Environmental Biotechnology - Meaning, Applications and Other Details

11/5/23, 5:50 PM Environmental Biotechnology: Meaning, Applications and Other Details
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Environmental
Biotechnology:
Meaning,
Applications and
Other Details
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Read this article to learn about the

meaning, objectives, applications and
different areas of environmental
biotechnology.
Meaning of Environmental
Biotechnology:
Environmental biotechnology in particular
is the application of processes for the
protection and restoration of the quality of
the environment.
Environmental biotechnology can be used to

detect, prevent and remediate the emission
of pollutants into the environment in a
number of ways.
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products, or by purifying so that the end

product is less harmful to the environment.
Replacing chemical materials and processes
with biological technologies can reduce
environmental damage.
In this way environmental biotechnology

can make a significant contribution to
sustainable development. Environmental
Biotechnology is one of today’s fastest
growing and most practically useful
scientific fields. Research into the genetics,
biochemistry and physiology of exploitable
microorganisms is rapidly being translated
into commercially available technologies for
reversing and preventing further
deterioration of the earth’s environment.
Objectives of Environmental
Biotechnology (According to Agenda
21):
The aim of environmental biotechnology is

to prevent, arrest and reverse environmental
degradation through the appropriate use of
biotechnology in combination with other
technologies, while supporting safety
procedures as a primary component of the
programme.
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1. To adopt production processes that make

optimal use of natural resources, by
recycling biomass, recovering energy and
minimizing waste generation.
2. To promote the use of biotechnological

techniques with emphasis on
bioremediation of land and water, waste
treatment, soil conservation, reforestation,
afforestation and land rehabilitation.
3. To apply biotechnological processes and

their products to protect environmental
integrity with a view to long-term ecological
security.
Use of biotechnology to treat pollution

problems is not a new idea. Communities
have depended on complex populations of
naturally occurring microbes for sewage
treatment for over a century. Every living
organism—animals, plants, bacteria and so
forth—ingests nutrients to live and produces
a waste as a by-product. Different organisms
need different types of nutrients.
Certain bacteria thrive on the chemical

components of waste products. Some
microorganisms feed on materials toxic to
others. Research related environmental
biotechnology
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help of these living forms. Growing concern

about public health and the deteriorating
quality of the environment has prompted
the development of a range of new, rapid
analytical devices for the detection of
hazardous compounds in air, water and
land. Recombinant DNA technology has
provided the possibilities for the prevention
of pollution and holds a promise for a
further development of bioremediation.
Applications of Environmental
Biotechnology:
Environmental protection is an integral
component of sustainable development. The
environment is threatened every day by the
activities of man. With the continued
increase in the use of chemicals, energy and
non-renewable resources by an expanding
global population, associated environmental
problems are also increasing. Despite
escalating efforts to prevent waste
accumulation and to promote recycling, the
amount of environmental damage caused by
over-consumption, the quantities of waste
generated and the degree of unsustainable
land use appear likely to continue growing.
The remedy
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by the application of environmental
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organisms in hazardous waste treatment
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and pollution control. Environmental

biotechnology includes a broad range of
applications such as bioremediation,
prevention, detection and monitoring,
genetic engineering for sustainable
development and better quality of living.
Bioremediation:
Bioremediation refers to the productive use

of microorganisms to remove or detoxify
pollutants, usually as contaminants of soils,
water or sediments that otherwise
intimidate human health. Bio treatment, bio
reclamation and bio restoration are the
other terminologies for bioremediation.
Bioremediation is not a new practice.
Microorganisms have been used for many
years to remove organic matter and toxic
chemicals from domestic and manufacturing
waste discharge.
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biotechnology for fighting different pollution
is on bioremediation. The vast majority of
bioremediation applications use naturally
occurring microorganisms to identify and
filter on
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Some more advanced systems using

genetically modified microorganisms are
being tested in waste treatment and
pollution control to remove difficult-to-
degrade materials. Bioremediation can be
performed in situ or in specialized reactors
(ex situ). Bioremediation by microorganisms
need appropriate environment for the clean
up of the polluted site.
Addition of nutrients, terminal electron

acceptors (O2/NO2), temperature, moisture
to promote the growth of a particular
organism may be required for the microbial
activity in the polluted site. Bioremediation
operations may be made either on-site or
off-site, in situ or ex situ. Bioremediation
has a vast potential to clean up water and
soil contaminated by a variety of hazardous
pollutants, domestic wastes, radioactive
wastes etc.
Biological cleaning procedures make use of

the fact that most organic chemicals are
subjected to enzymatic attack of living
organisms. The most common approach is
the use of enzymes as substitute chemical
catalysts. Significant reduction or complete
elimination of harsh chemicals may be
achieved
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Only 1-2g of hemicellulose is substituted for

10-15 kg of chlorine to treat 1 tonne of pulp,
thereby significantly reducing the
chlorinated organic effluent. Environmental
protection and remediation presently
combine biotechnological, chemical,
physical and engineering methods.
The relative importance of biotechnology is

increasing as scientific knowledge and
methods improve. Its lower requirements
for energy and chemicals, combined with
lower production of minor wastes, make it
an increasingly desirable alternative to more
traditional chemical and physical methods
of remediation. Applications of
bioremediation for maintenance of
environment are several. In this chapter a
few are dealt with as handling of waste water
and industrial effluents, soil and land
treatment, air and waste gases management.
Waste Water and Industrial Effluents:
Water pollution is a serious problem in

many countries of the world. Rapid
industrialisation and urbanization have
generated large quantities of waste water
that resulted in deterioration of surface
water
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In many cases, these sources have been

rendered unsafe for human consumption as
well as for other activities such as irrigation
and industrial needs. This illustrates that
degraded water quality can, in effect,
contribute to water scarcity as it limits its
availability for both human use and the
ecosystem. Treatment of the waste water
before disposal is of urgent concern
worldwide.
In sewage treatment plants microorganisms

are used to remove the more common
pollutants from waste water before it is
discharged into rivers or the sea. Increasing
industrial and agricultural pollution has led
to a greater need for processes that remove
specific pollutants such as nitrogen and
phosphorus compounds, heavy metals and
chlorinated compounds.
Methods include aerobic, anaerobic and

physico-chemical processes in fixed-bed
filters and in bioreactors in which the
materials and microbes are held in
suspension. Sewage and other waste waters
would, if left untreated, undergo self-
purification
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However, Five Key Stages are

Recognized in Wastewater Treatment:
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a) Preliminary treatment – grit, heavy

metals and floating debris are removed.
b) Primary treatment – suspended matters

are removed.
c) Secondary treatment – bio-oxidize

organic materials by activities of aerobic and
anaerobic microorganisms.
d) Tertiary treatment – specific pollutants

are removed (ammonia and phosphate).
e) Sludge treatment – solids are removed

(final stage).
Aerobic Biological Treatment:
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Trickling filters, rotating biological

contactors or contact beds, usually consist of
an inert material (rocks/ash/ wood/ metal)
on which the microorganisms grow in the
form of a complex biofilm. These have been
used for more than 70 years for sewage and
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Activated Sludge Process:
This process is used for treatment and

removal of dissolved and biodegradable
wastes, such as organic chemicals,
petroleum refining wastes textile wastes and
municipal sewage. The microorganisms in
activated sludge generally are composed of
70-90% organic and 10-30% inorganic
matters.
The microorganisms found in this sludge are

usually bacteria, fungi, protozoa and
rotifers. Petroleum hydrocarbons are
degraded by species of bacteria
(Acinetobacter, Mycobacteria, Pseudomonas
etc.), yeasts, Cladosporium and
Scolecobasidium. Pesticides (aldrin,
dieldrin, parathion, malathion) are
detoxified by fungus Xylaria xylestrix.
Pseudomonas (a predominant soil
microrganism) can detoxify organic
compounds like hydrocarbons, phenols,
organophosphates, polychlorinated
biphenyls and polycyclic aromatics.
Utilisation of immobilized cyanobacterium

Phormidium laminosum in batch and
continuous flow bioreactors for the removal
ofvisits.
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immobilised in micro-porous polymeric

matrices. Photo-bioreactors are currently
used to grow algae and cyanobacteria under
closely controlled environmental conditions,
with a view to making high-value products
(such as beta-carotene and gamma-linoleic
acid), designing efficient effluent treatment
processes, and providing new energy
sources.
The costs of wastewater treatment can be

reduced by the conversion of wastes into
useful products. Sulphur metabolizing
bacteria can remove heavy metals and
sulphur compounds from waste streams of
the galvanization industry and reused. Most
anaerobic wastewater treatment systems
produce useful biogas.
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pollution-fighting microorganisms are
themselves useful. Methane, for example,
can be derived from a form of bacteria that
degrades sulphur liquor, a waste product of
paper manufacturing.
Soil and Land Treatment:

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chemicals are just a few of the consequences

of human activity and carelessness. The
increasing amounts of fertilizers and other
agricultural chemicals applied to soils and
industrial and domestic waste-disposal
practices, led to the increasing concern of
soil pollution. Pollution in soil is caused by
persistent toxic compounds, chemicals,
salts, radioactive materials, or disease-
causing agents, which have adverse effects
on plant growth and animal health.
Many species of fungi can be used for soil

bioremediation. Lipomyces sp. can degrade
herbicide paraquat. Rhodotorula sp. can
convert benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol.
Candida sp. degrades formaldehyde in the
soil. Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium
cupreum are used to degrade tannins (found
in tannery effluents) in the soil thereby
helping in plant growth.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been

used in bioremediation of soils polluted with
different chemical compounds, usually
recalcitrant and regarded as environmental
pollutants. Decrease of PCP
(Pentachlorophenol) between 88-91% within
six weeks was observed in presence of
Phanerochaete
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and environment friendly method for

degradation of various pollutants. This can
be effected in a number of ways, either in
situ or by mechanically removing the soil for
treatment elsewhere.
In situ treatments include adding nutrient

solutions, introducing microorganisms and
ventilation. Ex situ treatment involves
excavating the soil and treating it above
ground, either as compost, in soil banks, or
in specialised slurry bioreactors.
Bioremediation of land is often cheaper than
physical methods and its products are
largely harmless.
During biological treatment soil

microorganisms convert organic pollutants
to CO2, water and biomass. Degradation can
take place under aerobic as well as under
anaerobic conditions. Soil bioremediation
can also be accomplished with the help of
bioreactors. Degradation can take place
under aerobic as well as under anaerobic
conditions. Soil bioremediation can also be
accomplished with the help of bioreactors.
Liquids, vapours, or solids in a slurry phase
are treated in a reactor. Microbes can be of
natural origin, cultivated or even genetically
engineered.
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soil contaminated with mineral oils. Solid-

phase technologies are used for petroleum-
contaminated soils that are excavated,
placed in a containment system through
which water and nutrients percolate.
Biological degradation of oils has proved
commercially viable both on large and small
scales, in situ and ex situ.
In situ soil bioremediation involve the

stimulation of indigenous microbial
populations (e.g. by adding nutrients or
aeration). In this process the environmental
conditions for the biological degradation of
organic pollutants are optimized as far as
possible. Oxygen has to be supplied by
artificial aeration or by adding electron
acceptors such as nitrates or oxygen
releasing compounds. Ozone dissolved in
water and H2O2 are sometimes used which
degrade the organic contaminants.
Air and Waste Gases:
With the onset of human civilization, the air

is one of the first and most polluted
components of the atmosphere. Most air
pollution comes from one human activity:
burning fossil fuels—natural gas, coal, and
oil—to
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organic chemicals (VOCs) also enter the air.

Pollutants also come from other sources.
For instance, decomposing garbage in

landfills and solid waste disposal sites emits
methane gas, and many household products
give off VOCs. Expanding industrial
activities have added more contaminants in
the air.
The concept of biological air treatment at

first seemed impossible. With the
development of biological waste gas
purification technology using bioreactors—
which includes bio filters, bio trickling
filters, bio scrubbers and membrane
bioreactors—this problem is taken care of.
The mode of operation of all these reactors
is similar.
Air containing volatile compounds is passed

through the bioreactors, where the volatile
compounds are transferred from the gas
phase into the liquid phase. Microbial
community (mixture of different bacteria,
fungi and protozoa) grow in this liquid
phase and remove the compounds acquired
from the air.
In the bio filters, the air is passed through a
bed
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is kept damp by maintaining the humidity of

the incoming air. Biological off-gas
treatment is generally based on the
absorption of the VOC in the waste gases
into the aqueous phase followed by direct
oxidation by a wide range of voracious
bacteria, which include Nocardia sp. and
Xanthomonas sp.
Prevention:
Sustainable development and quality living

depends upon the rational, eco-friendly use
of natural resources with economic growth.
To comply with this trend, industrial
development has to change to sustainable
style from degradative type and for such a
purpose cleaner technologies have to be
adopted.
According to United Nations Environment

Programme (1996) ‘the continuous
application of an integrated preventive
environmental strategy to processes,
products and services to increase eco-
efficiency and reduce risks to humans and
the environment’ defines the eco-friendly
concept. The application of preventive and
clean concept can only be achieved by the 5R
policies
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Five Environmental Buzzwords are
the 5Rs for Efficient Use of Energy
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and Better Control of Waste, Which

Might Help in Sustainable
Development and Quality Living:
1. Reduce (Reduction of waste)
2. Reuse (Efficient use of water, energy)
3. Recycle (Recycling of wastes)
4. Replace (Replacement of toxic/hazardous

raw materials for more environment-
friendly inputs)
5. Recover (useful non-toxic fractions from

wastes)
Innovation and adoption of clean

technologies is the target of research and
development worldwide. Industrial
companies are developing processes with
reduced environmental impact responding
to the international call for the development
of a sustainable society. There is a pervading
trend towards less harmful products and
processes; away from “end-of-pipe”
treatment of waste streams. Environmental
biotechnology, with its appropriate
technologies, is suitable to contribute to this
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Enzymes are widely employed in industries

for many years. Enzymes, non-toxic and
biodegradable, are biological catalysts that
are highly competent and have numerous
advantages over non-biological catalysts.
The use of enzyme by man, both directly and
indirectly, have been for thousands of years.
In the recent years enzymes have played

important roles in the production of drugs,
fine chemicals, amino acids, antibiotics and
steroids. Industrial processes can be made
eco-friendly by the use of enzymes. Enzyme
application in the textile, leather, food, pulp
and paper industries help in significant
reduction or complete elimination of severe
chemicals and are also more economic in
energy and resource consumption.
Biotechnological methods can produce food

materials with improved nutritional value,
functional characteristics, shelf stability.
Plant cells grown in fermenters can produce
flavours such as vanilla, reducing the need
for extracting the compounds from vanilla
beans. Food processing has benefited from
biotechnologically produced chymosin
which is used in cheese manufacture; alpha-
amylase, which is used in production of
high-fructose
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Genetically engineered enzymes are easier to

produce than enzymes isolated from original
sources and are favoured over chemically
synthesized substances because they do not
create by-products or off-flavours in foods.
Environmental Detection and

Monitoring:
A wide range of biological methods are in

use to detect pollution and for the
continuous monitoring of pollutants. The
techniques of biotechnology have novel
methods for diagnosing environmental
problems and assessing normal
environmental conditions so that human
beings can be better- informed of the
surroundings. Applications of these methods
are cheaper, faster and also portable.
Rather than gathering soil samples and

sending them to a laboratory for analysis,
scientists can measure the level of
contamination on site and know the results
immediately. Biological detection methods
using biosensors and immunoassays have
been developed and are now in the market.
Microbes are used in biosensors
contamination of metals or pollutants.
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Immunoassays use labelled antibodies

(complex proteins produced in biological
response to specific agents) and enzymes to
measure pollutant levels. If a pollutant is
present, the antibody attaches itself to it
making it detectable either through colour
change, fluorescence or radioactivity.
Biosensors:
A biosensor is an analytical device that

converts a biological response into an
physical, chemical or electrical signal. The
development of biosensors involves
integration of a specific and sensitive
biologically derived sensing elements
(immobilized cells, enzymes or antibodies)
are integrated with physico-chemical
transducers (either electrochemical or
optical). Immobilised on a substrate, their
properties change in response to some
environmental effect in a way that is
electronically or optically detectable.
It is then possible to make quantitative

measurements of pollutants with extreme
precision or to very high sensitivities. The
biological response of the biosensor is
determined by the bio catalytic membrane,
which
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which makes them particularly applicable

for use in such systems.
They may be re-used, which ensures that the

same catalytic activity is present for a series
of analyses. Biosensors are powerful tools,
which rely on biochemical reactions to
detect specific substances, which have
brought benefits to a wide range of sectors,
including the manufacturing, engineering,
chemical, water, food and beverage
industries. They are able to detect even
small amounts of their particular target
chemicals, quickly, easily and accurately.
For this character of biosensors they have

been ardently adopted for a variety of
process monitoring applications, principally
in respect to pollution assessment and
control. Biosensors for detection of
carbohydrates, organic acids, glucosinolates,
aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides,
pathogenic bacteria and others have already
been developed.
The biosensors can be designed to be very

selective, or sensitive to a broad range of
compounds. For example, a wide range of
herbicides can be detected in river water
using
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different types such as calorimetric

biosensors, immunosensors, optical
biosensors, BOD biosensors, gas biosensors.
The remarkable ability of microbes to break

down chemicals is proving useful, not only
in pollution remediation but also in
pollutant detection. A group of scientists at
Los Alamos National Laboratory work with
bacteria that degrade a class of organic
chemicals called phenols. When the bacteria
ingest phenolic compounds, the phenols
attach to a receptor.
The phenol-receptor complex then binds to

DNA, activating the genes involved in
degrading phenol. The Los Alamos scientists
added a reporter gene that, when triggered
by a phenol-receptor complex, produces an
easily detectable protein, thus indicating the
presence of phenolic compounds in the
environment. Biosensors employing
acetylcholine esterase can be used for the
detection of organophosphorus compounds
in water.
Genetic Engineering:
Biotechnology, which is expected to make a

great contribution to the welfare of
mankind,
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different kinds of biotechnology, has the

possibility to create new gene combinations
that have not previously existed in nature.
Since its beginning, genetic engineering has

claimed to be able to construct tailor-made
microorganisms with improved degrading
capabilities for toxic substances. With the
development of GEM (genetically
engineered microorganism) and their
possible utilization in the treatment of
contaminated soil and water, stability of
plasmids is extremely desirable. Plasmids
are circular strands of DNA that replicates
as separate entities independent of the host
chromosome. Plasmids can range in size
from those that carry only a couple of genes
to ones carrying much greater numbers.
Small plasmids may be present as multiple
copies. Exchange of genetic information via
plasmids is achieved by the process of
conjugation.
The use of restriction enzymes has enabled

the isolation of particular DNA fragments
that can be transferred to another organism
lacking the same. Genes which code for
metabolism of environmental pollutants
such as PCB’s and other xenobiotic
compounds
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The possibility of genetic transfer in non-

biodegradative microbes has opened a new
outlook of bio treatment of wastes. The
recombinant DNA has the ability to multiply
and may also confer the specific derivative
capacity to detoxify environmental
contaminants.
Gene transfer among microbial communities

has improved the derivative capacity in
vitro. The first patent for a genetically
modified organism (GMO) or GEM, filed in
the USA by Professor A. M. Chakrabarty was
for a bacterium Pseudomonas putida with
hydrocarbon degrading abilities. Subsequent
reports have noted the role of plasmids in
degradation of alkanes, naphthalene,
toluene, m— and p— xylenes.
Given the overwhelming diversity of species,

biomolecules and metabolic pathways on
this planet, genetic engineering can, in
principle, be a very powerful tool in creating
environmentally friendlier alternatives for
products and processes that presently
pollute the environment or exhaust its non-
renewable resources.
Nowadays organisms can be supplemented

with
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enough. By combining different metabolic

abilities in the same microorganism
blockage in environmental cleanup may be
circumvented.
In the USA some genetically modified

bacteria have been approved for
bioremediation purposes but large scale
applications have not yet been reported. In
Europe only controlled field tests have been
authorized. Just as light, heat, and moisture
can degrade many materials, biotechnology
relies on naturally occurring, living bacteria
to perform a similar function but the action
is faster.
Some bacteria naturally feed on chemicals

and other wastes, including some hazardous
materials. They consume those materials,
digest them, and excrete harmless
substances in their place. Bioremediation
uses natural as well as recombinant
microorganisms to break down toxic and
hazardous substances already present in the
environment. Bio treatment can be used to
detoxify waste streams at the source before
they contaminate the environment – rather
than at the point of disposal. This approach
involves carefully selecting organisms,
known
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However, the application of GMOs/GEMs,

in the environment for bioremediation may
create problems in the ecosystem. These
exclusively designed organisms do not get a
chance to experience the various fluctuating
environmental conditions which is faced by
naturally occurring organisms during the
evolutionary processes spaning millions of
years.
As a result, the latter are well adapted to the

changing environmental conditions such as
changes in temperature, substrate or waste
concentrations. But when exposed to the
contaminated site, GMOs show a higher
viability than naturally occurring bacteria,
due to their tailored enzymatic equipment.
There are concerns about the negative effect

of these GMOs on the complex and delicate
microbial ecosystems by competition or the
exchange of genetic material in the soils to
which they are applied. Even more
worrisome is their potential effect outside
the treatment area. While recombinant
strains may appear harmless in the
laboratory, it is virtually impossible to assess
their impact in the field.
Biotechnical
and repeat methods
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to the use
produce
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information. for pharmaceutical
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insulin, the first genetically engineered Read Next Story
product to be produced commercially (1982)

is made by nonvirulent strain of Escherichia
coli bacteria, by introduction of a copy of the
gene for human insulin.
When the gene is “amplified” the bacterial

cells produce large quantities of human
insulin that are purified and used to treat
diabetes in human beings. A number of
other genetically engineered products have
been approved since then, including human
growth hormone, alpha interferon,
recombinant erythropoietin and tissue
plasminogen activator.
Biotechnology techniques are being applied

to plants to produce plant materials with
improved composition, functional
characteristics. Among the first
commercially available whole food products
was the slow-ripening tomato, the gene for
polygalacturonase, the enzyme responsible
for softening, is turned off in this tomato.
Plants that are resistant to disease, pests,
environmental conditions, or selected
herbicides or pesticides are also being
developed.
In 1995, the Environmental Protection

Agency
and repeat visits. By(EPA)
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advantage of such products is that they allow

the use of less toxic and more
environmentally friendly herbicides and
pesticides.
The first approved application of

biotechnology to animal production was the
use of recombinant bovine somatotropin
(BST) in dairy cows. Bovine somatotropin, a
protein hormone found naturally in cows, is
necessary for milk production. When the
recombinant BST is administered to dairy
cows under ideal management conditions,
milk production has been shown to increase
by 10% to 25%.
Other uses of biotechnology in animal

production include development of vaccines
to protect animals from disease, production
of several calves from one embryo (cloning),
artificial insemination, improvement of
growth rate and/or feed efficiency, and rapid
disease detection.
Natural bio-pesticides are another

development of biotechnology that help
farmers reduce chemical use. They degrade
rapidly, leave no residues, and are toxic only
to target insects. Bacillus thuringiensis
(B.t.),
and repeat visits. produces a protein
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toxic
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insecticide and inserted it into common Read Next Story
bacteria that can be grown in large

quantities by the same fermentation
techniques used to produce such everyday
products as beer and antibiotics. Spread on
cotton and other crops, these harmless
bacteria control insects naturally.
Moreover, a wide range of crop plants have

been genetically engineered to express the
cry genes (found in B. t.) in their tissues, so
the insects get killed as they feed on these
crops. Pollution control by genetic
engineering is likely to work best when
pollutants are a known mixture of relatively
concentrated organic compounds that are
related to each other in structure, where
conventional alternative organic nutrients
are absent, and when there is no
competition from indigenous
microorganisms.
The spectacular metabolic versatility of

bacteria and fungi is exploited in the area
environmental bioremediation as in sewage
and waste water treatment, degradation of
xenobiotics and metal abatement. Genetic
manipulation offers a way of engineering
microorganisms to deal with a pollutant, or
a family of closely related pollutants, that
may
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The simplest approach is to extend the

degradative capabilities of existing
metabolic pathways within an organism
either by introducing additional enzymes
from other organisms or by modifying the
specificity or catalytic mechanisms of
enzymes already present.
A treatment plant at the Homestake Mine in

Lead, South Dakota, purifies 4 million
gallons of cyanide-containing wastewater a
day by completely converting cyanide to
nitrate. Pseudomonas sp. convert cyanide
and thiocyanate to ammonia and
bicarbonate and the nitrifying bacteria
Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter cooperate in
converting ammonia to nitrate.
Recombinant DNA technology has had
amazing repercussion in the last few years in
environmental protection and also in other
fields for better quality of living.
Different Areas of Environmental

Biotechnology:
Environmental Biotechnology and

Metagenomics:
Environmental Biotechnology is
Divided
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(i) Direct studies of the environment,
(ii) Research with a focus on applications to

the environment and
(iii) Research that applies information from

the environment to other venues.
Here, a brief account of a particular aspect

of direct analysis of environment is given.
In addition to DNA inside living organisms,

there is much free DNA in the environment
that might also be a source of new genes.
The field of environmental biotechnology
has revolutionized the study of the life-forms
which have not been studied earlier and
DNA.
This approach is direct analyses of the

environment
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processes that are present. AIncredible
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Metagenomics is the study of the genomes of Read Next Story
whole communities of microscopic life forms

and it deals with a mixture of DNA from
multiple organisms, viruses, viroids,
plasmids and free DNA.
In other words, metagenomics, the genomic

analysis of a population of microorganisms,
is the method to gain access to the
physiology and genetics of uncultured
organisms.
Using metagenomics, researchers

investigate, catalogue the current microbial
diversity. New proteins, enzymes and
biochemical pathways are identified. The
knowledge garnered from metagenomics has
the potential to affect the ways we use the
environment. Metagenomic analyses
involves isolating DNA from an
environmental sample, cloning the DNA into
a suitable vector, transforming the clones
into a host bacterium and screening the
resultant transformants.
The clones can be screened for phylogenetic

markers such as 16S rRNA and rec A or for
other conserved genes by hybridization or
multiplex PCR or for expression of specific
traits such as enzyme activity or antibiotic
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One very important method for

metagenomic study is stable isotope probing
(SIP). An environmental sample of water or
soil is first mixed with a precursor such as
methanol, phenol, carbonate or ammonia
that has been labeled with a stable isotope
such as 15N, 13C or 18O. If the organisms in
the sample metabolize the precursor
substrate, the stable isotope is incorporated
into their genome.
When the DNA from the sample is isolated

and separated by centrifugation, the
genomes that incorporated the labeled
substrate will be heavier and can be
separated from the other DNA in the
sample. The heavier DNA will migrate
further in a cesium chloride gradient during
centrifugation. The DNA can be used
directly or cloned into vectors to make a
metagenomic library. This technique is
useful to find new organisms that can
degrade contaminants such as phenol.
Microorganisms are crucial participants in

cleaning up a large variety of hazardous
substances/chemicals by transforming them
into forms that are harmless to people and
environment. One very important example
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There is every possibility that gasoline will

be mixed with ground water which is the
prime source of drinking water. However,
the dormant members of the soil microbial
community are triggered to become active
and degrade the harmful chemicals in
gasoline.
Since gasoline is composed of hundreds of

chemicals it takes a variety of microbes
working together to degrade them all. When
some bacteria cause a depletion of O2 in
ground water near a gasoline spill, other
types of bacteria that can use nitrate for
energy begin biodegrading the gasoline.
Bacteria that use iron, manganese and
sulfate follow.
All these microbial communities work

together in a pattern to transform leaking
gasoline into CO2 and water. Metagenomic
analysis may help us identify the particular
community member and function needed to
achieve the full chemical transformation
that will keep our planet livable.
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11/5/23, 5:50 PM Environmental Biotechnology: Meaning, Applications and Other Details

Read this article to learn about the

Environmental biotechnology can be used to

Do not sell my personal information.

products, or by purifying so that the end

In this way environmental biotechnology

The aim of environmental biotechnology is

Read Next Story

1. To adopt production processes that make

2. To promote the use of biotechnological

3. To apply biotechnological processes and

Use of biotechnology to treat pollution

Certain bacteria thrive on the chemical

help of these living forms. Growing concern

Read Next Story

and pollution control. Environmental

Bioremediation refers to the productive use

However, the focus in environmental

Read Next Story

Some more advanced systems using

Addition of nutrients, terminal electron

Biological cleaning procedures make use of

Only 1-2g of hemicellulose is substituted for

The relative importance of biotechnology is

Waste Water and Industrial Effluents:

Water pollution is a serious problem in

Read Next Story

In many cases, these sources have been

In sewage treatment plants microorganisms

Methods include aerobic, anaerobic and

Read Next Story

However, Five Key Stages are

a) Preliminary treatment – grit, heavy

b) Primary treatment – suspended matters

c) Secondary treatment – bio-oxidize

d) Tertiary treatment – specific pollutants

e) Sludge treatment – solids are removed

Aerobic Biological Treatment:

Trickling filters, rotating biological

Activated Sludge Process:

This process is used for treatment and

The microorganisms found in this sludge are

Utilisation of immobilized cyanobacterium

of heavy metal by Phormidium laminosum Read Next Story

immobilised in micro-porous polymeric

The costs of wastewater treatment can be

In some cases, the by-products of the

Soil and Land Treatment:

development, and pollution from man-made Read Next Story

chemicals are just a few of the consequences

Many species of fungi can be used for soil

Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been

been used as a safe, reliable, cost-effective Read Next Story

and environment friendly method for

In situ treatments include adding nutrient

During biological treatment soil

biotechnology has made it possible to treat Read Next Story

soil contaminated with mineral oils. Solid-

In situ soil bioremediation involve the