TOPIC 4: 1872 CAVITE MUTINY

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the
Incident
Jose Montero y Vidal - prolific Spanish historian
documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera - filipino
the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the scholar and researcher who wrote the Filipino version of
Philippines. the bloody incident in Cavite.
• Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official
According to Pardo de Tavera:
report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate
• Incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino
the native clergy, which was then active in the call for
soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the
secularization.- magkaroon ng katungkulan ang mga
dissatisfaction arising from the draconian policies of
native clergies (pilipinong pari) sa Pilipinas na hindi
Izquierdo (governor-general of PH)
nagustuhan ng mga Espanyol.
• Policies include: abolition of priveleges and prohibition
of the founding of the school of arts and trades.
• In Spaniards Account, 1872 was premeditated. They
- Filipino are exempted from paying taxes/tribute
allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers
- Exempted from force labor
then kill firars.
• Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-
• Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the blooded policies.
abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal were the main reasons of the “revolution” as how • January 20, 1872 – about 200 men comprised of
they called it. However, other causes were enumerated by soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite
them, most importantly, the presence of the native clergy headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and
who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers
“conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of in sight.
Spain. • They believed that it would elevate to a national uprising
• He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted but the mutiny was unsuccessful. After two days, the
to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new mutiny was officially declared subdued.
“hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. • During the time, the Central Government in Madrid
• The general even added that the native clergy enticed announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the
other participants by giving them charismatic assurance powers of intervention in matters of civil government and
that their fight will not fail because God is with them the direction and management of educational institutions.
coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as - Central Government failed to conduct an
employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in investigation on what trulytranspired but relied
his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the
an innate propensity for stealing. opinion of the public

• January 20, 1872 – district of Sampaloc celebrated the • GOMBURZA – Spanish clergy connected the priests to
feast of the Virgin Loreto, came with fireworks display. the mutiny because of their desire to:
The Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence an Secularization – priests wants to build their own church
attack. And just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men and to be led by them
contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an
• Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the
attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the
Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational
arsenal.
decree authored by Segismundo Moret.
- Izquerdo, upon learning the attack, ordered
- Proposed to improve the standard of education
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to
in the Philippines by requiring teaching
quell the Revolt.
positions in such schools to be filled by
- The revolution was easily crushed, when
competitive examinations.
Manileños who were expected to aid the
- This improvement was warmly received by most
Caviteños did not arrive.
Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for
• Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were secularization.
killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried
• Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny
by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by
were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the
strangulation.
native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and
• Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma.
executed by garrote.
Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were
• This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and
suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the
eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of
practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life
1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account
imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the
Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native
event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal
regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.
force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.

•On 17 February 1872 - GOMBURZA were executed to Cavite Mutiny → Death of GOMBURZA → Jose
instill fear among the Filipinos. This event was tragic but Rizal’s El Fili and Noli → 1896 PH Revolution
served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino
nationalism.
TOPIC 5: THE RETRACTION OF JOSE RIZAL Three Fundamental Objectives:
1. Political objective: separation of the Philippines from
• There are four iterations of the texts of this retraction:
the Spain.
1.The first was published in La Voz Espanola and Diario
2. Moral objective: teaching of good manners, hygiene,
de Manila on the day of the execution, December 30,
good morals, and attacking obscurantism, religious
1896. fanaticism, and weakness of character.
2. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, in the 3. Civic objective: principle of self-help and the defense
magazine La Juventud, a few months after the execution, of the poor and the oppressed.
14 February 1897, from an anonymous writer who was
later on revealed to be Fr. Vicente Balaguer. However, Women's Chapter of the Katipunan – July 1893
the original text was only found in the archidiocesan • To be sure that no woman of dubious character could
archives on 18 May 1935, after almost four decades of penetrate the deep secrets of the society, Bonifacio limited
disappearance found by Fr. Manuel Garcia. the membership to the wives,daughters, and sisters of the
male members.(around 30 women only)
The Balaguer Testimony • Prominent women of the community were initiated into
• Questionable because there is only one eyewitness the society such as Josefa Rizal, Gregoria de Jesus,
account of the writing of the document exists - that of the Marina Dizon,etc.
Jesuit friar F. Vicente Balaguer. • It was their duty to important to see to it that the
meetings of the male members were not disturbed by
According to his testimony: surprise raids of the authorities.
• Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times,
attended a Mass, received communion, and prayed the The Katipunan Newspaper
rosary, all of which seemed out of character. But since it • Establishes a printing press to propagate its teachings
is the only testimony of allegedly a “primary” account that and win more adherents. Dr. Pio Valenzuela suggested
Rizal ever wrote a retraction document, it has been used the name Kalayaan.
to argue the authenticity of the document. • At the end of March 1896, when the two thousand
copies of the periodical had been distributed far and wide,
The Written Testimony of Federico Moreno hundrerds of people joined the Katipunan.
• Another eyewitness account surfaced in 2016, through • From the founding of the society to January 1,1896, it
the research of Professor Rene R. Escalante. In his did not have more than 300 members, but since the
research, documents of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia appearance of the Kalayaan the membership had
included a report on the last hours of Rizal, written by increased to around 30,000.
Federico Moreno. The report details the statement of the
Cuerpo de Vigilancia to Moreno. The Discovery of the Katipunan
• Primary Source: Eyewitness Account of the Last Hours • Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño had a
of Rizal misunderstanding.
- Source: Michael Charleston Chua, “Retraction ni • Patino took revenge on Apolonio by revealing secrets
Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at of the society to his sister, Honoria. Honoria, an inmate
Pananaw,” GMA News Online, published 29 at the orphanage in Mandaluyong, was reported to have
December 2016. cried. Sor Teresa, when informed of the cause of the
• This account corroborates the existence of the retraction alleged grief, suggested that Teodoro Patiño tell all he
document, giving it credence. However, nowhere in the knew to Father Mariano Gil.
account was Fr. Balaguer mentioned, which makes the - In the afternoon of August 19, Patiño told Father
friar a mere secondary source to the writing of the Mariano of what he knew about the secret society.
document. The friar immediately hurried to the printing shop
of the Diario de Manila, and searched the
TOPIC 6: DIFFERENT DATES AND PLACES OF THE premises for the hidden proofs of the existence of
CRY OF REBELLION the Katipunan.
- The discovery of the Katipunan was immediately
Reason: Discovery of Katipunan, August 19, 1896 followed by mass arrests of Filipino suspects.

• On July 7,1892, Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, The Controversy: Different Dates and Places of the
Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and a Cry
few others, met secretly at a house on Azcarraga (now • August 23, 1896 - start of the Philippine Revolution
Claro M. Recto Avenue), near Elcano Street, Tondo, and (NHC)
decided to form an association called Kataastaasan • Teodoro Agoncillo convinced the NHC to move the
Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng traditional August 26 date to August 23 and transfer the
Bayan,or Katipunan for short. historical site from Balintawak to Pugad Lawin. He
• It was agreed to win more members to the society by cited as his principal source, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, a close
means of the triangle method. associate of Bonifacio.
• Also agreed upon the payment of an entrance fee of one • In Wenceslao Emilio’s five-volume compilation of
real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of a historical documents, Archivo del Bibliofilo, Valenzuela’s
medio real (about twelve centavos). signed testimony before Spanish interrogators dated
• The triangle method was so slow and clumsy that in September 1896 that the Cry of Balintawak was held in
October 1892, Bonifacio decided to change the method Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Years later, in his
of recruiting members. It was agreed that any member of memoirs published in English after World War II,
the society could take in as many new members ad he Valenzuela stated that the Cry was actually held in
could get. Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
 - Agoncillo explained that the September 1896 Historian
account was extracted from Valenzuela under - It is the job of the historian to gather, give meaning to
duress and couldn’t be trusted. the facts and organize them into a timeline, establish
• Balintawak has many eyewitness accounts, including causes and write history.
Guillermo Masangkay, who, in an interview in the
Sunday Tribune in 1932, declared the place as Sources of History
Balintawak and the date August 26, 1896. Spanish Lt. All the material which has a direct bearing or can be any
Olegario Diaz in 1896 pinpointed the place as Balintawak assistance in constructing the history of a particular period
but placed the date on August 25, 1896. are called as historical facts or sources.
• In 1928, Gregoria deJesus Nakpil, widow of Andres Primary Sources
Bonifcaio wrote a short autobiography entitled Mga Tala • provide direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
ng Aking Buhay, where she stated, among other things, object, person, or work of art.
that the Cry of Balintawak took place on August 25, 1896 • It is created at the time of an event or soon after.
in Pasong Tamo. The place is isn’t in Makati but in • Created by someone who saw or heard an event
Caloocan. themselves.
- Autobiographies and memoirs
• Another Bonifacio’s associate, the composer of the - Diaries, personal letters, and correspondence
Katipunan, Julio Nakpil, second husband of Gregoria de - Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
Jesus, deposited his handwritten notes on the Philippine - Photographs, drawings, and posters
Revolution in the National Library under Teodoro M. - Works of art and literature
Kalaw in 1925. “The revolution started in Balintawak in -
the last days of August 1896.” On another page, he wrote, Secondary Sources
“Bonifacio uttered the first cry of war against tyranny on • 'second-hand' work that is the result of reconstructing
August 24, 1896, the first cry of Balintawak was in and interpreting the past using the primary material.
August 26, 1896 in the place called Kangkong, adjacent • Created after the event, usually after a long time after
to Pasong Tamo, within the jurisdiction of Balintawak, something happened.
Caloocan, then within the province of Manila.” • Expresses an opinion about the past event.
• Last but not the least is Santiago Alvarez whose - Website contents,
memoirs identify the place as Bahay Toro and the date as - Analysis or interpretation of data Documentaries
August 25, 1896. - Bibliographies
- Biographical works
FOUNDERS: -
Bonifacio, Diwa, Diaz, Dizon, Plata, Arellano Tertiary Sources- history is written using both primary
and secondary sources and shrunk down to the basic
WOMENS CHAPTER: points.
Rizal, J., De Jesus, G., Dizon, M. Repositories of Sources:
Libraries, Archives and Museums.
MASS RECRUITMENT
Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, External criticism- practice of verifying the authenticity
Pampanga, and Tarlac of evidence by examining its physical characteristics
Examples of the things that will be examined when
TESTIMONIES: conducting external criticism of a document include the
Guillermo Masangkay – Aug. 26 – Balintawak quality of the paper, the type of the ink, and the language
Gregoria De Jesus-Nakpil – Aug. 25 – Pasong Tamo and words used in the material.
Lt. Olegario Diaz – Aug 24 – Balintawak
Julip Nakpil – Aug. 24 – Balintawak Internal criticism- It looks at the content of the source
Aug. 25 – Pasong Tamo and examines the circumstance of its production. Looks
Santiago Alvarez – Aug. 25 – Bahay Toro, Pasong Tamo at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by
looking at the author of the source and its context.
Teodoro Agoncillo and Dr. Pio Valenzuela:
Balintawak to Pugad Lawin

TOPIC 1: INTRO TO HISTO

Relevance of History
1. It allows us to understand our present
2. It offers opportunities to extract valuable lessons.
3. It can provide us with insights into our society.
4. We can avoid making the same mistakes by looking
back in the past.