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    MODULE 4 Organic Chem

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    angelo aquino
    This document discusses a module on alcohols presented by Gerobel R. Valenzuela for the College of Criminal Justice Education at the University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus. It provides an overview of alcohols, including their general formula and how to name them using IUPAC nomenclature. It also classifies alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary and discusses some common alcohols like ethanol, methanol, and glycerol as well as their properties. The effects of alcohol consumption on health are addressed, noting both short-term impacts and long-term risks of excessive use.

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    MODULE 4 Organic Chem

    Uploaded by

    angelo aquino
    7 views11 pages
    This document discusses a module on alcohols presented by Gerobel R. Valenzuela for the College of Criminal Justice Education at the University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus. It provides an overview of alcohols, including their general formula and how to name them using IUPAC nomenclature. It also classifies alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary and discusses some common alcohols like ethanol, methanol, and glycerol as well as their properties. The effects of alcohol consumption on health are addressed, noting both short-term impacts and long-term risks of excessive use.

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    This document discusses a module on alcohols presented by Gerobel R. Valenzuela for the College of Criminal Justice Education at the University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus. It provides an overview of alcohols, including their general formula and how to name them using IUPAC nomenclature. It also classifies alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary and discusses some common alcohols like ethanol, methanol, and glycerol as well as their properties. The effects of alcohol consumption on health are addressed, noting both short-term impacts and long-term risks of excessive use.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views11 pages

    MODULE 4 Organic Chem

    Uploaded by

    angelo aquino
    This document discusses a module on alcohols presented by Gerobel R. Valenzuela for the College of Criminal Justice Education at the University of Eastern Philippines Laoang Campus. It provides an overview of alcohols, including their general formula and how to name them using IUPAC nomenclature. It also classifies alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary and discusses some common alcohols like ethanol, methanol, and glycerol as well as their properties. The effects of alcohol consumption on health are addressed, noting both short-term impacts and long-term risks of excessive use.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    Republic of the Philippines

    UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES


    LAOANG CAMPUS
    Laoang, Northern Samar
    web: http://uep.edu.ph; email: [email protected]

    COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION


    1st Semester, S.Y. 2022 – 2023

    MODULE 4

    ALCOHOL
    GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA,LPT
    Special Lecturer
    MODULE NO. 4
    ALCOHOLS
    OVERVIEW
    Alcohols are one of the most important molecules in Organic
    Chemistry. They can be prepared from many different types of
    compounds, and they can be converted into many different types of
    compounds. Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxyl
    functional group (-OH) that is bonded to the carbon atom
    of an alkyl or substituted alkyl. The hydroxyl functional group
    strongly contributes to the physical properties of alcohols.

    LEARNING OUTCOMES
     Identify and draw the structural formula of alcohol
     Classify types of Alcohol
     Name alcohol using the IUPAC system of nomenclature
     Understand the physical properties of alcohol.
     Familiarize with common Alcohol and uses.
     Understand the effect of Alcohol to Human Body
     Familiarize with different types of alcohol test

    Hopefully, you understand our previous lessons, which is all about the
    hydrocarbons. It is very useful here especially in IUPAC (International
    Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Naming of Alcohol.

    ALCOHOL

    Are organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogen is replaced


    with an – OH group. -OH group is called the hydroxyl group

    GENERAL FORMULA OF ALCOHOL

    HOW TO NAME AN ALCOHOL USING THE IUPAC SYSTEM STEP

    1. Find the longest carbon chain containing the carbon bonded to OH group.
    Change the –e ending of the parent alkene to the suffix –ol.
    Explanation:

    PROPAN- 3 Carbons (recall our lesson in hydrocarbon)


    OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present

    Explanation:
    ETH- 2 Carbons
    OL- the functional group of alcohol –OH is present.

    2. Number the carbon chain to give the OH group the lower number, and apply all
    other rules of nomenclature.
    Example

    1 2 3 1 2 3
    (Condensed Formula) (Structural Formula)

    2-propanol (old IUPAC naming) or propan-2-ol (new IUPAC naming)

    Explanation:

    PROPAN- 3 Carbons (recall our lesson in hydrocarbon)


    OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present.
    2- the functional group –OH is in Carbon number 2.

    Explanation:
    BUTAN- 4 Carbons
    OL- the function group of alcohol –OH is present.
    2- the functional group –OH is in Carbon number 2. (The chain is numbered
    from the end giving the -OH carbon the lower number)
    HOW TO NAME AN ALCOHOL IN THEIR COMMON NAME
    The common names for alcohols consist of the alkyl group name, a space, and the
    word alcohol

    Example:

    ETHYL ALCOHOL (common name) Ethanol (IUPAC name)


    Ethyl (alkyl name) recall our lessons in hydrocarbon about alkyl.

    CLASSSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
    Alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based
    on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the OH group.

    PRIMARY ALCOHOL

    In a primary (1°) alcohol, the carbon which carries the -OH group is only
    attached to one alkyl group.

    General formula: RCH2OH

    SECONDARY ALCOHOL
    In a secondary (2°) alcohol, the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined
    directly to two alkyl groups.
     General formula: R2CHOH

    TERTIARY ALCOHOL

    In a tertiary (3°) alcohol, the carbon atom holding the -OH group is attached
    directly to three alkyl groups.

    General formula: R3COH


    PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL
    ETHANOL, METHANOL AND GLYCERINE

    COLOR Colorless

    ODOR They have faint odor (alcoholic odor) except


    glycerol that is odorless.

    SOLUBILITY Completely miscible with water.


    *Miscible- capable of being mixed

    FLAMMABILITY Flammable with blue, non-smoky flame.

    STATE Liquid except glycerol that is viscous liquid.

    ACID-BASE PROPERTIES Neutral


    BOILING POINT OF ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) 78.37OC(Ethanol)

    INTERESTING ALCOHOLS

    SOME COMMON ALCOHOLS

    METHANOL (CH3OH), A.K.A “WOOD ALCOHOL”


     Is useful solvent and starting material for the synthesis of
    plastics.
     Methanol is extremely toxic because of the oxidation
    products formed when metabolized in the liver.
     Ingestion of as little as 15 mL (about half an once), causes
    blindness and 100 mL causes death. Can be used as a fuel.
    ETHANOL
     An odorless and colorless liquid
     Widely used as a solvent
     The alcohol in alcoholic beverages
     Derived from fermentation of carbohydrates

     Beverage produced varies with the starting material and the


    fermentation process
     Fermentation of sugar and starches in grains
     12-15% alcohol, then yeast cells die.
     Distillation produces “hard” liquors
    FERMENTATION

    Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a


    biological process, which converts sugars such as glucose,
    fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol
    and carbon dioxide as by- products. Process of making wine.

    Oldest known organic synthesis:


    fermentation

    Sugar + yeast = ethyl alcohol + CO2

    From Grape juice => “wine”


    Barley => “beer”
    Honey => “mead” (honey wine)
    Rice => “sake”
    5-11%
    ethanol
    DISTILLATION

    for “hard” liquors

    Distillation of fermented beverages to produce “distilled


    spirits” with a greater percentage of ethyl alcohol (bp78.3 oC).

     Distillation means taking the fermented ethanol and water


    mixture and adding heat to separate them. Since ethanol
    evaporates faster than water, the ethanol rises through a
    tube, collects and condenses into another container. The
    water is left behind.
    PERCENT VS. PROOF

    Alcohol proof is twice the volume percentage of ethyl alcohol


    (ethanol) in an alcoholic beverage. It is a measure of the
    ethanol (a specific type of alcohol) content of an alcoholic
    beverage.

    In the United States, the modern definition of alcohol proof is


    twice the percentage of ABV.

    Alcohol Proof Example: An alcoholic beverage that is 40%


    ethyl alcohol by volume is referred to as being '80 proof'.
    100-proof whiskey is 50% alcohol by volume. 86-proof whiskey is 43%
    alcohol by volume. Pure alcohol or absolute alcohol is 200 proof.
    However, because alcohol and water form an azeotropic mixture, this
    purity level cannot be obtained using simple distillation.
    (https://www.thoughtco.com/alcohol-proof-definition-and-examples-
    607431)

    Example: Tanduay Rhum Dark Brand: Tanduay


    Distillery: Tanduay Distilleries
    Alcohol by volume: 40%, Alcohol proof: 80
    Proof, Age: 5 Years

    2-PROPANOL A.K.A ISOPROPYL


    ALCOHOL
    • Is the major component of rubbing alcohol. When rubbed on the
    skin it evaporates readily, producing a pleasant cooling
    sensation. 2-Propanol is used to clean skin before medical
    procedures and to sterilize medical instrument.
     Colorless, but has a slight odor
     Commonly called rubbing alcohol
     Toxic when ingested
     Used as a:
    o Disinfectant
    o Astringent
    o Industrial
    solvent

    1,2-ETHANEDIOL A.K.A ETHYLENE


    GLYCOL

     Used as automobile antifreeze


     Has a sweet taste, but is extremely poisonous
     Lowers the freezing point
     Raises the boiling point
    GLYCEROL

     is a triol used in lotions, liquid soap, and shaving cream. Since it is


    sweet tasting and nontoxic, it is also and additive in candy and some
    prepared foods. Its three OH groups readily hydrogen bond to water, so
    its help to retain moisture in these products.
     Used in:
    Cosmetics
    Pharmaceuticals
    Lubricants

    FOCUS ON HEALTH AND MEDICINE

    ETHANOL, THE MOST WIDELY ABUSED DRUG


    Throughout history, humans have ingested alcoholic
    beverages for their pleasant taste and the feeling of euphoria
    they impart. Although we think of alcohol as a stimulant,
    largely because small amounts decrease social inhibitions, the
    ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in an alcoholic beverage actually depresses
    the central nervous system. the chronic and excessive consumption of
    alcoholic beverages has become a major health and social crisis, making
    ethanol the most widely abused drug in the u.s. one estimate suggests
    that there are 40 times more alcoholics than heroin addicts.

    HEALTH EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION


    • Alcohol consumption has both short-term and long-term effects. in small
    amounts it can cause dizziness, giddiness, and a decrease in social
    inhibitions. in larger amounts it decreases coordination and reaction
    time and causes drowsiness. Intoxicated individuals have
    exaggerated emotions, slurred speech, amnesia, and a lack of
    coordination. coma and death can result at even higher concentrations.
    • Ethanol affects many organs. it dilates blood vessels,
    resulting in a flushed appearance. it increases urine production
    and stimulates the secretion of stomach acid. chronic excessive alcohol
    consumption damages the heart and can lead to cirrhosis of the liver,
    an incurable and fatal disorder in which the liver is scarred and loses
    its function.

    Reference:

    • Smith, J.,. et. al.,, McGraw Hill Int’l Edition, Pte,


    Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2013.
    • A Work/Textbook in General Chemistry
    Tonog, Merle N., University of UEP, 2012
     General Organic Chemistry
    MODULE ASSESSMENT

    ALCOHOL

    1. What is Alcohol?

    2. Give the physical and chemical properties of Alcohol.

    3. Draw the process of fermentation and distillation. Give an


    example.

    4. Differentiate proof and Alcohol percent. Give an example.

    5. How can you assess if the person is alcohol intoxicated?(In a


    vehicular accident settings and/or Emergency settings)

    6. What are Blood Alcohol Level (BAL) Test, Phosphatidylethanol


    (Peth) Test and Breath Alcohol Test? What are their purpose? What
    is the sample required? What do the result mean?

    7. Complete the table below.

    a. Effect of Alcohol to the different Organ/Organ System

    Effects of Alcohol
    Liver
    Central Nervous System
    Digestive System
    Skeletal and Muscle System
    Immune System
    Cardiovascular System
    Psychological Effect

    b.Complete the table below.

    ORGANIC USES IUPAC NAME COMMON STRUCTURAL HAZARDS


    COMPOUND NAME FORMULA IDENTIFICATION/
    SAFETY
    PRECAUTIONS.
    (Examples:
    Carcinogenic,
    Flammable, Eye
    Irritant)
    ALCOHOL IN
    ALCOHOLIC
    BEVERAGE
    WOOD
    ALCOHOL
    RUBBING
    ALCOHOL
    ETHYLENE
    GLYCOL
    GLYCEROL
    c.
    STRUCTURAL FORMULA IUPAC NAME CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOL
    (PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND
    TERTIARY)

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