School of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Technical report on SDC

Sem: 3 Year: 2022-2023
program
Group Members Details

Group No: Group Name:

Student
Sl. No SRN Full Name Section
Signature
1.) R21EN108 Jagruthi V B
2.) R21EN090 Vasanthi M B
3.) R21EN084 Prajwal M B
4.) R21EN081 Sudarshan B

Program Details

Program Title: PCB designing and Fabrication

Mini project Light dependant resistor circuit

details:
SDC Coordinator Name: Prof. Ravi Shankar Mobile No:
Details:
Designation: Professor/SDP Coordinator
Remarks by SDC Coordinator:

Coordinator Signature

Date:
Time:

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 1

 INDEX

SL No1 Topic Page no

1 Introduction, scope, and applications of PCB designing and 3
fabrication
2 Design Spark: Introduction 4
3 Steps to Install design Spark software 5
4 Process to Create circuit in Design Spark 8
5 POST Software Steps 15
6 Mini project: LDR 16

PCB designing and fabrication

Introduction to PCB designing and fabrication:

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 2

 PCB stands for Printed Circuit Board. It is a medium used in electrical and electronic
engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. PCBs are used in
nearly all electronic products. A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of
copper foil, laminated to the substrate. Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the
outer layers in the shape designed to accept the components’ terminals, generally by means of
soldering, to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Mass-producing circuits with
PCBs are cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in
one operation.

Scope/Career as a PCB designer:

PCB designing is a growing field with many opportunities for skilled talent in terms of
career opportunities. With rising advancements in technology, communications and computing, the
need fo professional PCB designers continue to grow. Landing a job as a PCB designer can be both
worthwhile and rewarding. PCB designers can make up to $100,000 a year, and the career field is
expected to grow 2% by 2028. The average PCB design engineer salary is $79,167 as of October 27,
2022, but the salary range typically falls between $67,155 to $94,027. Salary ranges can vary widely
depending on many important factors, including education, certifications, additional skills, the number
of years spent in profession.

Applications of PCBs:

1. Medical devices: medical imaging devices like CT, CAT, Ultrasonic scanners, etc, heart rate, BP, Blood
glucose monitors, dialysis systems.
2. LEDs: home lighting, dashboard indicators, brake lights, lights used in surgery, etc.
3. Industries: power equipment, power supply devices, power inverters, measuring equipment, power
cogeneration equipment, etc.
4. Aerospace: monitoring equipment, power supplies, communication equipment, etc.
5. Maritime: navigation system, communication system, control system, etc.
6. Safety and Security: security cameras, smoke detectors, burglar alarms, etc.
7. Telecommunication equipment: telecom towers, modems, routers, etc.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 3

 Design Spark

Design spark is a free 3D CAD (computer-aided design) solid modelling software application.
Design Spark mechanical enables users to solid model in a 3D environment and create files for use with
3D printers. Using the direct modelling approach, it allows for unlimited and frequent design changes
using an intuitive set of tools. This free 3D CAD software is offered as a payment free download, but it
requires a one-time registration with Designspark.com to receive the latest community news and
product promotions.
It is based on the SpaceClaim engineer application and is the product of collaboration between
RS components and Ansys, Inc. It also supports rapid prototyping through SpaceClaim’s 3D direct
modelling methodology using the pull, move, fill and combine tools that allow a user to interact with 3D
objects like modelling with clay, all available in free 3D CAD version.

Design Spark mechanical features:

1. 2D drawing.

2. Annotations.

3. Bill of materials Management.

4. Component Library.

5. Data import/Export.

6. Design Management.

7. Drag and drop.

8. For 3D printing

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 4

Steps involved to install Design spark:
Step-1: Select the software file.

Step-2: A dialog box appears. Click on the next option.

Step-3: A dialog box appears which asks to select an option for installation process. Select the second option
and click on next option. Also copy the location address shown in the dialog box.

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Step-4: Minimize the present screen and open the folders. Select the Keylock.dat file from the downloaded
files.

Step-5: Copy the selected file and paste it in the program files .

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Step-6: Now re-open the minimized screen and click on the finish option to complete the installation
process. Now the design spark tool is ready to use and looks like this on the screen.

Process to Create a PCB circuit

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I. Steps to Create Schematic Design:
1. To Enable the Libraries:
• Go to library option [icon below the settings] or press (Control + L).
• Go to folder tab, observe the shaded colour folders, select and click on the folder
enable.

• To add new library folders, click on Add--> Browse (go to location of saved folders)
Open the folder, double-click on the first component --> click Ok-->Apply and close.

2. To Create Project:

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 8

 ⚫ Go to File-->New, Select Project -->Ok. Save the project with the given circuit name.

3. Steps to Create Schematic Design:

• Go to File -New, Select Schematic design. ‘Add to open project’ option must be

enabled,-->OK and save the circuit with the same name as project name without

‘.prj

4. To add Components:

• Click on Add component or press F3.

extension.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 9

 • Enable the preview button.

Select ‘ All libraries’ in the library row.

->Type the component name, next to Component option to search the component from All Libraries or
click on Find button, select Contains option from the drop down next to Name label and type the
component name in the component window and click on Find.

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 ➢ Criteria to Select the Component:
1 Components should have both Schematic symbol and Footprint Symbol.
2 Component should to be a Through hole-component. (For Workshop only)

Figure shows the preview of the component. Component can be selected as it

Figure shows the preview of the component. Component cannot be used as it doesn’t satisfy criteria-1.

Figure shows the preview of the component. Component cannot be used as it doesn’t

To edit the properties of the component:

• Select the component, right click and go to properties or double click on the component.
• Here you can change the name of the component [give the names without space and any
special characters].
• To change the value of the component, select value tab and select value option, click on Edit
and change the value.
Note: if value property is not listed, click on Add, type in name, give the value of the
component, click Ok, and click again Ok.

5. To add Schematic connections:

• Select Add schematic connection option [below add component].
• Click on the cross mark and connect it to the other component as per circuit diagram.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 11

 6. To add text:

Add the circuit name and other information to the schematic by selecting Add text.

Save the design after every step.

II. Steps to Convert Schematic to PCB:
• Go to Tools, select Translate to PCB.
• Accept the conditions when using first time in Start. Click Next.
• In Technology, ‘Choose technology file has to be default’ (in the drop down). Select units as
centimetre(cm). Click Next.

• In Layers, select ‘Define Layers’ --> ‘Single sided board’. Click on Next.
• In Board, do not make any changes. Click on Next.
• In Place and Route, ‘component placement’ click ‘arrange outside the box’. Click Next.
• In Finish, Click on Finish.
➢ Select all the components and drag it inside the box and arrange in a smart, small and systematic
manner. [ Ex: Input and Output ports at the edges of the board, IC’s in the centre of the board, etc.]
➢ Once the components are arranged(placed), to do routing (connections select ‘Add track’ or double
click on the virtual yellow lines.
Note: Make sure you should not get any below errors during the design.

• CM to CM indicates two components are placed too close.

• P_B indicates pad of the component is near to the board edge.
• T_P track to pad error indicates the track is near to the other pad of components.
• T_T track to track error indicates two tracks are getting shorted.
➢ Add information using Add text, [information must be in Layer-->Top Silk screen].
After completion of routing save the design. Go to Tools, design rule check, Check. Observe no
error found in the report.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 12

 III. Steps to generate Gerber File:
• Go to Outputs - Manufacturing plots.
• In ‘Output tab’ select ‘Gerber’ and click ‘Run’.
• To view in PDF format, select ‘PDF’ in ‘Output Tab’ and ‘Run’.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 13

 POST Software Steps:

1. Sanding: Use Sand paper to remove the dust on copper clad in order to achieve proper toner
transfer.
2. Pre-heating: Slightly heat the copper clad for better toner transfer.
3. Toner Transfer: Process of transferring the PCB foot print on to the copper clad by Heat-transfer
method.
4. Etching: Chemical etching is done to remove the exposed copper on the clad. In the process Ferric
Chloride and Hot water are used in 4:1 ratio, where hot water acts as catalyst. HCL and Hydrogen
peroxide increases the speed of chemical reaction, as hydrogen peroxide increases the oxygen
molecules.
5. Toner removal: Use Thinner to remove the toner using cloth.
6. Drilling: Using hand driller with 1mm driller bit.
7. Information layer placement: Paste information layer [top Silkscreen] on the clad.
8. Taping: clear tape is placed on the information layer to avoid destruction of information layer.
9. Component placement: Place the components on the board.
10. Soldering: Solder the Components using lead wire and test the circuit.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 14

 LDR CIRCUIT

An electronic component like LDR or light-dependent resistor is responsive to light. Once light rays drop on
it, then immediately the resistance will be changed. The resistance values of an LDR may change over several
orders of magnitude. The resistance value will be dropped when the light level increases.

The resistance values of LDR in darkness are several megaohms whereas in bright light it will be dropped to
hundred ohms. So due to this change in resistance, these resistors are extremely used in different
applications. The LDR sensitivity also changes through the incident light’s wavelength.

Circuit Diagram (PCB Board):

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 15

Components required:

Circuit Diagram:

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Working principle of LDR:
The working principle of an LDR is photoconductivity, which is nothing but an optical phenomenon. When
the light is absorbed by the material then the conductivity of the material enhances. When the light falls on
the LDR, then the electrons in the valence band of the material are eager to the conduction band. But, the
photons in the incident light must have energy superior to the bandgap of the material to make the electrons
jump from one band to another band (valance to conduction). Hence, when light having ample energy, more
electrons are excited to the conduction band which grades in a large number of charge carriers. When the
effect of this process and the flow of the current starts flowing more, the resistance of the device decreases.

Pin diagram of IC:

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 17

LDR specifications
The LDR specifications mainly include maximum power dissipation, maximum operating voltage, peak
wavelength, dark resistance, etc. The values of these specifications mentioned below.

 Maximum power dissipation is 200mW

 The maximum voltage at 0 lux is 200V
 The peak wavelength is 600nm
 Minimum resistance at 10lux is 1.8kΩ
 Maximum resistance at 10lux is 4.5kΩ
 Typical resistance at100lux is 0.7kΩ
 Dark resistance after 1 sec is 0.03MΩ
 Dark resistance after 5 sec is 0.25MΩ.
LDR Advantages

The advantages of LDR include the following.

 Sensitivity is High
 Simple & Small devices
 Easily used
 Inexpensive
 There is no union potential.
 The light-dark resistance ratio is high.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 18

  Its connection is simple

LDR Disadvantages

The disadvantages of LDR include the following.

 Spectral response is narrow
 Hysteresis effect
 Temperature stability is low for the best materials
 In stable materials, it responses very slowly
 The use of LDR is limited where the light signal changes very quickly
 It is not so much a responsive device.
 It provides incorrect result once working temperature alters

Applications of LDR:
Light-dependent resistors are simple and low-cost devices. These devices are used where there is a need to
sense the presence and absence of light is necessary. These resistors are used as light sensors and the
applications of LDR mainly include alarm clocks, street lights, light intensity meters, burglar alarm circuits.
For a better understanding of this concept, here we have explained one project namely; power conserving of
intensity-controlled street lights using LDR.

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 19

School of ECE, REVA University 2022-23 Synopsis page no. 20