what o chemital Bond.

w bonds oxu mod

O Chemuco Bond ore otracusn winich hdds

otbm in a
meu
Spes
gthar
Owh bond for matm? Jrrs
ono

form a dhumital y
Atoms shen Combn
ewgwhhh tabliu m
stabil alaun Kanna
nd for maupn

ARJUNA
 P
Bondforca atlradJs
Bond fmatun To attun tabilty

Molecals o more tabl han otan

ARJUNA
 P
AU a r a c t i W
t s a u Chamico Bmd No
ATTRACTIVE FORCES
(Strong) Weak

STRONGBOND WEAK INTERACTION

lonic Covalent Co-ordinate (Metallic Hydrogen Vander waal's

bond bond bond bond bond InteractionJ

ARJUNA
 W

Chemical Bond|

lonic Bond Covalent Bond Co-ordinate Metallic

(Metol +Non Nn-M NayMuto Bond Bond
N-MetR/NMd
Muta Mu&M
Me
Co-ordinals
LCo-0rdina (avalend
ARJUNA
Types of Bond W

Ionic Bond
Bond formed by Canblt inanae e e
rom n otam to anrher i atud Ionic Bondd
O
M
Ionic Ban
Ma

ARJUNA
 Ionic ond a Ald by eucwstote tvu
ottradm
Necear Cmditusn tor Lonic bond
Com
) Element forming, ahould a u
An Lonisaban Enthal
(ü) Element forming auan shauld ha
twh EA

ARJUNA
 (iit) Laas enera Cenpound mut b highr
Aers) Fo maion
Pro CU
energy nded
B ABcs)
A
0ev
IE I0ev
-S
endo TE (E45 LE
Letotheimi Churgy usond
EME 8ev
Bond tomd LE -5.V
At +
Sev

-/3eV

ARJUNAA
Ceyadent Bond w

Bonda onmd by muual ahoning o lctrom

/w bo otoms u colhd a crvalenk bond
Cewalent Bond
H
H
 w
-2
(H -C

Covodent bonds au uneroy blo 2-non matal

Reason-To attaun atabiidy.

ARJUNA
 Theorifor Cevalart Bond Pormatum
O Ocbt thy (Octd Rula)
Euments comb to tm bond a t mt
thur octt Exapt H- Com ks dutut)
Ocl 8e in valsnn h
Nob Gau Have C m t ocbt, ond
very much t a o

ALU elements ty Is atoun neo ns gas CAnfquraln

ARJUNA
Limitations of Octet Rule

XContraction ofoctet (incomplete octet) Few combound au Eno Lo

eren, thir ocbt is in complta (Hypovalent
2. Expansion of Octet (due to empty d-orbitals) Incomplutu octd
ex Be U2
3. Odd electron species

C Be x*

4eIntampluhoctf
4e.
 W
B Hybovalent
cehpovalend

ex -
Be X2 (X=£usr,
B
8X (X,,Br,I,)
ARX (XBr,

ARJUNA
 P
w
Expanded 0cut (Hypr valent Combound)
Tho Compound in wnih Contral atom expand its
och a n callud exbamdad sit (Hypavalant)
e- PCAs Sf 12e S03
IDe

+ S+f

=S=
P

ARJUNA
RBI W
o Hypovaent compounds 9nural at Leois
as aud
OPaniod-2 elment an never
pand Uhun odd
 ( Odd e spCARS
hen briu un which taal no- o eia edd a
calld bodd e abuuis (un paimde)
RB1 0dd e spaues anu auoays onamognic
NO ec odd+odd even
ex
NO emn t eVem
Odd+ew 3 pdd
odd +m -

23e
- Ockt Comut hoga hu
ewn tdod
Odd eSpede
Nahi

ARJUNAA
 #RBT Feo mau imitalm
Feuo Combounds au know fur ndl 90k Nebl 9ad
ex
Xe 0 ,Xe Of etc Stabty
Ro Rn F2 K Ke

Transiton metal ion » do not ha Compleid thair

x M
Oct but stiy o n stta

NA 8a Cnf

ARJUNAA
 P
Pndo inurt Cmiquradism--) 8e Campet
Pando
Eluments«having n-)s* n-)p
LDns
(n-) d Uonka
Calld Paudo
une
ex z N]as,3 4s 2d
(n-)
Very

ARJUNAA
 HoD to drauo lew is dot struiwu
Compoun Centrad Hom Terminal Atom
CA) (T-A)
Baraat Dulho +
Baroai
4RBT

Ste I Find out the CA

CA Least in n8
O CA-max bond Banaye
O CA Jiski en Sabse J
F L H Can never be C.A

ARJUNA
 StDRepruunt kh volunca Dutermost e) CA
with do

SkubI Make bond with TA b shcning e Such that

octd TA s alao c m t

Period- 2 elument COm nuver exband Uun octa

Sh T tm specie Contains charu then
+Ve 9iven to CA e uemove from C-A
Ve iyen to CA4 e y added.
but O m t then, -w chama u
(TA) ivento 0
ARJUNAA
 P
Draw lewu dot structurt ok
07
CD N0,NO SO
CAC(s en)
TA O
0 Daduu
o:) (
O c Ddne

O -N O oS=o

o=C=0

ARJUNA
 ) NA4G So 1 0 - charr

o=S=0

N--1

ARJUNA
Co-ondinot. Covalunt Bend w
he bamd in which e is rovided yone atom bu
haud by brth
 Nra 7
W
exgmp
n 0 - v a l k n ae *

NO

o N 0 H Bthe auo N
No.
buut shandl b t

ARJUNA
 Ozone
2
amt
Chamka

O d o n r a t o m

shaning
am
O=0
Coordina

ARJUNA
 w
-
Forumal Chenoe ¢C) (vaunca)
t tha differcna bluo no of ein an elumunt in
bmdd atot is6ahd atat
ex Isolated atom valena s l e
C
N 5
6
S

ARJUNA
 w
FC T.V.E N:BE BE
(atom)
No of isolau) FC on al atoms
TVE Tota valence e Calclad
) c oCo2
NBE Non-Bonded e
BE Bonoled e 3

Pc(o,)6-6-22 - 1 C

F Co)- 6 - 4- 42 6-4-2
=0 ec) 4 -0 -

FC O): 6- - 0

ARJUNA
 Valanc Bond Thg (v.8T)
O Types of Covalent Bond
No. of e shard
G) Singl Bond (ershad-2)
i) double Bord (eshard-4)
(uiy Thiple Bondshared-6)

ARJUNAA
 »
Cevolervey nono oCevalend bonds tor md by an
aom n a combound o
e
Covadeng :1
-C
CovaJeny4
oS= Covalency 6

ARJUNA
Se ex - Covaleny = 1
Bonding-Valanu shille
khas (empta)
Vacant 3 d ovbita
Gs) CNJ 3p
3s2 3p5 Bd

di
Gvound Stht)
energy un paired e =1
(covalent Bond 1)
(Exitad St)
Covadenc
CaES) Un poinde= 3
-F
-
1 10 Cevolenty 3

ARJUNAA
 P
w
Cavadenc 3pS 3d
Covolenu 1
(1 1uh
e n e
e n e

oen

3s 3p 3d

(es.) Covaleny3
3s 3 5
Cavodeng
ES2
30
Lage l60
Milne= 250
Pait 9o
ARJUNA
 Covoenu
Miüne 350
Lagne 240

Profit UD
(SGod
CEL

ARJUNAA
 P
6s)P 3s* 3p* evnlanuy = 3
c 2 s 2P
1 11
20 Covade es) p 111 l11
3S
3p3 3d
C2s 2p Covalency= S

1 1 1
Covalency í
120

ARJUNA
 P
Valence ond W
Theory (v.8T)
Dwwng bond formatin valance shle
ODuina my pondicibots

Bond formation taku placa udne ener mdaunda

minimum (FA FR)

ARJUNA
 PEK19 H PE:
Pormohie o a
H
Y a h a

B a n

Yahan

Bond
PE

Potentia (n)
o
Lnter
Enerax Sond
Lendth Energy ulasnd
nuoar
Distante
B:E p
bendrmed
bon Bond Enery

PE
ARJUNA PEmi
 P
W

H
( N + e

H Fora Ka hisaahutt
(Nt2 Cs) Atrative
1,+¬) +(N,*¬.)
F)Repulsive (N,+)+ (etea)|
Bond For maion Fa
E Bond TJT
E

ARJUNA
 Bond Formatin by VB T u explained b 2 Conpt
G)Overlapping Hybridisodiam hen overl

O Overlabbig of orbidals (2D

Ovenlabping Common Amea/ shavreng
Volume
Intey sect im (3D) verla

ARJUNA
 RBI Overlakping Concaat w

a) Only valuncu shul odals overlab t fom bond

) Ony those orbdadhowing Single e ith oppait
spin wi evenlap overla
1

ARJUNA
 P
Lobe W
Overlaping ovbitals
RBI
Ont als overlap in tuoo manneris
-bond 2lobes oVeTlab
i) Head on over
lopbing T bond 4 Lsbe
(i) Side ways overlappig 6 -bonq 8

Overlap

Head On Side ooyS

bond
(Sigma Bond TT-bond &-Bond
ARJUNAA
 S+s overlap
- n s - 0 e Z-qa
S+S

Note
S-Subshell only
0OYms sigma bond

ARJUNA
 ORBITAL OVERLAP CONCEPT

Sts overla
Zans
S+S P
S+ overla -

Aais ais Z-auS

S+P
S+ P
S+ Pe

ARJUNA
 Pt over Las - orbita with same w
Orientoduan
2-a
Any two - rbdal -Qs 9is
TT
with differrnt oientdion Ptp
wl never oveas yP TT TT

TT TT
Pa+Py no
ovevlab
8 - orbita T-Overleap.
Py+ a
Pzt Pa

ARJUNA
dtd overlapping d d-2 dr
Samebyp od d-ovbidad

TT
d-ydy
TT TT
dyzdy
TT
dz tdaz TT

dz tda x

ARJUNA
 Strungth ooveslabbing/Exant of overlakping
Bond strength stength overlapbg
T-overlas strength
S+S
S+S, S+ P+ valu of'nu Same
2S-2s, 2s-2p, 2p-2p
25
2S 25 2P 2P

0.33

ARJUNA
 Strength (r-bond)
2s-2s < 2s-2p < 2p-2P

Note-1s -1s) ovevlab is stron among Cany other overlae

O- overlap Stronger than T-overlas.

ARJUNA
 9f va.lun ois changing w
nt extent of overlapbing

ex 2 S 2s < 2S 3s < 2S 4s

(IStISHmax overlap
Data ban

ARJUNAA
 T-overlabbing w
T-T PT-dr, dr-drT (3-3p 3p-3d,dd-34)
d

distance
b/o
NudeNudeu T-T <PT-dr sdm-dT

ARJUNAA
 ~oYmCl¼on Cl-4 ~ ove"I* pa~ Con~ Jf
voJe.nca. She.ti IS
2.t,1.
2.S,_
I
C --, ITI) f 1 (1 f J 2-p
( • ,/ !2s' 2-p ~ "' ,s - 2..S C z.t,- lS '1
C > 1
I~

'-1
C- ),\ =. ls- 2.S ~
C-~:ls-~p/
Advantages of VBT :

•!• It explain various bond characteristics e.g., bond length, ~ond

strength.
-
•!• It explains the quantitative relationship between the extent of
overlapping and bond dissociation energy. ( ~ b\
8 b~)
•:• This theory accounts for shape and nature of bonding of the
{ molecule whose covalency is not according to the25 number Q.f G
half-filled orbitals present in the ground state. ®--1 ,_ 3 P \3:l{\ _f, I ~~
4

eory redefined the stability of molecules e.g BF 3, AlC1 3,

~ - . & . .&
-
PC1 5, SF etc which are exception to octet rule. -
e---: . L
e.,.u&\~
-{. - ~ pn·v-.._jeht h ~ ~a
oo
\<; \s

~ ~
f;orrn~ o-f 02
\)

O __, 2.s' 2.p\;

@ 11..1

0----f 2S L 2
Tf l<. i Lle.a,r ho.i
tfil
 ~oirrn~ 2.
yi ~y •
2
N -- 2S
@

(33
3
N -= 2 5"2- '2... p

ARJUNA
Disadvantages of VBT :

o.rt-
•!• According to this, theory three bond angel in CH should-2_0° , as
4
these are formed by p-p overlapping, but actually it h3S four
I

109°28 angles.
•!• In order to explain the c~UJ,1.,,-1~~ c geometrical shape of
polyatomic molecules like CH4' ~H 3, H20 tc. Pauling introduced
the concept of hybridisation. -~-
'(\P\ f
~ AAM> ~ ~ t>v~ ~ ~ Lt ~on~ ~ \.n C~~ cw. Y\,ol: ~
'C" /

~· BIA:f- Lr1 ~1
MJ. b MGU a.>u Lc{e ~ ~ .
 HYBRIDISATION oLmo~ ~l'IIA,IAA, U\tv3~

The phenomenon of intermixing of the orbitals of'(slightly different energies)so as

•
to redistribute their energies, resulting in the formation of new set of orbitals of
equivalent energies and shape c.~ ~ o-1bq~ • _,,
Salient features of hybridisation : The main features of hybridisation are as under:
I . The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of the atomic orbitals that get
hybridised .
2. The hybridised orbitals are equivalent in energy and shape.
3. The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure atomic
orbitals. t h~bYid ovloLWs ~e 0\1(. vlc.tFn8 l<~ '2~rv\-, Glnt"\i c. ~oJ ~ JJ~~ h6½-i
4. These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in some preferred direction to have
minimum repulsion between electron pairs and thus a stable arrangemenyt

ARJUNA
i~>
~portant conditions for hybridisation /

(i) The orbitals present in the valence shell of the atom are
hybridised. v { v QilJ
(ii) The orbitals undergoing hybridisation should have ~ u a l
energy.
~ (iii)Promotion of electron is not essential condition prior to
hybridisation.
(iv) It is not necessary that only half filled orbitals participate in
hybridisation. In some cases, even filled orbitals of valence shell
take part in hybridisation. - I c. Mt~
 VALENCE SHELL ELECTRONPAIR REPULSION g:sEPR) THEORY
vSEf>-=- \/cde."ce she.lie- p<W\ = bp-t f
(a) This theory predicts the shape of the molecule by considering the most
stable configuration of the bond angles in the molecule.
•
(i) Electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom of a molecule,
whether bonding or lone pair are regarded as occupying localised
orbitals. These orbitals arrange themselves in so as to minimize the
muttlal electronic repulsions.
'\/SE.P =- bp-tlp

G
J:l.1..,._ ".,v' •.c9~· be-=- 9..
0 . lf-:4
(ii) The magnitude of the different types of electronic repulsions follows •
the order given below :
lone pair-lone pair,. lone pair - bonded pair > bonded pair -
bonded pair lp-lP '> Lp-bp bp-bf -
(iii)The electronic repulsion between two pairs of electrons will be
minimum if they are as far apart as possible.
✓
(iv)The actual shape of the molecules containing lone pairs is a little
distorted from the basic shape as in the ~H 3 and H20 molecules, the
bond angles are not 109°28' but 1_07° and lQ.4.5° reSpectively due to
presence of one lone pair in NH 3 and two lone pairs in H20. •
VSEP 'h.<'f°XA.d i s ~ Gt e.otv'le.br ~
2.. Sf ~e.(?.~

sp-a T"ionCM Pl~\'\'l'Y

Sp'l Te,ty~ ed-rtN\

5 sp-:1cl T-..·13 o\'\c:J.-bi- P)Ycd''l\~cJ

€;

1
sp?.d
'1-

sp"3c:i3
s,
Oda.he.~ ~ WQ\.e - b~ - Pr1'Q.m·,c1 °"'
t>e.n~oncd - ~-P~'l'N'I·
bi.-p~yomid / 0~ ' '""'
SUAN.bA:
bic.h W\t. ----t sh~p< ~~~Mi4
\J p C\Y l nic.h t. - v~Yto·

pe,.p

T-ri3onJ. .
bi- py~rv\•r.l
@ ~l."~ v SE. P , ~~idis~ 1
slt"~ctMK '
~Ul ,I\ bon4 o.n~ of -:- 8
# R Bl
0 ~i-nd C·A
0 ~\f\rJ no· of bp (G"""-bol'ri) ~ lp cm C-J\
0 VSE p = Lp+bp , h~b~~is~
l
"e.o-
/ "'Li {.tp+o)
1.1 (-lp-= <>) ( In stl1.tc.k~
C,,.0 ::: S-h-uc~) --tr> y not tnd~
 .----o.
Be. ----- ct, @ ~Cl3 8 .---u
.-u
---- q
bf =2. bp= 3
lp = 0 (CA) J-p = 0 2.

0VSEf='2. VSEP= 2. VSEf:.~ ~-= sp

0 ht: sr Qe,o-= T~on<J, l>Lo.n~"1
,, \I
0 ~eO: li.nea.Y (tr~ 0) Sbl.'t.~Y'(. -= T'lr\jO"J. Pla,r\Q.Y
~
st.Y u.c.+uve •
,a.o Q ( LClflU .sl'20~

.,4 __(:;\_'Be.",__- & iJ

8~ ,1-0·

[U&f.U:l'iO
Ct
® SnCJ~

bp = 2.
C)
I •(A
sn .-----
..--- u
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-·
.lp =-1
VSEP-=~ ""-~-= sp'L.
(0 CH4
-
bp= 4
C ......-11
r-~
..._'1
....... H
@) No - of An3le. l-v°•#i
i,n t~'1 wi\\ b-t.
I o~';a'
•
!f ~ 0 @4 @ s ~b © 1-
VSEP=-it "'+ -= sp'l
Gieo -= t.iv-Q.h.td ytJ..
✓er .-11
C
+t 2.
'
✓ '1,
Sb-lAc.lM.n. ~ Te..-l:vCO\ed~ C ½~

✓~~~~
• ~\'\, \-1~
M ~ c. )t = 10 Sl.\ '
"tt V\l
\ I-ta ~ 2..

C ~1..
I.,
~~
U// '-...~ \11 "1)
k
 © JhQ
br= 3 bp= 2.
(p: I -lp :.. (.
VSEf>=~ ¥-=- sp"l VS6P=-~

~ Gto -:: T e.hahu.t ~

~r ShtAc~ -: T..,\ ona.l ~C"tl'\'\ic{~

e= 10-=,
•
6) fCAs TS p ---t 'l. p O ~i~u,

bp= 6
,/
()I~
"-~lM.hvi wi
-lp -:. 0
VSE r~s L0c-r-ac. -=,1.0·

"'o = T· B· P / Uc-P-Uo. :- 'to ·

/Uo.- P-CJo. = li<>.
 S 0, wiu be

bp=4 ()>26 (ü) <I20 (ii) =l20

Slpequi
vSEP=S Max no-of atom in ablane
Geo = T B. P
Bana 90
bhehng SAructun ,
Ka
0,<iz0
See-Saw

-F

F
ARJUNA
 Max no- of atom in a plaru
bp =3
Lp = 2.
VSEP=5

Geo = TBP
,< 90
T- shaþed

ARJUNA
 11) Sfs S

bp- 2 bp=&
Lp=3
VsEP =5 hybspd {d daey : VsEP 6 {de, daty
Geo TB-P
I80

Geo Octahudra
Strucure=
Uneat Struct = Qetahes
Max no of
no of EsFtqu
() 90: 12
Guom in a () i80: 3
plane 3
Max no of atom
n a plane =S

ARJUNA
 (2)
bp= 5
Lp=1
VSEP= hyl sp°d (d-de) JEt Adv
Geo= Octahdral Max no- of atom in a
Strucus : Squane pyramidal lone? Ans- 4
B
f

ARJUNA
 ((3) Xe fa 9 If I

bp4 bp:
lp=2
hyyb spd'(d-dt,da) p:o
VsEP-6 vSEP7
Geo Otaheda ge PBP
Sbuctu Square Planar
Staudu PBp
Max no
/Fa I fe = q0
of atom in 12°

May atom
a þlahe
ARJUNA
 TEE fav
Xef {bp=c, lpz 1
Xe
VSE P: 4
hyb sp
Geo: P.Bp
Strud Distord
Octahadra

ARJUNA
 Ln Cas
chargvg &aidic hydrogn
of TT-.bond, Cha
RBI
Charg cA
cA but if Ouþant each onygn tats
chan 1
nageai cha
countd in be
O L{ T bond is þresent then T bond in net
TT bond naking tarmenal atom
T O{most cae)

Audic hydrogn
ARJUNA
 s
S

for bp Count T-A only

bp4

ARJUNA
 NOF
N bp:3
VSEP 3
bp=2
Planar
Geo =
Tgonal
Ge inear
Skuct= Linea
0N0

ARJUNA
 JA cids
RBI

HydraAcid Oxo/0x
A cid
O Fan oxyono acida
Acidic Hydngen s acidic 'n ia dieety
Tonisable 4 4NO attached to on
iu attachd diue
attay CHgcooh For any oxyo xo
to moTe
element dirty aid ata
HD4 have mP=o)"
Mf,MU,Hei,

ARJUNA
 -0-M
HNO
bp 4 N (g Dbp4
vseP:4 sp) be 3 VsEPeY (sp)Teahdal
hen tete Lp 0
vsEP:3(se)
Geo Trigonal Planar

ARJUNA
 (n3) (n=)
P bp=4
bp=3
Lp0 bp 4
vsEP=3(s vsEP-4
vsEP-4 (sp) (sp)
Iignel Planár (Tetrahdy (Toha)

ARJUNA
 HaPO2
P0 Xe Xe

bp=4 bp=4 heo 0ta .

VsEf-4 (sp) vsEP 5 (sed)

Tehra F
See- Sa
P Sa Pyramidd

ARJUNA
 Resonance
compound's orspntia Can not be explaind
by singe strutwu but rathu it can be explaind
tro or mox strutus. Then sueh strucliu
ou calld hesonaling stuctuu and the phenomenot

ARJUNA
 g co

(D)
G) PavtialDowble
(A) (B) Bond
Structure
A,B2 C Resonading
D D- Reso nance fadealiy enst}

ARJUNA
 Real existing sthructn i mamu hyorid
O Energ of Resonance hybid < any cannonical tructm
Stabity RY >> RS

ARJUNA
 Bond0rder:
2

The Bond Order is given by the number of bonds between the two
atomsin a molecule.
Molecule Bond Orden
1H

CO2 2.
2
S0N 3
ARJUNA
 Ho to calclate Bond Order
Method No-3
Method 1
Method No -2
Mostly abslicalale 4U iso eluctonic
0 strtu Bana o whereusonane &pcies han sam
Count ag no of is happening bond order.
Bonds
minimige Bo= Total bond
0 Mistakes
O Prstlem Not þossile bond
to draw al. Bo : n0- of o +T
te structne noot bond
Bo |t T

ARJUNA
 Method No 4 Find Bond orde of
4 |-33
C) NOg
Molealar
(2) GHe (C-)
C-n)
) soz
(s)
vSEPO
7 -33
P O, C
s) NH
) Pa. 25
3

ARJUNA
 BOND PARAMETERS

Bond Length (Bond distance)

(I) Bond Angel Ang
(III) Bond Enthalpy V
(I)Bond order

ARJUNA
 distang

()Bond Length : - entre of Nucles

leuo
cent
Bond lerngth is defined as the (eqtibryia) distance between the
nucleiof two bonded atoms in a molecule.
BL H£-4)
4u-)
Factors affecting bond length
(a) Size of atoms (Size ‘ bond lengtht)
b) Effect of bond order or number of bondsB Bond BL
Strength
(c) Effect of Resonance ’ Bond parameter
oud
"(d) Effect of Electronegativity differenc averag
(e) Effect of Hybridisation da-g*o-009sen
ARJUNA
 (sD)
spheri a sp’ (3332) BL «
7.S-char

dumle
(s) Bl sp<sp° < sp

ARJUNA
 (ii)Bond angle :
It is defined as the angle between the orbitals containing bonding electron
pairsaround the central atom in a molecule /complex ion. Ançk b/a TA-cA-TA
Factors affecting bond angle
(a) State of Hybridisation
(b) Presence of lone pair
(c) Electronegativity of central atom
(d) Electronegativityof surrounding atom
sej Size of surrounding atom TA)

ARJUNA
 (TAJhumke
" Jhumkg

(TA) Jhumkg
Bada
CHs
 RBI

Companiaon o Bond Ange

(2) Sfhybidisatin is Same
(4) Check hybvidisatin(haya;e
and no.
sp sp
BA (130)(20) (og'28) ditornt
9 Com þau Bond angle of Bond 4ngle no of P
(4) (e
Bfs
e) Lp ‘ Bond Angle
9 Compau Bond 4ngles of
2
sp
0e0 (032s) (120) (A) NM3 B) ,0 c) Sile
B<C<A sp(o)
Lo9'28'
B<AS
ARJUNA
 :(3) f hybidisathisn is Same,
Componu BA no- of Lone þoin s aso samw
CH4,Sid,
6) ( )
Bela, Nn3
c) (9)
,W20
E)
and
Case I i CA w Same but
Inoasing order
A) sp
sp BA
B)
B) en (TA)
(ç) sp
D) Sp )
g Compoe Bond Angle of
E) sp' ()
3

ARJUNA
 Coanl: Myb same
NF3 NUz no- of psame(lp#o)
TA u also Same but
N N. CA is dff

Bond Angle en (CA)

Oder 9,<9,
Compare bond angle of Compou bond Angle of
N,P,Asfs en, N>PAs
PP,Pu,PBr,
NE,> PF,> Asfs
P <Pu,< PBr
 Bonds are differnt then
be-bf

TB-lp >De-Lp$e-p
Ce 2e >DB-DB> DB- SB> SB $8
4e

(TB- SB (4 2)

ARJUNA
(iii) Bond Enthalpy: Bond Energy = Bond dissociatim Enegu
BE BS. 80 &J
BL
It is defined as the amount of energy required to break one mole of
bonds of a particular type between two atoms in a gaseous state.
H,(g) ’ H(g) + H(g); A,H == 435.8 k< mol-1 JEE
(The
most
Par
Quam

9 Compare Bmd disso iabim Energy of

Due to small Size tachohu

STRUCTURE OF ODD ELECTRONIC SPECIES:
ODD e- speies: Those spuiu whse total no of e- s
odd.
Hyb of 0da e speio ??
Wil single e-(odd e) wil e bart of VSE rnot?

bp =2
VsEP-3 (sp²)
Bent
N
 #RBI (odd eVsEP Consider vr)
If en (TA)> 25,then odd e will patticipat in hybidisd
or coundtd in VSEP else oill mot be cound in VsEP.

bp=3
odde ’ is preant in þun þ hybid
sp hybidorit
VSEP4 (sp)

ARJUNA
 atrat
STRUCTURE OF ODD ELECTRONIC SPECIES
O 0dd spe ciea ane alsay panamagnatic in nata
e spe cies au
Odd
nerny wmtabe Renctiey
They stablisad by +
[() They under dimeisain
Dimerisatisn Two more i ]
NO, make within
NO, tle ’N ()
itself
NO NO0 te NO,+ Nz N0,

ARJUNA
 overlst
N4N
NOON
Dirner of NO = NaDy

# RBI
Few mole cubs (odd -e) do not undr go dimeri'satim
as their odd e is delocalized {free to movey
aoç (Dinria)
()
ARJUNA
 ND
NO + NO mo existenca)
odd e in NO does not undrgo dimesdin
(0
this mean odd e- iu delo aise.
8 Lo, lso does not dimerisu.

ARJUNA
 BENT's RULE (only for Advanced)
Z) Lone pair of electron prefers to occupy that hybrid orbitals which has
4schr
greater percentage of s-character.
(ii) A mnore electronegative atom/group prefers to occupy that hybrid orbital
which has smaller percentage of s-character.
are
no\one pou
7S-char
hyb 50
TA
AuSame
SP
23-37
sp
(
25.1.
Sp?
spd |6.677
Sp°d
ARJUNA
 eha S-cha
/. b-char d en 4-0
3}39 B

30
5B333

( B F 251. (CA hybridorbity

.s-char <for mort
en(TA)
7. schoY 2r
8y401.
 Calulatiom chan
For any hyid orbit al having mly (s-char {sP SPse
then if 9 is the bond ape hybid oritads
Bhen
Cos -1 : s -l
i

-cha

ARJUNA
 Stþ Cos
-1
Sp |+| |+)

w
1
120
Sp I+2 3

3 10928
Sp3 3
It3

ARJUNA
 Cind 7. chanact atom in
msuauu Bend
(Cos = 20.

bondpair ’ 0 . 2)

TA CA TA) 26/

bond
Pair |-8= 48 0-2+0-)+)x l

8=0-2
7Schar 30
ARJUNA
 DRAGO's RULE
On the basis of lexperimental bond angles of certain molecules fulfilling the
following three conditions:
() Central atom belongs to third or lower period in periodic table.
(ii) Central atomn must contain atleast one lone pair ofelectron, and
(iii)Electronegativity of surrounding atom is < 2.5.
(TA\
Ln Such ot wndergo hytmdisatin.
iIl not
Cax mole cue oill
Such metwle au calld drago't comounds
gridisati.
ARJUNA
 Group 15 Bond angle Group 16 Bond angle
NH, 107°48 H,0 104°28
PH, 93°36 H,S 92°
AsH, 91°48' H,Se 91°

SbH, 91°18' H,Te 90.5°

15
Ne hybid
Drago

Mgle
ARJUNA
 To find no offr-pr DncdTbonds Any Combound
TT bond Ka natun

d+d T bmd du- d

TT bonds ’
Sidusas
Dvera
(bter

ARJUNA
 O TT- bond ane
alsayo formd by overlaping of
punu obita.
No.
hy no-ot pure þ-bitl
1 2
Sp
2 sp 1 (1- þm yn)
3 sp

ARJUNA
 ( Cind no of bond, mo p-prr &no
on
2-Period ’ dbitni

A 2-T bond
B= |-T-pT
I-

ARJUNA
Dipole Moment vecta.
(differenc in en)
The degree polarity of covalent bond is given by the dipole moment (u).
It isthe product of the either charge and the distance betvween them.

enf
d d
B Hff
Dipole moment isa vector quantity. H4HF)
Units =Cm(S.I.) oresu cmcgs) or Debye (common unit)
1D= 10-18 esu cm =3.33 x 10-30 coulomb m. olarit)
a = chage xdistane Pales,
mete
 = distanax Resutant of 2- dipole
momunt
Char denlet
magnbda
Diutim of l
Cxorn en atom to more en #RBI
atom net diþole moment
2

Hf ) (P-n) Cos

Hao
ARJUNA
 Dipole moment dependson
Electronegativity difference between bonded atoms. sent lI|
Direction atta bonddipole moment. , angle blwtwoy
Angle between various bonds.
Influence of unshared e pairs.
Magnitude of polarity ofthe molecule. Note: of lone pairs is
Symmetrical/Unsymmetrical shape.
(
explain

ARJUNA
 Mole cuu Polan Non Polan; Bond isi þolar /on-polav
Aen
(Mole cule
Zeno (Molecwe is non):
en
differine
polan
non Zers (Molecae u: Bond is non
Bond is Pslar
Polan Pola
Resultant Dipsu momend; (24) (30)
(30) (30) Bond = Pslar.
Aen |
noh- bslar
ARJUNA
 #RBI
Pslanity of Molecua Dipole momet of alp
we haw a hrft
aa l'p
meaula /eo/structua
then mmue is non-polari Lohe Ko Loha Katt Ha
Perfect maleuegostesi of any two diffent y
5 Bmd will never Cani
Molecue - no lp (cA)
2) AI T Amust be Sam. eac, other com

ARJUNA
3p
 which of the folowing among NMga NFf u

lp

ARJUNA
 Dipole moment of Compbunds Lontining

mata

|net

Para

ARJUNA
Application of dipole moment
Todetermine the polarity and geometry of molecules.
To the calculate the percentage of ioniccharacter.
% ionic character = observed ! X 100
shsd
calculateu (for 100% ionic)
|of Covalent
Compound erberimental xiDo
Theoritiy
Considler
(Note = The ale moleu
tó be lo07.
ionic.
 Back Bonding (Be)
o When in an e dafiient spuies eme atom Centins
VOrant orbital wila t r has hone pah of eud
vacant
then it w very sbvious ahat bp e- ia donatd do
atom ith racant obital.
Atom, Alom,
Vacant orbital Lone pair e
Donoy atom
Accebtoy atom

ARJUNA
 OBack bording mdy sossbla whin tio atoms
aady 'bondadl Sat
O coordinatT bond
Sun

Donor atom should have lp of e Low ener orbital

2p.3p, 3d
© DonoY atom nmust belong to 24 Period
in Some cas t can dbe otf 33 Perioo
atom OShowed hame law ene valant oSdal
’2,3,3|
can to 24/3 Poriod of PT
ARJUNA
 Ge

Bf, fe dihiient spis ’ yfporalent}

s

Pure, vaant

ARJUNA
I(
Back Bonding (BB) J •
# ~lol ·. ~ e U:I ~~ ~~ wbn, one 0qbY'I"\
\b tY\'M fYGni
2nc\ PeY'o~ ~ CS'Uu,,.. ~ m l.6
::,..."d <JY ~Yo\ Pe"" ~09
COtv\J.,(J - C
lncovY<A¼-1 '\ cc.e.btaY ~\'V\ ]) o " aY $ n,
( \/fo c.0"-t) ( LtrY'le P~")
(1) (P-2) (P-2) C
C
(P-~) (P-'2)
( P- "3) Ci> -"3}
(1>-1) (P-:)
(f>-2.) (f-1)
: (:
••
~:
/~
.• 0: ,,~
.- • •
\
'\ "y oJ:"om IN i ll fo t m M~•
on~ ~ -B· 0
••
.. \
H
~ -~~. --- f
@)lk ~ 1 (rrr-JE~)
J,
8
© sp'2, sp~ JE e J\clv .

® sf, ~P,.
'2..
© Sp, Sf>
~ bp2° sp
1

1 .
,

1!,-e,: ~
Co""1'vc.cJ
I\ ns -=. D
pu-.e ov\,i bJs
 • Effeili 1, Bo..tlt Q , ~ n~ ~
•\..il,~

@ B· B - t?>end ~Y t 1?> ~ Len~ J, BC)rq bt~ J

~ B ·S ~ le~ is ru:..i.cl s:.t:-r e. r'I ~ .

1.£.Lv lS t\ci.d _, Elecb-b 'h pCU.~ e x ~ ~~ OJU. ~ L-1\ ·

(e- Ko.Q."",)
Ki.

Le.lA)\S B~~Q. __. E ~d:,"<bn ?~ donoY :spe.c.iu 0>\1. C<>JJ.t.ol LB ·

- .- -~: ~--~----. -.=----_-_-----------------·
( Bridge Bonding ) ~ o.(.n.t spe_c:A~
, el~ ~
@ ~f- [Do~~ wv.,\ ~ --pl.o.t.c. ~
~ ~ ~ no sc6t'- Bo.~ BGY\, .
WI, W\~

~ Bon~

e.- e-1\Ack ~
dcfic.itnt
-.s",at- -s~il\ -s~t\ r
--> -Sa NC\.~~ ED\'\~ ~ ~t~~ -
e3 - B)1; , Btl'\2 , '\-t.113 ~c.
I

: 1) f' ~ F 2.c-;D~c4
© CLboYa.ne : ~ Unh~ - 2 . ~ 'Sond.)
I

"BH3 , BoYane : -z) o ~t> (2.c- 4e.-~

"BM -t SM~
3
, s 2 )'l, ( Dl.bo-Yo.Yle)
: '3) ,;t.o"'lft.... " ~c.-4c·
"?,t-2e· 1-1 I ./ ~ ~IA
I '1 l'I

'1
 fi;c-ic-J
e-de.ficitn1 .

H.1.-,-
~ - ,evrn1. noJ 11

'1\,-=- ~ f H.
No · of "B1ridf bond fo-rrvud b~ ~ck '5c = ~
kf Sc -= sp3
 •

Hf~ sp~
No · of S~~A.W\tii =2
@ BeU2
Li.J ¢,e.CJ~'l'\. - pb\~ moic.·
.....
t\
4
Molecules that does not exist
•
 -

HybridisatiO:i oithe fo1Iowing species in their specified state~

•
L. VSEPR..--.~o~-r/~~~L4J \-L."
~A ~ PU, (l'v-
~-,.L,iis c..t,o P<.t4 ~~
~ - ~~>r Cationic part Anionic part
_ffl 5 (solid) ~ 4• ( ~ 3) / ~l6 (~ 3d 2)
✓-
~ s (solid) PBr/ (sp 3) §[- (x)
~ 6 (solid) '"'XeFt (sp 3d 2) f- (x.)
2 0 5 (solid) ✓NO/ (sp 2) __,.NOJ(sp 3)
s~&ctJ 2 Cl 6 (liquid)
vICI/ (sp 3)
'l_iCmolten state) Ij(sp 3) ✓
Jc14(sp 3 d 2)
/J(sp 3d) / 6 "1~
/oi NOJ-

I~ (f) ---1 ltfln,l'v

0 Bonds fovm~ b/w <>- ~15'Y\ 1.-

~" · (M'<Btow"
~
0 lhe1 ~ kJ.A , ~ Yt> 0 E:lec.rit>
StA_~c_ ~(l_ cu::;f- Yo.'-M.&'1 · H
-:. ~q,92. \
"...
Properties of Ionic compound
_,

(a) Physical State: Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline and brittle due to
strong electrostatic forcl of attraction. Brittleness ➔ {Same charged ions
•
corners nearer. So they repell each other} v
~\)~//

c:::::> ~ - + - +

- - + -

Attraction ! Repulsion
 t>efin·1lol1 ~ Iso"°'oT\;> h~~
(b) Isomorphism: The phenomenon of ~ifferent ionic compoundsJ having
_~ s t a l arrangement of ions is termed as isomorphi!_m. ✓
•
t"-ond1tion of Isomorphism: v
[i) Same charge on cation and.anion between somorph
[ii) Same radius ratio range of cation and anion oetween i omor
(iii) Same number of water of er stallization betwee
Exai_vpl~i fur~ +1- _,.
"1i) ZnS0 4.@
i
(ii) All alums are
FeSOdt~re isomorphous.
~ll!

c;---, ~
l>O/'{o Mi'I
~
•
Properties of Ionic compound
8
(a) Physical State: Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline and brittle due to
strong electrostatic force of attraction. Brittleness ➔ {Same charged ions
corners nearer. So they repell each other}
/

Attraction ! Repu lsion

(b) Isomorphism: The phenomenon of different ionic compounds, having
same crystal arrangement of ions is termed as isomorphism. ../
•
Condition of Isomorphism:
(i) Same charge on cation and anion between isomorphs. l\lu M
(ii) Same radius ratio range of cation and anion between isomorphs.
(iii) Same number of water of crystallization between isomorphs.
Example: pt,.i'7 f<lu"'a
(i) ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0, FeS0 4 .7H 2 0 are isomorphous. _!,_. ........____.._,___.____.___________
(ii) All lums are isom hous. 0
P-bltd ~
 a.:1
-u~
---~
L _____. C,.
,c",f r , ~1 L
-:: S
(c) Boiling point and melting point: Ionic compounds have high boiling
point and melting point due to strong electrostatic force of attraction
among opposite!~ charged ions. . . if'i\nou1\~
® 0--rdo· lA:>1ll b.t shu:li(.d 1.n cs.-blocl<· ~"',c. to ·r ~
Elechici4cJ ~ncittcfoi+-,~ (To'""I.-J"~"~ Ceflc.t3") ~t
(d) Conductivi!}': It depends on ionic mobilicy.. '
l't~lt"t (i) In solid state - No free ions - Bad conductor of electri_sity.
(ii) 1n1Mse4 state o~aqueous solution due to free ions - Good conductor
of electricity~ <. ~
Cond4ivity order : ~~Fused state < Aqueous solution ~,-r'-i"
~ic CalVl o~n ~~ ~ c,~
•cA s~ ~ M~ tn st~ 1~,\A,loK-11 &iJ.,j
-,: ~ i3hl" h!C(
 •
•)ite) Solubility: Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar sovlents and less
,c,,_<r..,~ .
->~,,~
soluble in non polar soylents. Solubility of ionic compounds in water
ITlainly depends
- upon bydcatiao eoeciw aod lattice energy.
•
- Rt.Ale. of So l1A..~i \;..~
~"Ll ~ dissolves li.ke

(j)
-
Salufc
P6 \a.-r
-
Solvent
PolQv
s~hA. bi
v-"'
i,
Nan-Pc.lM 'I.
LiiJ Pb\O.~
6iiJ N6'4\--f• I-'\. P,lM- ~

✓
~vi r"·P Nf
(!) (ICL
---
( FAJAN's RULE J
Just as all the covalent bonds have some partial ionic character, the ionic bonds
•
also have partial covalent character. The artial covalent character of ionic
bonds was discussed by Fajans in terms of the o lowing ru es f'~a.n's R+
 I

-~~
~~'S I
I
I
I ~niort
I
I
I
I
I
I
(Pf)
Po\o..-risin P~-t
 Ale +o f:' · ~n'5 ~J..t (~on)
-~
Pol~i.n3 ~ P.sfo>usQ.bi~t~
~
Pol t»u.&o.f.um.
~~
C.ov~ent Chen o( o<.
in on Ionic Q,e11 . Po!A.)U Q
In
tloloc.l(.
Po \OJ\i~ina Po &,.)O o( c.hQ-rr l)f\ Ca.:.w,n
(Grlibn) Size of Co.fo"
IPo\oJWi~ o(. thaYr of .\nion 0( Size of Ptniat) I
 (a)
(b)
(c)
Prpf:>\i~lm of ~~~v,•s ~~ .
To compare the covalent and ionic character of molecule.
To compare the nature of oxide.
To compare the electrical conductivity of ionic compounds.
•
(d) Tendency of the formation of complex compounds.
r(e) To compare the thermal stability of complex compounds.
(f) To compare the intensity of colour of compounds. Ionil. N~
(g) To compare the solubility of heavier metal halide in water.
(h) To compare melting point of some ionic solids.
( l__
-
nert P_air Eff_ect ~)__..,
)
0 In p-bloc.k d.t.me.~
fov (1:>-bloc.t:-t Lo~-c1t e.um.oJ- :. )
tL"a'
( 0o~ntt,....
cfoi.on tk. Q--fO~ U- ·~
0"~ •
4..tU\ ~ ;il,,e. ns elu¼n>n s.t'C\-<b. ~ in-erl
2

QMd, d0~ not f=>o.>dAci.po.h.. ..v) ~ - ThA.J p~noMOto

of n S e.- to o..cA- UUJu'" ~ c..oJb.ol L ~ f <'AA>\

~«-t . ( ~s3= -n~- ~
I 5+oJ,ili~
12>
~i;w. S~~, (ti)
B _ __....... G:3)
~ _ __._. e-3) I
I
I
I Si
~Q _........,.._.. &3)}tl) I Dtc_~
I
I ~(.Yl
,c
I
~c
I " - ~ l+3J flJ I
I
I

..--__......... (+~
I

I
I
19 PC' ~Pb+'1
I
-:--
1 ~+• )) 1 .A+~ I

--@--,__!~l_
I
S~
( n+l da~ Y\b+ .(l K.\\ t j I
I
I
I
~
'1b)l

I
I
I
s~~
(+i)
9t-1s- (~~2.ne)
N
-t-5) •
p
l:JlC.'(t.t..9-

~✓ ~s

Sb

@·
J-gi ..3 i stt ~hie~ Ol'\l. i& M~ ~ ,-1-J,l<
----
--
 Limitations of VBT
eenpointe
Ponamnagnete, Behaioun
Be o
OWeakly att raclud n þrtsane of magndie field
N
Pararmague
O2cg)E. ativa) 0,(4) not wita
CKL

ARJUNA
 fnactenal Bond..Qnden
Alc to vBI:Molecu, Bond ’ naaral no
V B J ’e p a r
Bo= Natura
bp/lp
2
Spe s

Existenca of odd elcbon.ei

Alc VBT 0d d e speie’ No eistenu

CKU

ARJUNA
 Colauns o Halogens Pole yllo
vBT does not enpiai qud
Colous
Grtenish yl
Reddish Brown
Violet

Stregth. of g&T bond.

Alc VBT: Streng th o T (T/F) Turu (False
But in some coks: (Ng) nhof 6

ARJUNA
 Molecular Orbital Theory (n¡r) In a mndacule
O In an atom e a prnt: Euctrns a in
atomic orbitay (A o) Mdaculan osital not (Ao)
(MD)
0 S Þ,df
MO -
O9n an atom e isu controlle:
1nuclus OIn a
by mox. than 1 nuclew.

ARJUNA
 >Linan Cormlbinadisn o Aomic Odbital (LCAO)
CFormaion of MD
interfer(superþosa)
m Mo.
MD
n each ohr to
Super þositon of 40
Intefevence of 4-0

Construclve
Interferena
ARJUNA
 Contruedive Intrfena : bestruclin Intoene
when e wae when e wave
in different pha.po
C,:
O DI ABMD (Anti Bonding M)
’ATonmic orbi tal
Vo ci BMO (Bonding MD)

Destudis
ntrfen

ARJUNA
 Rebresuntatim
Energy HBMO unstable
encrt MD
2

AD
4

Eaergy
(BM
O The no of Mo for med wid b 4qul to the no-of Ao
prnt

ARJUNA
 MOD for 2s
Fox 1s
AO

2S
IS IS
2S

ARJUNA
 16
For 2P 21
(1221)
nicheS
Bonding Ais
2ais)

O24is
2þ

Converin

ARJUNA
Genevel MOD

2p 2

2S

2S
2S

6s

Is
 Molecular Orbital Theory

LINEAR COMBINATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS (L.C.A.0.)

G-bond
S-S overlapping
Molecular Orbitals
(i)

Constructive Interference
-Nodalplane
(ii)
S
Destructive Interference

ARJUNA
 G-p overlapping

(+) +
i) +

P. P.
Constructive Interference
-Nodal plane
(+)
(ii
( +

P. P:
Destructive Interference

ARJUNA
 T-bond
Xppoverlapping
NodalPlane

8
+

(1)
(+)

P Py
Constructive Interference
-Nodal Plane

(iü)

P,
Destructive Interferen
(+)

8
ARJUNA
 +

Molecular Orbital Theory (StS (

MOT AD¬Sign ( S+S
LINEAR COMBINATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS (L.C.A.0.)
G-bond
S-$ overlapping BMO e density
Molecular Orbitals ecloud
+
+ ie blw nude
(i)
is ABMO ecoud
|8 willnot lie
Constructive interference
-Nodal plane b(w nuceu
HBMO
(ii)
I8
Destructive Interference

ARJUNA
 Anial
-p overlapping TT .e
cdoud

+Ve
Sideusayo (n)Sr
(i) (), +
O (BM)
PP
Bmo
PPAOM 2P.
Constructive Interference
-Nodal plane Killear
ABM0
()

P. P.
Destructive Interference

ARJUNA
 -ais T-bond
p overlapping
BM
Nodal Plane

(1) SMS bon dalwa

contan a nodal plae
P, P, aleng bonding auc)
Constructive Interference
-NodalPlane (JA
A8MO
(ii)
+

P, Py
Destructive Interference
ARJUNA
 (NBMO non bonding molecular orbitals

Node /s prant
in

S
(N BMO
Py

NBMO
(ii)
P.
Py

(iii)

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 MOD of O, 2 N, 0ru
GBG Becaun of S-pmiung
~2P N
20
2S 25 2S
2p ---2
Enegd
(hap
l 25----2
B
2
N Cs(BMo)
Caþ26s Kaaubhi
2 miing) Kam

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Repulsiy
 AO MÌ AO AO MO AO

iop* s2p*
2 t2p* T2p*
2p -2p
2

2p -2p
2 (T)
2 2
()
2 (T)
'25
2s -2s
2s -2s

'o2s
62s
The correct MO cnergy-level diagram
when s-p mixing is allowed. the energies
The corect MO encergy-level diagram of the a,,and , orbitals are reversed.
when s-p mixing is not allowed.
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 MOT 4 a) ec of a moe
) Bond order
G) Mole cule existe/not
4) #oMO LUMO
Pare / biamag
s(spin 6ny mag mment)
Jn(n2) BM
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 @electronic confqurain of ang mdaulu
follaos
GAuf bau's Prinaple (Lower enegy will be filld fuat)
Hund's Rw (In dgenurat arbital e frt entey singly
Al21 (saYme eneg
) Pauli's Exclusion Prinible h one MO 2e are þrent
(N2) with ooat s pin:

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 More than l4e (122)

2) Bond Order ec

ikh

BO= , Ngno. oe in BMO en

Be ABe'
2

(3) Existence of mole cude

Lt Bo>0 Mole cue exists
If Bo 0 Malea, deuneet
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 HOMO /LUMO
HOMO Highut oceupid Mo
+

(Sabe jyada er sala Mo jam e- þrexnt)

LUMO Lo west unoccupied MO
(sab se Kam enrgy wala Mo jume e aburtho
Para magndic/Diarmagnda
Para un baiae
Dia m erD npau e

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 He, (4e) ii) Mole cude dsu, (Ge)
Molecule
:v) HOMO= s
IS
LUMO Jzs :()Upe =0
Os
(vi)
Diarag'
(ü)B0= N,-Nas Diogmagnetie (0)80= N-Nas
2

12.1 Prac
2
(i) Mole le emist.
Bo=

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 (12) :Gu) Mokcleists i N, (ke)
2
Ndote ony at hig (iv) MOMD: 6
23 2 2 2
ec T -Tzy <
) Upe o, Diamg
1L
2s Teba=zy:(0) Vpe0 1L

6i)Bb= Ng-2, Nad vi) bo Diomag i)B0= N,-Nal

Tbond is Strorgr
6-2
2
nbond is rent

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8)2 (9 221 ()HOMD: Upe
LUMD= Obe (8e)[221
1L 14
1
() Upe= ae 1 1 hahi Note:
11 1L Hologn's
B0 S--1 e-transiton b/
HoMO &LUMO.
<uy C emists
Wiy Mlec enistr

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 #RBI's Mogntic Nabu of substa
Diamagndic ’- Ifototal no of e
even (exut fo
8o‘ stabilty
Calculatin of BD
no ofe B0 no- ofe Rayramagntiodd or ((Dk l6 E).
I4 3 l4 9 (ompave stabity of
15 25
2·)
3
12
0 () (
Stabi lity « B0. RBI
l0
19 9

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20
 VNan
o d
fae
ilr
rq

Ins
a ninvolwed|
y
Weak Forcaa lInkrtin
Lons Present Ions u not invd
- bibale (PJarspei
Ton Diþole () Dipole -Dipole (Keesom)
Strong (a)Lon ~Tnducud Diple (2) Dibole- Inducud Dipole (Debye)
Foyrces *)
(3) Instantaneous --Induad landu
(3) Ton - Ion Dipole Dipole
IDnic Bond V

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 VanderwaalForces
(Weakest Fr
Phyial Protpeutis
3 These are the weakest type of intermolecular forces that exist among the
chemical species which being significant change in physical properties.
These are non-directional, non-valence cohesive forces. These attractive
forces being played between the two molecules are independent of the
presence of other molecules.
Tyfno (i) Di bole - Dipole (I/A)
(") Dipsle- Irduad biped (UA)
(ii) InstantanInduced
bi psle
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 (Alar) (Polav)
1. Dipole-dipole interaction (Keesom forces): The force of attraction
between the oppositely charged poles of two polar moelcules (forexample:
H,S, HCI, PH, etc.) iscalled dipole-dipole attraction.
oThe intwratim otwo potar cule
e9 +(Hq + n)

Ktrad Keesam
Arre

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 (o lan- Non Polar)
2. Dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye forces): This type of cohesive
forces occurs in a mixture of polar and non-polar molecules. The former
induce polarity in non-polar molecules by disturbing their electron system.
For example, force of attraction between Cl, and H,0.
O L/A b/w a þolar and aIongm-pofar speies
vepusim, Nsn Polan
(1)
H<
+

He

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 wieakeut ff al attrim
3. Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction (Dispersion
forces/
London forces): The weak intermolecular forces operating in similar non
polar gaseous molecules are called London forces. These forces are very
weak in nature and exists only at low temperature. For example, weak
intermolecular forces in F,Cl,, Ng, molecules and in noble gases.
(Note: London forces present in both polar and non-polar species)
b Instaneous - Inducd Dibale SSS-

Dibole (Non- Polar) 68

( Non-Po lar )

Irstantney Tnduad
Dibsle
Isjantsnuoy Dipole
Dipsk.
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 ID-ID/ London /Dis perign re
o tw two non- polar spcus

Landon Prw
fie

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 Intnactien Energ (Proþortionality itth distane)
Ton- Ion JM
Weak (son-Polar)( g n9) JAY
In- Dibaa
Vonder
Ion-Induced Dibs Intrmolelar
Na
Dibeu -Dþde (Keesom) distana =h
Dibole - Inducad Dibole (uvI

Instantaneous bi þole - Induad Dibsle s

Order of 1>23 >4>5 >6
Streng
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 ORDER OF BOILING POINT
BP ) Intrmolecular I/A
(i) Meaalan Mas.
1. F,<l,, Br, <1, yH,S< H,Se <H,Te <H,0
. He < Ne < Ar <Kr< Xe
W. HCI< HBr <HI< HF
(13.o-dichlorobenzene > p-dichlorobenzene
3. CH, < SiH, <GeH, <SnH4 m-dichlorobenzene
A. CO, <CS, 14. CCI, > SiCl,
D¬deut
5. PFS <PCl,
6. CH,< CF,<CCl, 15.C,H, <CzF6
7. CH,F < CH,CI 16. n-C,H;,> n-CçF12
8. BF, <BCl, <BBr, < BI, PH, <AsH, <NH, <SbH, 1
18. Pyrol > Pyridine > Benzene
9. H, <D, <T2 19. CH, <CF4
10. H,0 <D,0 20.CzHg <CzHg
21. H, > He

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 ORDER OF MELTING POINT
(S)
I. PH¡<AsH, < SbH,< NH,
2. H,S < H,Se < HTe < H,0
3. HCI<HBr< HF <HI

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Hydrogen Bonding attachad to
Balela.
When a hydrogen atom is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like FO or
N) comes under the influence of another strongly electronegative atom, then a
weak electrostatic force of attraction is developed between them, which is
called as hydrogen bond.

Some Conditions fox H- bonding

F
(35) 0
N
(3N

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 Lnter msalar h-Bonding
b/o two msaae
|Intamoelar
in
-Brding
Same molecula.
1BP^ BPL

Nisosity
MP MPL

meta/paa otho

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 F, AIntramslecular
n-bondi
N
N

l,2 ’ 0tha
1,3 meta n-bondingt

Orgoric

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 K- bonding in n-f msau
ho- of M-bond frrmg
by 1 hf moa
H

Sheucture of M-bonding

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 -bonding in wair
OTotal no -of-bon

O No -of M-bund fumad

=2
bg
) No of -bmd

(Kol)

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 In Loatur
Temp
4Hbonding hbmdinge
-bonding
weakens
volume ‘t
’ Volunme
density t densit;

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