tourism Industry

The hospitality and tourism industry are competitive, and businesses need to keep
up with the latest hospitality and tourism trends to avoid being left behind. Additionally,
keeping pace with the industry as a whole is a great way to ensure your business delivers
the kind of customer experience people want and expect. However, the needs and
priorities of customers have also changed due to COVID.

Below, you can see a rundown of both general hospitality and tourism trends,
along with trends that act as a reaction to the coronavirus pandemic and related changes
in customer behavior.

Safety & Hygiene

There are a number of hospitality trends that can be broadly described as being
related to safety and hygiene and these have become especially important with the
emergence of COVID, as the world adjusts to the virus and efforts to contain the spread.
It is essential that these concepts are a priority for hotels, restaurants, bars and cafes.

Measures here may include the provision of

hand gel, increased cleaning of areas where
customers will be, implementing policies related to
wearing masks or other protective equipment, and
ensuring social distancing rules are respected. Any
special rules need to be made clear ahead of time and
need to be enforced to make people feel safe.

Source: https://www.dallasnews.com

26
 Contactless Payments

Many of the biggest hospitality trends are concerned with reducing friction and
contactless payments have been one of the biggest examples of this. When contactless
payments are accepted, customers save time on sorting through cash or entering their
PIN. The emergence of things like Apple Pay and Google Pay also remove the need to
even carry a wallet.

Aside from removing friction and improving the

customer experience, the coronavirus pandemic has
also increased demand for contactless payments. Many
customers and staff members feel uncomfortable
handling cash and providing the option for contactless
payments may be seen by many as a necessity rather
than a luxury.

Source: https://www.abmp.com

Enhance F&B Delivery at Home

Many restaurants and establishments

offering food have adapted to the COVID situation
by increasing food and beverage deliveries,
allowing customers to enjoy something akin to the
restaurant experience at home. Often, this means
accepting telephone and online orders, delivering
quickly and offering contactless deliveries.
Source: https://mb.com.ph

A key part of hospitality management in the COVID era is finding innovative new
ways to impress customers. In terms of food and beverage delivery, bars are exploring
ways to bring drinks to customers’ houses, while restaurants are increasingly offering
extras, whether that means including candles, free food, or QR codes with Spotify
playlists.

27
 Virtual Reality Tours

Virtual reality ranks among the most exciting hospitality technology trends,
providing the means for potential hotel guests or restaurant diners to experience what
their surroundings will be like, all from the comfort of their own home. This can be
crucial for moving these people from the planning stage to actually committing to a visit.

Virtual tours/ 360 videos can help some

customers to better understand the facilities
available. Offering this service also gives you a clear
edge over any rivals that are not yet capitalizing on
this particular hospitality trend and the web-based
nature of modern VR tours means they should be
easily accessible on many devices, even without a VR
headset.

Source: https://www.campaignlive.co.uk

Mobile Check-In Service

Primarily associated with hotels and other forms of accommodation, offering a
mobile check-in service is one of the most useful hospitality trends for reducing the need
for human-to-human contact and this is an especially important concept within the
context of the COVID pandemic and the associated efforts to contain the virus.

With that being said, even in more normal times,

mobile check-ins can allow customers to benefit from
self-service and will make the arrivals part of the
customer experience much faster. For this to be
successful, you will need to provide customers with
access to an app. Include a link on your website and
provide QR codes on business literature.
Source: https://www.stayntouch.com

28
 Smart Hotels

In simple terms, a smart hotel is a hotel that makes use of internet-enabled

devices, which are capable of sending data to one another. Smart hotel designs are tied
in with the idea of the ‘Internet of Things’ and have emerged as a more popular concept
since smart speakers and smart hubs became popular consumer products.

A smart hotel might, for example, allow guests to

control the heating or air conditioning from their
phone, or turn on the TV by giving a voice command to
a smart speaker. In many cases, smart rooms also
automatically adjust things like the brightness of light
bulbs, or the temperature of a radiator, in order to
maintain optimal conditions.

Source: https://www.thelightingpractice.com

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence plays a number of different roles within the hospitality
industry, but the main one is to improve customer service. One example of this is AI-
powered chatbots, which can be used for online customer interactions, removing lengthy
waiting times and providing swift, intelligent responses to questions.

However, there are additional uses for artificial

intelligence technology too. For instance, some hotels
have introduced AI and voice-controlled customer
service or tourist information hubs within their hotels.
Meanwhile, AI can also be used to sort through data,
automatically make adjustments to processes, and so
on.

Source: https://chatbotsmagazine.com

29
Issues in Tourism and Hospitality

Although the future of the tourism and hospitality industry is bright, it is not
without problems. Those pursuing careers in tourism and hospitality will find it
necessary to obtain knowledge with regard to a number of issues that the industry must
face in the future. Some have been issues for many years, but no final solutions have been
found. Others are emerging issues brought about by social, economic, and technological
change.

These issues can be categorized under the following headings:

1. marketing;
2. legal;
3. human resources;
4. operations; and
5. consumer affairs;

Marketing Issues

The marketing issues are changing demographics, changing vacation patterns,

market segmentation, frequent guests’ programs, maturation in segments of the fast-
food industry, and consolidation.

Changing Demographics

The population of developed countries is aging. The median is now 33 years and
is projected to increase in the coming years. This is an issue that is significant to the
tourism and hospitality industry. An older population has preferences that differ from
those of a younger population. Thus, service providers will find it necessary to adjust
their service products to the changing preferences of the market.

30
Changing Vacation Patterns

Citizens of industrialized countries are changing their vacation patterns. The

traditional once-a-year vacation of two weeks is declining in popularity. For a growing
number of people, vacations are becoming shorter and more frequent, at present, more
people usually plan mini-vacations, adding two of their annual vacation days to a three-
day holiday weekend. In this way, they manage to get away for a mini-vacation of five
days while using only two actual vacation days.

Market Segmentation

Since 1980, the principal term in tourism marketing has been marketing
segmentation. Until the late 19705, lodging establishments attempted to appeal to broad
general markets. Their aim was to appeal to a broad group of potential visitors. In recent
years, the success of the limited-service properties has led to the development of other
properties intended to appeal to selected market segments. Some of the types of lodge
properties to become apparent include all-suite properties, residence properties, sub-
budget properties, and a variety of budget properties, which differ by their varying
services and amenities.

Frequent guest Programs

Because of the proliferation of properties and the increasing competition among

them, some lodging operators have begun to develop programs to gain repeat business.
Modeled on the frequent-flyer programs which were successfully used by many airline
companies, these plans give credits to regular guests. They can be redeemed in the form
of reduced rates, upgrades, free accommodations, free meals, or any Variety of
amenities. As competition becomes keener, the number of these kinds of programs will
certainly grow.

31
Maturation in Segments of the Fast-Food Industry

Segments of the fast-food industry are no longer expanding to the extent that was
formerly possible. The demand for hamburger is not growing as fast as it once did, so
operators find it necessary to develop new products to maintain the desired sales level.
At present, establishments that previously offered few products other than hamburgers
now offer pizza, salads, poultry, or other meat products. As public tastes continue to
change, food service operators will have to develop specialty products to retain an
adequate share of the market.

Consolidation in the Commercial Lodging Industry

Some experts are now predicting that the number of large nationwide lodging
companies will decrease in the coming years; that a small number of firms will dominate
the lodging industry by acquiring smaller chains of regional or national properties. This
will enable successful companies to obtain the funds required to expand their operations
internationally.

The trend toward consolidation will have a tremendous impact on all commercial
lodging operations. Both independent operation and owners of smaller chairs will find
it difficult to compete with heavily advertised national and international brands.

32
Legal Issues

The legal issues are liquor liability and ethics in the tourism and hospitality
industry

Liquor Liability

In the past, there was a growing public

concern over the increasing number of alcohol-
related automobile accidents. At present, alcohol
and the use of drugs is a factor in more than half
of all automobile accidents. This led the public to
pressure state legislatures to act. Legislators have
responded by lowering the levels of blood alcohol
in which an individual is considered intoxicated
and by increasing penalties on offenders. In some
places, this has caused tremendous increase in the
cost of liability insurance. This prompted some
Source: http://andsmedia.blogspot.com
bar owners to go out of business. It has also caused
some restaurant owners to stop sewing alcoholic beverages. Some restaurant and bar
owners have changed their market strategies. They now feature and promote non-
alcoholic drinks. As societal attitudes toward alcoholic drinks continue to change, it will
be necessary for food service and lodging operators to adjust.

Ethics in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Ethics is an academic discipline that deals with the study of codes of moral
conduct practiced by individuals or groups. Business ethics refers to the application of a
particular moral code to relationships, activities, and discussions made by individuals in
business or industry. It is the code that enables the individual in business to distinguish
right from wrong; to differentiate between ethical and unethical behavior.

33
 Ethics in the tourism and hospitality industry has been the issue for thousands of
years. The business practices of some operators of tourism and hospitality
establishments are questionable. For example, a manager of a new restaurant may hire
20 waiters but intends to keep only the 12 most able after the second week of operation.
An owner may fail to report all sales on his income tax returns. A tour guide may cheat
on his income tax by failing to report all his tips. Another owner may cheat on his taxes
by charging personal expenses to the business. An employee in the purchasing
department may accept gifts from vendors in return for buying inferior products.
Business ethics is likely to remain forever in the list of tourism and hospitality issues.

Human Resource Issues

Some of the human resource issues are sexual harassment, employee turnover,
employee assistance plans, and employee empowerment.

Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment may be defined as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for
sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature that take place under
any of the following conditions:

2. submission as made a condition of the person’s employment;

3. submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as abasis for employment
discussions affecting the person; and
4. it unreasonably interferes with the person’s work performance or creates an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.

Most cases of sexual harassment involve complaints by females about coworkers

or superiors. In the last 10 years, the number of cases has grown because an increasing
number of women have become willing to speak out.

34
 Because employers are liable for the actions of their employees at work, it is very
important for employers to take the following steps:

1. institute a strict policy banning all forms of sexual harassment in the workplace;

2. develop appropriate training programs for managers and employees so that all
well understand and become sensitive to the nature of sexual harassment; and

3. establish procedures for handling all complaints promptly, fairly, and in a

sensitive manner.

Employee Turnover

Employee turnover is one of the major issues confronting managers of tourism

and hospitality enterprises. With turnover rates averaging approximately 100% per year,
managers are always faced with the problem of losing experienced employees and hiring
less-experienced employees as replacements. Faced with inexperienced replacements,
several managers believe they have only two choices-to shoulder the high training costs
associated with developing new employees into efficient workers or to incur the equally
high costs associated with working with untrained employees. Very few realize that there
is a third alternative-to retain valuable employees and reduce turnovers.

Several managers and employers still

treat their employees as in they were parts of a
big wheel rather than people. They hire
workers at the lowest possible wages, fail to
provide proper training, then admonish them
for not doing their work correctly. They assign
workers’ schedules without taking into account
the workers’ personal preferences, change the
Source: https://www.bigstockphoto.com schedules of the workers without previous
notice, and order them to report for work on their day-off. Then, managers complain
about employees who resign to accept equal jobs with other employers.

Employee Assistance Plans

35
 Employee assistance plans (EAPs) are included in the discussion of major issues
in the tourism and hospitality industry because they are one of the secular steps to pay
attention, regarding the problems of their employees. The problems of those employed
in the tourism and hospitality industry include psychological problems, family issues,
financial problems, legal issues, health, as well as educational issues.

The tourism and hospitality manager who establishes EAPs to benefit employees
will eventually develop a more loyal workforce, one that is willing to make a great effort
to attain the operational goals of the enterprise. In addition, the manager who helps the
employees will reduce employee turnover.

Employee Empowerment

In some tourism and hospitality establishments, managers have developed rules

and procedures that employees are directed to follow. These include directives such as
inflexible rules for checkout time, rules prohibiting free refills on coffee, strict limits on
the number of hand towels per guest, or directives prohibiting substitutions on special
dinner menus. These may affect the overall impression of a guest regarding a particular
food service or lodging enterprise. For some guests, these rules may be enough to make
them decide never to return.

Operations issues

The operations issues include automation, smoking/nonsmoking areas,

sanitation and public health, and recycling solid waste.

Automation

Automation is the process of using electronic and mechanical equipment and

machinery to complete some or all of the tasks associated with a given enterprise. The
two primary reasons for automating an enterprise are:
1. to increase the speed of work; and
2. to reduce the cost of work.
Automation in the travel industry is here to stay. Computerization will affect the
industry principally in three areas, namely:
36
 1. Communications. Business travelers frequently change their itineraries to suit
their changing requirements. Much time at present is lost in making alternative
arrangements through vendors or distributors from payphones, hotel rooms, or
secretaries’ phones. Portable communication data units (PCDUs), a portable
telephone or computer, allows a business traveler to communicate with any travel
entity from any place including airplanes and rearrange or reconfirm his travel
plane;

2. Interactive CRTs. interactive television is now being used in some cities. Within
a few more years, more cities will be using it. it is possible that much of the order
placement process will be shifted to interactive television. Specific order forms
can be programmed into a database that can be accessed by any number of users.

3. Elimination of Tickets. There is no longer a need for the traveler to carry an

actual document for an airplane seat or a hotel reservation. A traveler may place
the order about his impending trip on his interactive television, and insert his
travel card into the appropriate slot on the side of the console. After all
arrangements and confirmations have been made, the computer magnetically
codes his card.

Smoking/Nonsmoking Areas

As more and more customers of tourism and hospitality entities demand smoke-
free areas for dining and smoke-free sleeping accommodations, the industry will
continue to exert efforts to meet these demands. This is specifically true in places in
which legislation orders that appropriate facilities be made available. Hence, restaurants
apportion sections of their dining facilities to accommodate the requests of nonsmokers.
Some even install or improve Ventilation equipment.

Sanitation and Public Health

37
 A very important issue in food service is sanitation. Everybody agrees that all
steps should be taken to prevent illnesses that are caused by the manner in which food
is handled or to the food itself.

Proper food handling has always been

an issue in the industry. Managers must always
be sure that food is bought from responsible
vendors. Food must be kept at suitable
temperatures to prevent the growth of bacteria.
it should be placed under proper conditions to
prevent infestation by insects or rodents. The
surfaces of equipment must be cleaned very well
to ensure that food is not contaminated during
preparation. Washing is a necessity in food
service such as the washing of the hands of the
employees, the washing of the fresh food to Source: www.doncleaningservices.com

remove chemical residue, as well as the thorough washing of china, glassware, flatware,
pots, and pans that are used in the preparation and service of food and beverages.

Recycling Solid Waste

In previous years, there has been a gradual closing of the landfills that were used
for disposing solid wastes and a growing awareness of the harmful effects of either
burning solid waste or dumping it into the sea. This has resulted in major waste disposal
problems in some places.

In some cities, the cost of removing solid wastes is increasing to the extent that
government and citizens are unable to pay. In many of these areas, separating recyclable
plastic, glass, and other items from other solid wastes greatly decreases the quantities
that require disposal.

38
 Consumer Affairs Issues

The consumer affairs issues are fire, safety, truth in menus, and diet/nutrition/ health.

Fire Safety

Fire safety has always been an important issue in the tourism and hospitality
industry. In earlier centuries, taverns, inns, and hotels which were usually constructed
of wood were regularly destroyed by fire. Many were burned to the ground and a large
number of people were killed or crippled.

During the twentieth century, hotels, motels, and other lodging establishments
have instituted many changes, among which are improvements in design and
construction as well as improvements in the fire control systems installed in buildings.
Examples are electronic smoke detectors, automatic systems to summon fire
departments, better sprinkler systems, and so on. Because of these systems, people
became safer.

Truth in Menus

For food service operators, preparing truthful

menus is an ethical practice that should never be
violated. However, a small minority have produced
menus that are not accurate indicators of the food
served in their establishments. Some serve US Choice
beef when their menu states US Prime beef. Others
serve portions with fewer ounces than the number listed
in the menu. Still, others have not used the actual
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph
ingredients suggested
by their menus and have substituted one product for
another such as turkey for chicken, margarine for
butter, generic products for name brands, and
domestic products for imported ones.

Source: https://www.omahasteaks.com

39
Diet/Nutrition/Health

Since the public is very much concerned about healthy diets containing less fat
and lesser calories, many food service operators are adjusting their menus to the
changing public tastes. Some are devoting sections of their menus to food to; the diet-
conscious; others are assigning certain menu items for those interested in food that is
low in sodium and cholesterol. An increasing number of restaurants exert efforts to
attract health-conscious diners. Some have eliminated unhealthy food from their menus.

The trend to healthier dining will surely continue. Successful food service
operators will have to give greater attention to the nutritional content of food in the years
to come.

The Future of Tourism and Hospitality

The World Travel and Tourism Council forecasts that travel and tourism will grow
at 40% to 50% in the next 10 years. This tremendous increase presents great challenges
and career opportunities for tourism and hospitality graduates nowadays. According to
John Naisbitt, the futurist, the global economy of the twenty-first century will be
propelled by three super-service industries namely telecommunications, information
technology, and travel and tourism.

The following tourism and hospitality items are but a few examples 6f the wave of the
future:
1.increased speed and shopping use of the Internet in developed countries;
2. extended reach in less-developed countries;
3. improved security of personal information;
4. robotic labor sources;
5. reservation systems with more sophisticated, voice-activated, artificial
intelligence;
6. improved navigational systems for rental cars;
7. electronic entertainment venues in rental cars and on planes and cruise ships;
8. upgraded Internet personal digital assistants for operations;
9. marketing mass customization;
10. comprehensive branding campaigns for large and small operators;

40
11. virtual online customer communication;
12. just-in-time seats/rooms/car inventories;
13. electronic travel agents;
14. blended hybrid accommodations;
15. global anti-terrorist microchip security systems;
16. more nutritional fast-food offerings;
17. emphasis on ecotourism; and
18. improved customer relationship marketing information.

41
 ACTIVITY/EXERCISE

Activity 2
1.Based on your observations, how do you see tourism at the present time? Illustrate your
answer in the box and discuss your work. These activities will be recorded as part of your
performance task. (30 points)

2. Research on three possible actions that can help mitigate the occurrence of issues in the
tourism and hospitality workplace. Support your answers by citing an example/s. These
activities will be recorded as part of your performance task. (30 points)

42
 3. Enumerate three examples of the current trends in tourism and hospitality industry and
evaluate if how they shape the experiences of tourists/ guests (5 points each)

Example Explanation

Rubric for assessment

CRITERIA HIGHEST POSSIBLE

SCORE
Content
• There is a balanced presentation of relevant and
legitimate information that clearly supports the
10
purpose of the activity.

Organization and Presentation

• Presents information in logical, interesting sequence
which reader can follow. 10

Integration of Knowledge
• Fully understands the lesson and has integrated
concepts in writing his/her insights. 10

TOTAL 30 pts

43
 POST-TEST

1. In your opinion, which among the tourism and hospitality issues are commonly
observed? Expound your answer briefly. Provide TWO issues only. Put them inside the
box. (10 points each).

1. Issue:

Explanation:

2. Issue:

Explanation:

2. What is your impression with the list of significant social and economic changes that
have influenced the bright future of tourism and hospitality industry?
(10 points).

44
References:

Cruz, ZL PhD. (2018). Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality. The impacts of
Tourism and Hospitality and Current Trends and Issues in the Tourism and Hospitality
Industry. Pp 129-164.

Revfine.com “hospitality-trends” Retrieved from https://www.revfine.com

Dr Jean-Philippe Weisskopf and Dr Philippe Masset. 2020-top-hospitality-trends

Retrieved from https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu

2019 Top Hospitality Industry Trends. Hospitality News & Business Insights by
EHL. https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/2019-top-hospitality-trends.

Disclaimer: This Module is prepared for instructional purposes only based on the
course syllabus. The teacher who prepared this module does not claim ownership on its
contents, but patterned the ideas from different sources.

45
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