Ambo University

School of Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
hermodynamics
hapter Two
hermodynamic Properties

By: Abubeker N.
1
 Pure substance
• A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure
substance. •A mixture of various chemical elements
» Water compounds also qualifies as a pure substance as lo
» Nitrogen as the mixture is homogeneous.
•Air, for example, is a mixture of several gases, bu
» Air
is often considered to be a pure substance because
» Helium has a uniform chemical composition
» Carbon dioxide
 Pure substance may exist in different phases,
but the chemical compositions is the same.
 water made up of two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom oxygen. It will
have the same composition when in
ice, liquid and vapor forms. 2
 Phase of pure substances
• Under different conditions a substance may appear in different
phases. The three principal phases are solid, liquid and gas.
• Considering water, it can be exist as

» Pure solid phase (ice)

» Pure liquid phase
» Pure vapor phase (steam)

• It can also exist as an equilibrium mixture of different

phase
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 Phase-change processes of pure
substances
• Consider the piston-cylinder device containing liquid
water at 20oC and 1atm.
 Under these conditions, water exists
in the liquid phase, and it is called a
compressed liquid, or a sub cooled
liquid.
 As the temperature rises, the liquid
water expands slightly, and so its
specific volume increases.
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• At this point water still a liquid,
but any heat addition will cause
some of the liquid to vaporize.
• That is, a phase change process
from liquid to vapor is about to
take place.
• A liquid about to vaporize is
called saturated liquid.

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• Once boiling starts, the temperature
stops rising until the liquid is
completely vaporized (it is a constant
phase - change process at p-constant).
• During this process the only thing is
change in volume.
• At this stage liquid and vapor phase
coexist in equilibrium and it is called
saturated liquid-vapor mixture.

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• At this point, the entire cylinder is filled
with vapor that is on the borderline o
the liquid phase.
• Any heat loss from this vapor will
cause some of the vapor to condense
(phase change from vapor to liquid).
• The vapor that is about to condense is
called a saturated vapor.

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• At this stage the phase-change process
is completed, we back to a single-phase
region (vapor).
• Further transfer of heat will result in an
increase in both the temperature and the
specific volume.
• A vapor that is not about to condense
(i.e. not a saturated vapor) is called a
superheated vapor.

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T

2 4
Saturated mixture

V
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• At a given pressure, the temperature at which
a pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation temperature Tsat.
• At a given temperature, the pressure at which
a pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation pressure Psat.
• At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.97°C.
• At a temperature of 99.97°C, Psat is 101.325
kPa.
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Saturation (boiling) pressure of water at
various temperatures

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• The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase
change process is called the latent heat.

• The amount of energy absorbed during vaporization is called

the latent heat of vaporization and it is equivalent to the
energy released during condensation.

• The amount of energy absorbed during melting is called the

latent heat of fusion and it is equivalent to the amount o
energy released during freezing. 12
• During a phase-change process, pressure and
temperature are obviously dependent properties

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Property Diagrams For Phase-
change Processes

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 The T-V diagram
• Experimental result tells us, as the pressure is
increased further, the saturation line of the process will
continue to get shorter and it will become a point.
• This point is called the critical point of the substance
and it may be defined as the point at which the saturated
liquid and saturated vapor states are identical.
• At pressures above the critical pressure, there is not a
distinct phase-change process.
• We can never tell when the change has occurred.

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The P-V diagram

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The P-T diagram

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Cont..

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 Property tables
Thermodynamic
properties of substance
are usually given in
tabular form to facilitate
calculation.
Among them saturated,
superheated steam and
compressed liquid are
the most frequently used
properties.

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 Saturated Liquid and Saturated
Vapor States
• The properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor for
water are listed in Thermodynamics tables.

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23
 Saturated liquid-vapor mixture
• During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid
and part vapor.
• To analyze this mixture properly, we need to know the
proportions of the liquid and vapor phases in the mixture.
• Quality (x) as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass
of the mixture:
mvapor
x mtotal  mliquid  mvapor  m f  mg
mtotal

Its value is between 0 and 1

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 V  V f  Vg
V  mv
mtot vavr  m f v f  mg vg
m f  mtot  mg
mtot vavr  ( mtot  mg )v f  mg vg
vavr  (1  x)v f  xvg
v fg  vg  v f
vavg  v f
vavg  v f  xv fg x  v fg

u  u f  xu fg
h  h f  xh fg
s  s f  xs fg

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 Superheated steam table
• In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and at
temperatures above the critical point temperature, a
substance exists as superheated vapor.

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• Compared to saturated vapor, superheated vapor is
characterized by
• Lower pressures (P < Psat at a given T)
• Higher temperatures (T > Tsat at a given P)
• Higher specific volumes (v > vg at a given P or T)
• Higher internal energies (u > ug at a given P or T)
• Higher enthalpies (h > hg at a given P or T)

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 Compressed liquid table
• Compressed liquid tables are not as commonly available this
is because the compressed liquid properties depend on
temperature much more strongly than they do on pressure.
• In the absence of compressed liquid data, a general
approximation is to treat compressed liquid as saturated
liquid at the given temperature.
In general, a compressed liquid is characterized by
• Higher pressures (P > Psat at a given T)
• Lower temperatures (T < Tsat at a given P)
• Lower specific volumes (v < vf at a given P or T)
• Lower internal energies (u < uf at a given P or T)
• Lower enthalpies (h < hf at a given P or T)

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 How to Choose the Right Table
• Given the temperature or pressure and one other property
from the group v, u, h, and s, the following procedure is used.
• For example if the pressure and specific volume are specified,
three questions are asked: For the given pressure,

 If the answer to the first question is yes, the state is in the compressed
liquid region.
 If the answer to the second question is yes, the state is in the
saturation region.
 If the answer to the third question is yes, the state is in the
superheated region 29
1. Determine Phase(state) of water at each of
the following points

a) 120oC, 100kPa Super heated

Saturated L.V
b) 350kPa, 0.4992m3/kg
Mixture
c) 150oC, 0.4992m3/kg Super heated

d) 0.2MPa, 110oC Compressed liquid 30

2. A rigid tank contains 10 kg of saturated
liquid water at 90°C. Determine the pressure
in the tank and the volume of the tank.
3. An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-
134a at a pressure of 160 kPa.
Determine (a) the temperature, (b) the quality,
(c) the enthalpy of the refrigerant, and (d) the
volume occupied by the vapor phase.

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4. Determine the temperature of water at a state
of P = 0.5 MPa and h= 2890 kJ/kg.
5.Determine the internal energy of compressed
liquid water at 80°C and 5 MPa, using (a)
data from the compressed liquid table and (b)
saturated liquid data. What is the error
involved in the second case?

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6. Determine the missing properties and the
phase descriptions in the following table for
water:

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 Thank you for
your Attention!

What
you
understand?