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A Review on Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Cement Concrete

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International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications (IJLERA) ISSN: 2455-7137

Volume – 04, Issue – 02, February 2019, PP – 09-18

A Review on Recycled Asphalt Pavement in cement concrete

Jorisa Mary chyne1, Hima Kiran Sepuri2, Thejas H K3
1
(PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), India)
2
(PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), India)
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), India)

Abstract: Utilization of industrial and infrastructural wastes in civil engineering applications has been gaining
a major importance. Most of the recent studies are focused on innovative solutions with respect to sustainability,
due to growing needs of urban societies. It was found that the research studies on utilization of RAP (which is
an infrastructural waste) in different civil engineering applications is becoming more popular day by day. This
paper discussess review over the properties of RAP aggregates in comparision to the natural aggregates, which
includes physical, mechanical and chemical. Apart from the aggregate properties, this paper also presents the
fresh and hardened properties of RAP inclusive concrete. It was observed that due to the increment in RAP,
when replaced for natural aggregates, the strength decreases following a standard trend. It was found that due to
the presence of asphalt film over the RAP aggregates, the modulus of elasticity of RAP inclusive concrete was
less in comparison with concrete made of natural aggregates. Due to this the RAP inclusive concrete can sustain
higher strain values than the concrete made of natural aggregate, which will be helpful in the case of cyclic
loadings and impact loadings.
Keywords: Asphalt, Concrete, Elastic modulus, RAP, Strain, Strength.

I. Introduction
Urbanization is growing in the present days, where people are looking for a comfortable life with safe
shelter and well-connected roads for transportation. To meet these basic needs people are heavily dependent on
the natural resources. This results in depletion of natural resources. Especially in construction industry; water,
aggregates and cement are one of the major ingredients. To address the above issue we have to practice
industrial ecology, i.e. treat the waste of a particular industry as a raw material for other industry. In case of
aggregates, the present study looks at alternative resources which can replace the available natural resources.
Most of these alternative resources are recycled aggregates e.g., Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA), mining
wastes like Iron Ore Tailings and infrastructural wastes such as RAP (Recycled Asphalt Pavements). This article
focuses on recent findings on studies for RAP as alternative resources.
Table 1 indicates the data as per the Hassan [1] and Hossiney [2], where it was also mentioned that up
to 10 % to 40% of the demolition wastes in the UK are recycled and used in low grade applications. Due to the
lack of standards on the recycled aggregates, high grade applications were restricted.
In the field of construction, steel is being used as reinforcement in the concrete to provide ductility to
the concrete members, this led to the increase in the production of steel. India is standing in the fourth place in
the production of steel. As per a survey, in Malaysia about 625000 tons of IOT is being produced every year
which is termed as a serious environmental issue. Recently the government of Karnataka in India has planned to
ban IOT due to its bad impact on the environment. As a result of steel production, Iron Ore tailing is being
produced as a waste product. It has become a challenge in disposing these tailings, due to increase in the
production of steel. It is disposed as a waste in landfills, quarries, rivers and oceans. Due to these challenges and
increase in the waste production, research works are being conducted to use tailings as a replacement of fine
aggregates in the concrete and also masonry bricks were being made with various compositions of tailings [3].
Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) is the product of demolition concrete structures such as buildings, roads
and runways. The RCA is used as recycled aggregates in concrete and as landfills.
This paper is much interested in the review of applications and advantages of RAP as recycled
aggregates in concrete and several pavement applications. Usually the reclaimed asphalt pavement materials
which were generated are used at the same site as a land fill, embankment fill materials and as a sub-base which
is economical and helps in saving time. According to Solanki [4], about 80% of the RAP which is reclaimed
during road resurfacing and widening projects is recycled and used in pavement applications, but it was
mentioned that several research works are being carried out on RAP as aggregated in concrete applications. The
idea of replacing the virgin aggregates in concrete with the recycled aggregates is gaining much importance due
to the demand and increase in the amount of wastage production every year. It was assumed that the presence of

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the bitumen coating around the recycled aggregates may improve the toughness properties of the concrete
incorporating RAP as aggregates [5] [6] [7].
This paper provides as clear vision on the properties of RAP aggregate in comparison with natural
aggregates. Properties such as physical, mechanical and chemical properties were discussed in detail in
consideration with concrete applications. Mainly those properties include specific gravity, absorption, sieve
analysis, bulk density, Impact value, aggregate crushing value and abrasion resistance value. Apart from
aggregate properties, the fresh and hardened properties of RAP inclusive concrete have also been discussed in
this paper. The slump cone study was given much priority in the fresh properties of the concrete. The hardened
properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, toughness, permeability and acid
resistance were discussed in detail.

II. Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is defined as the reclaimed and reprocessed pavement materials
containing asphalt and aggregates and is produced by milling during reconstruction, resurfacing operations or to
obtain access to buried utilities, or full depth removal of existing pavement layers which after proper crushing
and screening consists of high-quality, well-graded aggregates coated by aged asphalt cement.

II.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties

Some of the physical and mechanical properties of aggregates usually include Specific gravity, Water
absorption, Bulk density,Abrasion Resistance, crushing strength and Impact resistance etc., these are the major
properties which helps in assessing the quality of the aggregates which are being used in the concrete mix.
Hence, same tests have been carried out on the RAP aggregates by many researchers with an intension to
determine the effective use of RAP aggregates in concrete applications. The following data provides the test
results on properties of the RAP aggregates which were provided by various researchers.
The data provided in Table 2 was taken as an average by considering various available research data
provided by different researchers. This data helps us to assess the quality of the RAP aggregates in comparison
with the available natural aggregates.
Usually the specific gravity of the natural aggregates varies between 2.6 to 2.8. This property helps us
in determining the quantity of the aggregates required for a particular mix of concrete. So by observations, The
RAP aggregates have a lower specific gravity values as compared to virgin aggregates [8] [9].
The unit weight of RAP depends on the type of aggregate present in the pavement and the moisture
content of the material. From previous literature on RAP, it was found that the unit weight of RAP ranges from
1940 to 2300 kg/m3.[2] [10] [1] [8] The moisture content of RAP increases while it is still in storage since the
RAP is exposed to rain. The stored RAP has been found to have a moisture content of up to 5 percent or higher
[11]. The moisture content of RAP can go up to 7 to 8 percent during periods of heavy rainfall [12].
The mechanical properties like the crushing, impact and abrasion resistance are almost within the limits
when compared with the natural aggregates especially when they are used for concrete pavement applications.
RAP mainly depends on the original asphalt pavement type, properties of the materials present in RAP, the
asphaltconcrete mix and the type of equipment used to produce the RAP. On surface course or wearing course
asphalt concrete, the aggregates must have a high resistance to wearing/abrasion than the aggregates in binder
course, where abrasion resistance is not important. Based on several research studies the LA abrasion resistance
value for coarse RAP was found to be less than 38 percent, this implies that RAP aggregates does not have a
uniform hardness [9] . So this data supports us to carry out the research study on RAP inclusive concrete
applications. [13] [14]
The following are some of the findings drawn from variousresearch studies regarding the gradation of
the RAP aggregates which were processed as coarse and fine in comparison with natural coarse and fine
aggregates.
It was stated that there was an increment in the percentage of finer particles in RAP as aggregate
degradation occurs due to milling or crushing [15]. The particle size distribution of RAP varies to some extent
when compared to natural aggregates. The gradation of RAP was generally finer and denser than that of the
natural aggregates. Fig.1 shows the gradation curves of RAP aggregates and natural aggregates together. It was
observed that the coarse RAP was finer than the natural coarse aggregates and fine RAP was coarser than the
natural fine aggregates which was due to the conglomeration of finer particles in the fine RAP. It can also be
seen that the fine RAP was well graded in comparison with fine aggregate. This behavior was due to the
presence of a huge amount of dust particles in fine RAP which fills the gap of gradation. [16] [17]

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RAP contains a higher coarse aggregate angularity as compared to virgin aggregates [9]. This helps to
improve the friction resistance of the aggregates of RAP. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density of RAP increases when binder content in RAP is high and with a low fine aggregate angularity.[18]
The asphalt cement content of RAP ranges between 3 and 7 percent by weight. Due to environmental
exposure, oxidation and weathering process occurs which causes the asphalt cement covering the RAP
aggregates to become a lot harder. The hardened asphalt cement depends on multiple factors like the intrinsic
properties of the asphalt cement, the mixing temperature/time which increases with increase in high temperature
exposure, the degree of asphalt concrete compaction which when not compacted properly will increase,
cement/air voids content which increases when there is a lower asphalt and higher air voids content, and service
age (increases with age).

II.2. Chemical Properties

RAP contains mineral aggregates of 93% to 97% by weight and 3% to 7% of hardened asphalt cement.
In comparison to the chemical composition of natural aggregates, RAP has a similar composition. From the
XRF test results shown in Table-3, it was observed that the major element compounds of RAP are SiO 2, Fe2O3,
CaO by percentage weight as similar to that of natural coarse aggregates [19].
The Asphalt cement around the aggregates is a combination of high molecular weight aliphatic
hydrocarbon compounds along with low concentrated Sulphur, nitrogen and polycyclic hydrocarbons (aromatic
and/or naphthenic) which are low reactive in nature and also a combination of asphaltenes and maltenes (resins
and oils). The asphalt in RAP is a viscoelastic material, whose properties relies on temperature and also the
loading conditions. The viscosity of the asphalt is determined by the asphaltenes rather than either resins or oils
since asphaltenes are more viscous. As the RAP is exposed to the environment, oxidation causes the oils to
convert to resins and the resins to convert to asphaltenes in the aged asphalt which results in age hardening and a
higher viscosity binder [20] Due to oxidation (aging) of the binders, the carbonyl and sulfoxide indices within
the RAP was increased [21]. The viscosity increases with an increase in the RAP binder content. So, it was
assumed that this property of asphalt helps in reducing alkali silica reactions in aggregates. When RAP is used
in concrete as a replacement for natural aggregates the workability decreases due to asphalt film present around
the aggregates. Lowering the viscosity of the bitumen in RAP will help to get the required workability of the
mixes. With the addition of RAP, the properties of concrete such as creep and shrinkage gets affected. During
the summer months there is an increase in the temperature, this makes the asphalt to become softer which in turn
affects the creep of the asphalt. [22]

III. Fresh Properties of Rap Inclusive Concrete

Usually the fresh properties of the concrete are controlled by various factors like cement content, water
cement ratio, aggregate content, shape of aggregate and surface texture of the concrete etc., Workability is one
of the fresh properties of concrete which is of major concern. As mentioned above workability of a concrete
majorly depends on the water, quantity of cement and aggregate.
It is of great interest to study the behavior of RAP content in concrete mix when replaced in
proportions with natural aggregates. Many research studies have been carried out on the workability of concrete
mix when RAP was replaced with natural aggregates. One of the parameters which explains about workability is
the slump cone study. Since RAP inclusive concrete is a new innovative concept most of the studies were
confined to slump cone study case of fresh concrete.
It was found that the slump value of the fresh concrete mix was increased when RAP was replaced in
smaller quantities. But, slump value drastically decreased when the RAP content was increasing. To know the
more effective way, studies have been done on coarse and fine RAP separately. The results obtained by this
study gave a clear version on the behavior of RAP replacement in concrete mix with different proportions. It
was determined that slump value of the fresh concrete was very low when fully replacement of fine RAP was
done when compared to the case fully replacement of coarse RAP which is shown in the fig. provided by ―B.
Huang et. al.‖ in one of his research findings on RAP. [5] [6]
It was found the same, even with the findings of ―Fidelis O. OKAFOR‖ on the RAP utilization in
concrete mix. The followings are the results drawn from his research findings. It was stated that the low
workability behavior of RAP aggregates was due to the asphalt mortar coating on the aggregate and also due to
the rough irregular shape of the RAP aggregate. It was proved that the reduction in the workability of RAP
inclusive concrete was about 50% when compared with the concrete containing natural aggregates. [23]
Apart from direct replacement of RAP aggregates in concrete, studies had also been done between
processed and unprocessed RAP aggregates. Once of such studies was done by ―Surender Singh et. al.‖ on the
processed and unprocessed RAP aggregates. The RAP aggregates were processed using the AT & BT method. It

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was found that the initial slump value of the processed RAP is high when compared with the unprocessed RAP
aggregates. When 25% of natural aggregates were replaced with processed RAP aggregates, the initial slump
value was increased to 9.68% when compared with the unprocessed RAP aggregates. Similarly, the slump
values were increased to 22.58%, 41.94% and 54.54% with 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of processed RAP
respectively in comparison with unprocessed RAP. It was assessed that this behavior was due to the dirt
particles in unprocessed RAP which has more water absorption compared to processed RAP. It was also noticed
that the concrete with natural aggregates reached the zero-slump value in 45 min while the concrete with
unprocessed RAP reached zero slump in 30 min, 60min, 75min and 90min with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
replacement respectively. This study helps us to handle the travelling time of the mix in the site. [24]

IV. Hardened Properties Of Rap Inclusive Concrete

Hardened properties of concrete indicate the quality of the cement concrete in an effective way. Similar
to the fresh properties of the concrete mix, the hardened properties of the concrete mix also depend on the
gradation of the aggregates, shape of the aggregates, cement paste and water cement ratio etc., some of the
hardened properties of the concrete are namely the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength. Apart from the above properties, importance is also given to the properties like toughness,
permeability, acid resistance etc., the following chapters gives a detail explanation on the influence of RAP
when replaced in proportions with natural aggregates.

IV.1. Compressive Strength

Compressive test on the hardened concrete is one of the basic and important tests to assess the quality
of the concrete mix in terms of its strength. Based on many research studies it was understood that the
compressive strength of the concrete reduces with the increment in the RAP replacement. [25] [26] [27] It was
due to theweak bond between the aggregate and the cement paste in the presence of the asphalt film on the
surface of the aggregate. The soft asphalt film would cause stress concentration which may ultimately results in
micro cracks around the aggregate, this results in strength reduction in concrete containing RAP as aggregates.
[5] [6]. It was found the same in the research study of ―K.E. Hassan et al.‖. He stated that the concrete
containing RAP has shown lesser compressive strength when compared with the control concrete mix
containing natural aggregates. Based on his research study, the concrete containing coarse RAP has given pretty
satisfied results when compared with the concrete containing both the coarse and fine RAP in replacement of
natural aggregates. It was observed that the there is a strength reduction of 65% in concrete with coarse RAP,
whereas 80% reduction in concrete containing both the coarse and fine aggregate in comparison with the control
concrete mix at the age of 28 days. [2] [4] [24] [26] [28] [29] [30]
It was observed from many research studies that the concrete specimens containing RAP has shown
less cracks at failure when tested under compressive loading compared with the control mix containing natural
aggregates. This behavior was mainly due to the asphalt motor coating around the aggregate. It was proven in
some of the research studies that the concrete containing both the coarse and fine RAP provided the strength of
less than 44 MPa at 28 days of curing [1].

IV.2. Flexural Strength

Flexural strength values of the RAP inclusive concrete also shown a similar behavior as that of
compressive strength values. The trend in reduction of strength was also similar [27] i.e., the strength decreases
with an increment in the percentage of RAP content in the concrete mix. But the RAP aggregates showed a
better performance than the concrete mix containing natural aggregates in terms of load absorption. It was
noticed that the concrete containing coarse RAP has showed reduction in strength up to 35% in comparison with
control concrete and the concrete containing both coarse and fine RAP has showed a reduction in strength more
than 45%. Based on research findings on flexural behavior of concrete specimens containing RAP, it was
noticed that the specimens containing natural aggregates fail in an explosive way whereas the specimens
containing RAP fails slowly in comparison with concrete with natural aggregates. This behavior might be due to
the asphalt film present in the RAP aggregates. This asphalt film reduces the elastic modulus of the concrete
containing RAP by enhancing the specimens to absorb more loads than the concrete containing natural
aggregates. [1] [2] [23] [24] [26] [28]

IV.3. Split Tensile Strength

Split tensile test is an indirect method used to determine the tensile capacity of the concrete specimens.
As observed in the case of compressive strength, there was a similar trend of reduction in the tensile strength
with increase in RAP content in the concrete mixes [27]. But the tensile strength values are way lesser compared

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to the compressive strength of RAP inclusive concrete. It was stated in many research studies that the concrete
containing coarse RAP are performing better among the concrete mixes containing both coarse and fine RAP
and concrete mixes containing fine RAP alone. [2] [4] [5] [6] [24] [26] [28] [29] [30]

IV.4. Toughness
Toughness is one of the key properties in the concrete applications where the loads are of cyclic and
impact in nature. When such cyclic and impact loading are expected, the concrete must have higher strain values
to withstand such loadings effectively. It was found by various research studies that RAP inclusive concrete has
shown better results in comparison with concrete containing natural aggregates. It was stated that as the RAP
content increases, the toughness value of the concrete also increases in proportion with the increment of RAP
i.e., higher the RAP, higher is the toughness. As an evidence to this statement, it was found that when different
concrete specimens with and without RAP aggregates were tested under compressive loads, the specimens
without RAP has failed with a clear visibility of crack formations whereas the specimens with RAP has very
minute cracks. Hence by this observation we can assess that the asphalt film around the aggregate is enhancing
the concrete to withstand higher strains, which helps in concrete applications where the loads are of cyclic and
impact in nature. [5] [6].

When a comparison between coarse and fine RAP has made with regards to the toughness, it was found
that the concrete containing only fine RAP has shown results similar to that of the concrete containing natural
aggregates. But the concrete mixes containing coarse RAP has shown higher absorption of loads [43]. By this
we can clearly state that due to the presence of more dust particles in fine RAP, the toughness values are very
low. This is even shown the same in the fig.3

IV.5. Permeability
Looking into the research findings of ―K.E. Hassan et al.‖ it was understood that, with an increment in
the RAP content in the concrete results in an increment in the permeability of the concrete mixes. It was found
that the permeability of the concrete containing both fine and coarse RAP was higher than the concrete mixes
containing coarse and fine RAP individually. When we look into the grain size analysis provided in the chapter-
2, it was stated that the fine RAP was coarser than the fine aggregate, which means it results in permeable
concrete when fine RAP is used in higher proportions where the voids may be higher in comparison with the
concrete containing natural aggregates. As a solution to overcome this higher permeability in RAP inclusive
concrete, Fly Ash can be used in certain proportions to fill the voids created by the RAP aggregates which helps
to attain an impermeable matrix. It was also stated that when the concrete specimens containing RAP aggregates
were heated to high temperatures, the asphalt present in the aggregates gets melted up and fills the voids created
during the hydration, which ultimately helps in reducing the permeability. [1] [31] [32] [33]

IV.6. Acid Resistance

Based on acid resistance analysis on RAP inclusive concrete by ―S. Singh et al.‖, it was found that the
RAP inclusive concrete specimens gave less resistance to acid attack than compared to the concrete specimens
containing natural aggregates. But the AT & BT treated aggregates gave satisfactory results when compared
with untreated RAP inclusive concrete. But the acid resistance of concrete specimens went on decreasing even
with the increment in the treated RAP. However to determine the effective behavior of RAP aggregates, the
RAP inclusive concrete specimens were cured in 3 different environments like under normal water, HCl
solution and H2SO4 solution. Among the three environments, the acid attack was more aggressive in the
specimens which were exposed to H2SO4 solution. Along with this oven dry (OD) and saturated surface dry
(SSD) conditions were also tested on these RAP inclusive concrete specimens. Among these two, it was found
that the specimens under OD have experienced much degradation in acidic environment when compared with
the SSD condition. [24]

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V. Figures and Tables

Fig.1 Grain size analysis of natural and RAP aggregates [31]

Fig. 2 Relation between slump and RAP content. [5]

Fig. 3 Relation between Toughness index and RAP content. [5]

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S. No Country Million tons of RAP
1 US 100
2 UK 11
3 European Countries 50
4 Japan 12
5 India Approx. 100
Table 1 RAP production per year. [1] [2]

S. No PROPERTIES COARSE RAP FINE RAP

1 Specific Gravity 2.2-2.6 2.2-2.6
2 Absorption (%) 1.8-2.9 1.8-2.8
3 Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1940-2300 1600-2200
4 Crushing value (%) 16-20 -
5 Impact value (%) 4.3-33 -
6 Abrasion resistance (%) 18-30 -
Table 2 Physical and Mechanical properties of RAP. [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

Element compound Test result (% by weight)

SiO2 38
Fe2O3 26.8
CaO 16.3
Al2O3 11
SO3 2.9
TiO2 1.8
K2O 1.73
MnO 0.585
SrO 0.37
CuO 0.13
V2O5 0.11
BaO 0.2
Re2O7 0.06
ZrO2 0.055
ZnO 0.045
Table 3 Chemical composition of RAP aggregates [19].

Mix proportion Water / cement Slump (mm)

ratio Gravel RAP
1:2:4 0.50 70 33
1:2:4 0.60 84 45
1:2:4 0.70 100 74
1:3:6 0.50 41 17
1:3:6 0.60 50 30
1:3:6 0.70 80 40
Table 4 Workability of RAP inclusive concrete. [23]

VI. Conclusion
Based on several research observations the following conclusions were made regarding the utilization of RAP
aggregates in concrete applications in replacement with natural aggregates.
1. The physical and mechanical properties of RAP aggregates were slightly lower than the natural
aggregates. especially in case of sieve analysis, where the coarse RAP was finer than coarse aggregates
and fine RAP was coarser than the fine aggregates. This was expected due to the milling process of the
RAP aggregates and conglomeration of the RAP aggregates due to the presence of asphalt mortar. The
specific gravity of the RAP aggregates was found to be less in comparison with the natural aggregates.

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2. It was suggested that processed RAP aggregates have better performance than the unprocessed RAP
aggregates. for example, the water absorption of unprocessed RAP was higher than the treated RAP
aggregates.
3. As the RAP content increases the slump value of the concrete decreases when compared with concrete
made of natural aggregates. This was due to the surface texture and shape of the RAP aggregates and
also due to the presence of more dirt particles in RAP. When we observe the shape of the RAP
aggregates, they are of mostly irregular and angular in shape which results in poor workability. And
when a comparision study of slump was made among coarse and fine RAP inclusive concrete, it was
found that only coarse RAP inclusive concrete has a better performance among the both.
4. When compressive strength analysis of RAP inclusive concrete has been made, it was determined that
the strength of the specimens decreases with an increment in the RAP aggregates. this was due to the
weak bond between the asphalt film around the RAP aggregate and the cement paste. But as a solution
to this, treated RAP aggregates which are free from dirt has a better performance.
5. Similar to the compressive strength, the flexure and split tensile strength of the concrete specimens
inclusive of RAP aggregates followed the same trend. But it was assessed that due to the presence of
the asphalt film around the RAP aggregates, the load absorption of the concrete specimens increased in
comparison with the concrete made of natural aggregates. This was due to the reduction in elastic
modulus of the concrete with an increment in the RAP content.
6. Toughness index of the concrete containing the RAP aggregates gave a satisfactory result in
comparison with the concrete containing natural aggregates. This proved that RAP inclusive concrete
can be used where the loads are of cyclic and impact in nature.
7. The permeability of the concrete containing RAP is higher, which means the chance of corrosion of the
reinforcement will be high when used. This was due to the gradation of the RAP aggregates and the
fineness modulus of the RAP aggregates. As a solution to this problem, fly ash can be used to improve
the permeability of the concrete when RAP aggregates are being utilized. [39] [40] [41] [42].

VII. Gaps Identified

After referring to several research studies, the following were some of the gaps which were identified when
RAP was used as aggregates.
1. Even though there are many research studies on fly ash inclusive concrete with RAP as aggregates but
there is no clear relation between fly ash and RAP aggregate proportions.
2. It was also found that there are very limited research studies on RAP inclusive geopolymer concrete.
[39] [40] [41] [42].
3. No research study has provided a solution for the 100% effective use of RAP as aggregates in concrete
because of its reduction in strength.

References
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