(français) Index Cover

The Appleton Charter

Appleton Charter
for the Protection and Enhancement of the
Built Environment
Published by ICOMOS Canada under the auspices of the
English-Speaking Committee, Ottawa, Canada,
August 1983

A. Preamble
This charter acknowledges The International Charter for the
Conservation & Restoration of Monuments & Sites (Venice,
1964), the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of
Places of Cultural Significance (the Burra Charter of February
23, 1981), and the Charter for the Preservation of Quebec's
Heritage (Declaration of Deschambault), without which it could
not exist.

It further recognizes that the sound management of the built

environment is an important cultural activity; and that
conservation is an essential component of the management
process.

B. Framework
Intervention within the built environment may occur at many
levels (from preservation to redevelopment), at many scales
(from individual building elements to entire sites), and will be
characterized by one or more activities, ranging from
maintenance to addition.

Though any given project may combine intervention scales,

levels and activities, projects should be characterized by a
clearly stated goal against which small scale decisions may be
measured.

The appropriate level of intervention can only be chosen after

careful consideration of the merits of the following:

cultural significance,
condition and integrity of the fabric,
contextual value,
appropriate use of available physical, social and
economic resources.

Decisions concerning the relative importance of these factors

must represent as broadly based a consensus as possible.

Legitimate consensus will involve public participation and must

precede initiation of work.

The relationship between scales of intervention levels of

intervention and intervention activities is summarized below.

Activity

Levels of Maintenance Stabilization Removal Addition

Intervention:
Preservation x x
Period
x x x x
Restoration
Rehabilitation x x x x
Period
x
Reconstruction
Redevelopment x

Scales of intervention
Bldgs Groups Bldgs Sites
Levels of Bldg
of &
Intervention: Elements
Buildings Settings
Preservation x x x x x
Period
Restoration
Rehabilitation x x x x x
Period
x x x x x
Reconstruction
Redevelopment x x x x x

Levels of intervention:
Preservation:

retention of the existing form, material and integrity of

site.

Period Restoration:

recovery of an earlier form, material and integrity of a

site.

Rehabilitation:

modification of a resource to contemporary functional

standards which may
involve adaptation for new use.

Period Reconstruction:

recreation of vanished or irreversibly deteriorated

resources.

Redevelopment:

insertion of contemporary structures or additions

sympathetic to the setting.

Activities:
Maintenance:

continual activity to ensure the longevity of the resource

without irreversible
 or damaging intervention.

Stabilization:

a periodic activity to halt deterioration and to put the

existing form
and materials of a site into a state of equilibrium, with
minimal change.

Removal:

a periodic activity: modification which involves the

subtraction of surfaces,
layers, volumes and/or elements.

Addition:

a periodic activity: modification which involves the

introduction of new
material.

C. Principles
Respect for the existing fabric is fundamental to the activities of
protection and enhancement.

The process of protection and enhancement must recognize all

interests and have recourse to all fields of expertise which can
contribute to the study and safeguarding of a resource.

In intervening at the scales, levels and activities described,

measures in support of the protection and enhancement of the
built environment will involve adherence to the following
principles:

Protection:
Protection may involve stabilization; it must involve a
continuing programme of maintenance.

Artifactual value:
Sites of the highest cultural significance are to be considered
primarily as artifacts, demanding protection as fragile and
complex historical monuments.

Setting:
Any element of the built environment is inseparable from the
history to which it bears witness, and from the setting in which
it occurs. Consequently, all interventions must deal with the
whole as well as with the parts.

Relocation:
Relocation and dismantling of an existing resource should be
employed only as a last resort, if protection cannot be achieved
by any other means.

Enhancement:
The activities of removal or addition are characteristic of
measures in support of enhancement of the heritage resource.

Use:
A property should be used for its originally intended purpose. If
this is not feasible, every reasonable effort shall be made to
provide a compatible use which requires minimal alteration.
Consideration of new use should begin with respect for existing
and original traditional patterns of movement and layout.

Additions:
New volumes, materials and finishes may be required to satisfy
new uses or requirements. They should echo contemporary
ideas but respect and enhance the spirit of the original.

Environmental Control:
Systems of insulation, environmental control and other
servicing should be upgraded in ways which respect the
existing and traditional equilibria and do not set in motion
processes of deterioration.

D. Practice

Documentation:
The better a resource is understood and interpreted, the better it
will be protected and enhanced.

In order to properly understand and interpret a site, there must

be a comprehensive investigation of all those qualities which
invest a structure with significance.

This activity must precede activity at the site. Work on site

must itself be documented and recorded.

Conjecture:
Activities which involve the recovery or recreation of earlier
forms must be limited to those forms which can be achieved
without conjecture.

Distinguishability:
New work should be identifiable on close inspection or to the
trained eye, but should not impair the aesthetic integrity or
coherence of the whole.

Materials and techniques:

Materials and techniques should respect traditional practice
unless modern substitutes for which a firm scientific basis
exists, which have been supported by a body of experience and
which provide significant advantage can be identified.

Patina:
Patina forms part of the historic integrity of a resource, and its
destruction should be allowed only when essential to the
protection of the fabric. Falsification of patina should be
avoided.

Reversibility:
The use of reversible processes is always to be preferred to
allow the widest options for future development or the
correction of unforeseen problems, or where the integrity of the
resource could be affected.

Integrity:
Structural and technological integrity must be respected and
will require attention to performance as well as to appearance.

Committees Comités

Inquiries to: [email protected]

Generated by: CART (Thu Sep 14 20:04:10 2000 )

 ICOMOS CHARTER- PRINCIPLES FOR THE ANALYSIS,
CONSERVATION AND STRUCTURAL RESTORATION OF
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE (2003)
Ratified by the ICOMOS 14th General Assembly in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, in 2003

PRINCIPLES

PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

Structures of architectural heritage, by their very nature and history (material and assembly),
present a number of challenges in diagnosis and restoration that limit the application of modern
legal codes and building standards. Recommendations are desirable and necessary to both ensure
rational methods of analysis and repair methods appropriate to the cultural context.

These Recommendations are intended to be useful to all those involved in conservation and
restoration problems, but cannot in anyway replace specific knowledge acquired from cultural and
scientific texts.

The Recommendations presented in the complete document are in two sections: Principles, where
the basic concepts of conservation are presented; Guidelines, where the rules and methodology
that a designer should follow are discussed. Only the Principles have the status of an
approved/ratified ICOMOS document.
The guidelines are available in English in a separate document.

PRINCIPLES

1 General criteria

1.1 Conservation, reinforcement and restoration of architectural heritage requires a multi-

disciplinary approach.

1.2 Value and authenticity of architectural heritage cannot be based on fixed criteria
because the respect due to all cultures also requires that its physical heritage be
considered within the cultural context to which it belongs.

1.3 The value of architectural heritage is not only in its appearance, but also in the
integrity of all its components as a unique product of the specific building technology of
its time. In particular the removal of the inner structures maintaining only the façades
does not fit the conservation criteria.

1.4 When any change of use or function is proposed, all the conservation requirements and
safety conditions have to be carefully taken into account.

1.5 Restoration of the structure in Architecture Heritage is not an end in itself but a means
to an end, which is the building as a whole.

1.6 The peculiarity of heritage structures, with their complex history, requires the
organisation of studies and proposals in precise steps that are similar to those used in
medicine. Anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy and controls, corresponding respectively to
the searches for significant data and information, individuation of the causes of
damage and decay, choice of the remedial measures and control of the efficiency of
 the interventions. In order to achieve cost effectiveness and minimal impact on
architectural heritage using funds available in a rational way; it is usually necessary
that the study repeats these steps in an iterative process.

1.7 No action should be undertaken without having ascertained the achievable benefit and
harm to the architectural heritage, except in cases where urgent safeguard measures
are necessary to avoid the imminent collapse of the structures (e.g. after seismic
damages); those urgent measures, however, should when possible avoid modifying the
fabric in an irreversible way.

2 Researches and diagnosis

2.1 Usually a multidisciplinary team, to be determined in relation to the type and the scale
of the problem, should work together from the first steps of a study - as in the initial
survey of the site and the preparation of the investigation programme.

2.2 Data and information should first be processed approximately, to establish a more
comprehensive plan of activities in proportion to the real problems of the structures.

2.3 A full understanding of the structural and material characteristics is required in

conservation practice. Information is essential on the structure in its original and
earlier states, on the techniques that were used in the construction, on the alterations
and their effects, on the phenomena that have occurred, and, finally, on its present
state.

2.4 In archaeological sites specific problems may be posed because structures have to be
stabilised during excavation when knowledge is not yet complete. The structural
responses to a “rediscovered” building may be completely different from those to an
”exposed” building. Urgent site-structural-solutions, required to stabilise the structure
as it is being excavated, should not compromise the complete building’s concept form
and use.

2.5 Diagnosis is based on historical, qualitative and quantitative approaches; the

qualitative approach being mainly based on direct observation of the structural damage
and material decay as well as historical and archaeological research, and the
quantitative approach mainly on material and structural tests, monitoring and
structural analysis.

2.6 Before making a decision on structural intervention it is indispensable to determine

first the causes of damage and decay, and then to evaluate the safety level of the
structure.

2.7 The safety evaluation, which is the last step in the diagnosis, where the need for
treatment measures is determined, should reconcile qualitative with quantitative
analysis: direct observation, historical research, structural analysis and, if it is the
case, experiments and tests.

2.8 Often the application of the same safety levels as in the design of new buildings
requires excessive, if not impossible, measures. In these cases specific analyses and
appropriate considerations may justify different approaches to safety.

2.9 All aspects related to the acquired information, the diagnosis including the safety
evaluation, and the decision to intervene should be described in an “EXPLANATORY
REPORT”.

3 Remedial measures and controls

3.1 Therapy should address root causes rather than symptoms.

3.2 The best therapy is preventive maintenance

3.3 Safety evaluation and an understanding of the significance of the structure should be
the basis for conservation and reinforcement measures.

3.4 No actions should be undertaken without demonstrating that they are indispensable.

3.5 Each intervention should be in proportion to the safety objectives set, thus keeping
intervention to the minimum to guarantee safety and durability with the least harm to
heritage values.

3.6 The design of intervention should be based on a clear understanding of the kinds of
actions that were the cause of the damage and decay as well as those that are taken
into account for the analysis of the structure after intervention; because the design will
be dependent upon them.

3.7 The choice between “traditional” and “innovative” techniques should be weighed up on
a case-by-case basis and preference given to those that are least invasive and most
compatible with heritage values, bearing in mind safety and durability requirements.

3.8 At times the difficulty of evaluating the real safety levels and the possible benefits of
interventions may suggest “an observational method”, i.e. an incremental approach,
starting from a minimum level of intervention, with the possible subsequent adoption
of a series of supplementary or corrective measures.

3.9 Where possible, any measures adopted should be “reversible” so that they can be
removed and replaced with more suitable measures when new knowledge is acquired.
Where they are not completely reversible, interventions should not limit further
interventions.

3.10 The characteristics of materials used in restoration work (in particular new materials)
and their compatibility with existing materials should be fully established. This must
include long-term impacts, so that undesirable side-effects are avoided.

3.11 The distinguishing qualities of the structure and its environment, in their original or
earlier states, should not be destroyed.

3.12 Each intervention should, as far as possible, respect the concept, techniques and
historical value of the original or earlier states of the structure and leaves evidence
that can be recognised in the future.

3.13 Intervention should be the result of an overall integrated plan that gives due weight to
the different aspects of architecture, structure, installations and functionality.

3.14 The removal or alteration of any historic material or distinctive architectural features
should be avoided whenever possible.

3.15 Deteriorated structures whenever possible should be repaired rather than replaced.

3.16 Imperfections and alterations, when they have become part of the history of the
structure, should be maintained so far so they do not compromise the safety
requirements.

3.17 Dismantling and reassembly should only be undertaken as an optional measure

required by the very nature of the materials and structure when conservation by other
means impossible, or harmful.

3.18 Provisional safeguard systems used during the intervention should show their purpose
and function without creating any harm to heritage values.
3.19 Any proposal for intervention must be accompanied by a programme of control to be
carried out, as far as possible, while the work is in progress.

3.20 Measures that are impossible to control during execution should not be allowed.

3.21 Checks and monitoring during and after the intervention should be carried out to
ascertain the efficacy of the results.

3.22 All the activities of checking and monitoring should be documented and kept as part of
the history of the structure.
 INTERNATIONAL CHARTER FOR THE CONSERVATION
AND RESTORATION OF MONUMENTS AND SITES
(THE VENICE CHARTER 1964)

IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic

Monuments, Venice, 1964.
Adopted by ICOMOS in 1965.

Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of generations of people
remain to the present day as living witnesses of their age-old traditions. People are
becoming more and more conscious of the unity of human values and regard ancient
monuments as a common heritage. The common responsibility to safeguard them for future
generations is recognized. It is our duty to hand them on in the full richness of their
authenticity.

It is essential that the principles guiding the preservation and restoration of ancient
buildings should be agreed and be laid down on an international basis, with each country
being responsible for applying the plan within the framework of its own culture and
traditions.

By defining these basic principles for the first time, the Athens Charter of 1931 contributed
towards the development of an extensive international movement which has assumed
concrete form in national documents, in the work of ICOM and UNESCO and in the
establishment by the latter of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and
the Restoration of Cultural Property. Increasing awareness and critical study have been
brought to bear on problems which have continually become more complex and varied; now
the time has come to examine the Charter afresh in order to make a thorough study of the
principles involved and to enlarge its scope in a new document.

Accordingly, the IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic

Monuments, which met in Venice from May 25th to 31st 1964, approved the following text:

DEFINITIONS
Article 1.

The concept of a historic monument embraces not only the single architectural work but
also the urban or rural setting in which is found the evidence of a particular civilization, a
significant development or a historic event. This applies not only to great works of art but
also to more modest works of the past which have acquired cultural significance with the
passing of time.

Article 2. Mga taong naninirahan

The conservation and restoration of monuments must have recourse to all the sciences and
techniques which can contribute to the study and safeguarding of the architectural heritage.

- Be curious about the technicalities

Article 3. Treat it with delicacy

The intention in conserving and restoring monuments is to safeguard them no less as works
of art than as historical evidence.

CONSERVATION
Article 4.

It is essential to the conservation of monuments that they be maintained on a permanent

basis.

Article 5.
Mag-aadaptive reuse
The conservation of monuments is always facilitated by making use of them for some
socially useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but it must not change the lay-out
or decoration of the building. It is within these limits only that modifications demanded by a
change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted.

Article 6.

The conservation of a monument implies preserving a setting which is not out of scale.
Wherever the traditional setting exists, it must be kept. No new construction, demolition or
modification which would alter the relations of mass and colour must be allowed.

Article 7.

A monument is inseparable from the history to which it bears witness and from the setting
in which it occurs. The moving of all or part of a monument cannot be allowed except where
the safeguarding of that monument demands it or where it is justified by national or
international interest of paramount importance.

Article 8.

Items of sculpture, painting or decoration which form an integral part of a monument may
only be removed from it if this is the sole means of ensuring their preservation.

RESTORATION Pagpapanumbalik

Article 9.

The process of restoration is a highly specialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal
the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original
material and authentic documents. It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and
in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the
architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. The restoration in any case
must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument.

Article 10.

Where traditional techniques prove inadequate, the consolidation of a monument can be

achieved by the use of any modern technique for conservation and construction, the efficacy
of which has been shown by scientific data and proved by experience.
Article 11.

The valid contributions of all periods to the building of a monument must be respected,
since unity of style is not the aim of a restoration. When a building includes the
superimposed work of different periods, the revealing of the underlying state can only be
justified in exceptional circumstances and when what is removed is of little interest and the
material which is brought to light is of great historical, archaeological or aesthetic value,
and its state of preservation good enough to justify the action. Evaluation of the importance
of the elements involved and the decision as to what may be destroyed cannot rest solely
on the individual in charge of the work.

Article 12.

Replacements of missing parts must integrate harmoniously with the whole, but at the same
time must be distinguishable from the original so that restoration does not falsify the artistic
or historic evidence.

Article 13.

Additions cannot be allowed except in so far as they do not detract from the interesting
parts of the building, its traditional setting, the balance of its composition and its relation
with its surroundings.

HISTORIC SITES
Article 14.

The sites of monuments must be the object of special care in order to safeguard their
integrity and ensure that they are cleared and presented in a seemly manner. The work of
conservation and restoration carried out in such places should be inspired by the principles
set forth in the foregoing articles.

EXCAVATIONS
Article 15.

Excavations should be carried out in accordance with scientific standards and the
recommendation defining international principles to be applied in the case of archaeological
excavation adopted by UNESCO in 1956.

Ruins must be maintained and measures necessary for the permanent conservation and
protection of architectural features and of objects discovered must be taken. Furthermore,
every means must be taken to facilitate the understanding of the monument and to reveal it
without ever distorting its meaning.

All reconstruction work should however be ruled out "a priori". Only anastylosis, that is to
say, the reassembling of existing but dismembered parts can be permitted. The material
used for integration should always be recognizable and its use should be the least that will
ensure the conservation of a monument and the reinstatement of its form.
PUBLICATION
Article 16.

In all works of preservation, restoration or excavation, there should always be precise

documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with drawings and
photographs. Every stage of the work of clearing, consolidation, rearrangement and
integration, as well as technical and formal features identified during the course of the work,
should be included. This record should be placed in the archives of a public institution and
made available to research workers. It is recommended that the report should be published.

The following persons took part in the work of the Committee for drafting the International
Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments:
Piero Gazzola (Italy), Chairman
Raymond Lemaire (Belgium), Reporter
José Bassegoda-Nonell (Spain)
Luis Benavente (Portugal)
Djurdje Boskovic (Yugoslavia)
Hiroshi Daifuku (UNESCO)
P.L. de Vrieze (Netherlands)
Harald Langberg (Denmark)
Mario Matteucci (Italy)
Jean Merlet (France)
Carlos Flores Marini (Mexico)
Roberto Pane (Italy)
S.C.J. Pavel (Czechoslovakia)
Paul Philippot (ICCROM)
Victor Pimentel (Peru)
Harold Plenderleith (ICCROM)
Deoclecio Redig de Campos (Vatican)
Jean Sonnier (France)
Francois Sorlin (France)
Eustathios Stikas (Greece)
Gertrud Tripp (Austria)
Jan Zachwatovicz (Poland)
Mustafa S. Zbiss (Tunisia)
ARTICLE II: DEFINITION OF TERMS responsibility is to appraise, arrange, describe,
conserve, promote and make archival materials
Section 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this
available for reference and research, also known as
Act, the following terms shall be defined as follows:
archival agency.
Ex. Photographs, Old books (not yet revised)
(a) "ADAPTIVE USE" shall refer to the utilization of
(f) "BUILT HERITAGE" shall refer to architectural and
buildings, other built-structures and sites of value
engineering structures such as, but not limited to,
for purposes other than that for which they were
bridges, government buildings, houses of ancestry,
intended originally, in order to conserve the site,
traditional dwellings, quartels, train stations,
their engineering integrity and authenticity of
lighthouses, small ports, educational, technological
design.
and industrial complexes, and their settings, and
- Instead of demolishing it, papalitan or irereuse landscapes with notable historical and cultural
yung old bldg. significance.

(b) "ANTHROPOLOGICAL AREA" shall refer to any Ex. Bridge, etc.

place where studies of specific ethno-linguistic
(g) "COLLECTOR" shall refer to any person who or
groups are undertaken, the properties of which are
institution that acquires cultural property for
of value to our cultural heritage.
purposes other than sale.
- Anthro = tao
(h) "COMMISSION" shall refer to the National
- Pology = study of people Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA).

(c) "ANTIQUE" shall refer to a cultural property (i) "CONSERVATION" shall refer to all the processes
found locally which is one hundred (100) years in and measures of maintaining the cultural
age, more or less, the production of which has significance of a cultural property including, but not
ceased. limited to, preservation, restoration, reconstruction,
protection, adaptation or any combination thereof.
Ex. Antique shop
Ex. there are ways to do it: such as pag preserve
(d) "ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA" shall refer to any
(prevent) restoration (60% na lang natira irerenew)
place, whether above or under ground, underwater
reconstruction (walang natira na original)
or at sea level, containing fossils, artifacts and other
cultural, geological, botanical, zoological materials (j) "CULTURAL AGENCIES" shall refer to the
which depict and document culturally relevant following national government agencies with their
paleontological, prehistoric and/or historic events. specific areas of responsibility: National Museum
(cultural property); the National Library (books);
Ex. Indiana Jones, mga nagbubungkal ng lupa to find
National Historical Institute (Philippine history);
relics
National Archives (documents); Cultural Center of
(e) "ARCHIVES" shall refer to public and private the Philippines (culture and the arts); and Komisyon
records in any format which have been selected for sa Wikang Filipino (language).
permanent preservation because of their evidential,
(k) "CULTURAL EDUCATION" shall refer to the
historical informational value; otherwise known as
teaching and learning of cultural concepts and
archival materials collections or archival holdings;
processes.
the place (building/room/storage area) where
archival materials are kept and preserved; and an
organization or agency or part thereof whose main
(l) "CULTURAL HERITAGE" shall refer to the totality history or association as declared by the National
of cultural property preserved and developed Historical Institute.
through time and passed on to posterity.
Ex. Shrine ni Rizal (Laguna) may declaration
(m) "CULTURAL HERITAGE WORKER" shall refer to
(v) "HISTORICAL STREET NAME" shall refer to a
an individual undertaking cultural heritage work.
street name which has been in existence for at least
(n) "CULTURAL INSTITUTION" shall refer to entities fifty (50) years and over time has been considered
engaged primarily in cultural work. historic.
(o) "CULTURAL PROPERTY" shall refer to all products (w) "IMPORTANT CULTURAL PROPERTY" shall refer
of human creativity by which a people and a nation to a cultural property having exceptional cultural,
reveal their identity, including churches, mosques artistic and historical significance to the Philippines,
and other places of religious worship, schools and as shall be determined by the National Museum
natural history specimens and sites, whether public and/or National Historical Institute.
or privately-owned, movable or immovable, and
(x) "INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE" shall refer to
tangible or intangible.
the practices, representations, expressions,
(p) "DEALERS" shall refer to natural or juridical knowledge and skills, as well as the instruments,
persons who acquire cultural property for the objects and artifacts associated therewith, that
purpose of engaging in the acquisition and communities, groups and individuals recognize as
disposition of the same. part of their cultural heritage, such as: (1) oral
traditions, languages and expressions; (2)
(q) "HERITAGE ZONE" shall refer to historical,
performing arts; (3) social practices, rituals and
anthropological, archaeological, artistic
festive events; (4) knowledge and practices
geographical areas and settings that are culturally
concerning nature and the universe; and (5)
significant to the country, as declared hy the
traditional craftsmanship.
National Museum and/or the National Historical
Institute. (y) "INTANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY" shall refer
to the peoples' learned processes along with the
Ex. Vigan (grp of buildings)
knowledge, skills and creativity that inform and are
(r) "HISTORY" shall refer to a written record of past developed by them, the products they create and
events relating to Philippine history. the resources, spaces and other aspects of social
and natural context necessary for their
(s) "HISTORICAL LANDMARKS" shall refer to sites or
sustainability.
structures that are associated with events or
achievements significant to Philippine history as (z) "LIBRARY" shall refer to an institution where the
declared by the National Historical Institute. collection of books, manuscripts, computerized
information and other materials are organized to
Ex. Rizal park, Fort Santiago
provide physical, bibliographic and/or intellectual
(t) "HISTORICAL MONUMENTS" shall refer to access to the public, with a librarian that is trained
structures that honor illustrious persons or to provide services and programs related to the
commemorate events of historical value as declared information needs of its clientele.
by the National Historical Institute.
Ex. Rizal monument: commemorate him as Ph hero
(u) "HISTORICAL SHRINES" shall refer to historical
sites or structures hallowed and revered for their
(aa) "MUSEUM" shall refer to a permanent (hh) "RESTORATION" shall refer to the action taken
institution that researches, acquires, conserves, or the technical intervention to correct deterioration
communicates and exhibits the material evidence of and alterations.
humans and their environment for purposes of
(ii) "TANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY" shall refer to
education or leisure.
a cultural property with historical, archival,
Ex. permanent yung nasa loob. Unlike pag gallery anthropological, archaeological, artistic, and
pwedeng mabili yung painting. architectural value, and with exceptional or
traditional production, whether of Philippine origin
(bb) "NATIONAL CULTURAL TREASURE" shall refer
or not, including antiques and natural history
to a unique cultural property found locally,
specimens with significant value.
possessing outstanding historical, cultural, artistic
and/or scientific value which is highly significant and ******************************************
important to the country and nation, and officially
HERITAGE = Historic treasures / culture & traditions
declared as such by pertinent cultural agency.
passed down to generations / making sense to
Ex. High ranking people's memories or have linked to where we came
from / legacy from the past / irreplaceable sources
(cc) "NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT" shall refer to
of life
historical, aesthetic, scientific, technical, social
and/or spiritual values that unify the nation by a ******************************************
deep sense of pride in their various yet common
HISTORY
identities, cultural heritage, and national patrimony.
- study of change over time
Ex. Important for us as a Filipino. Gives a sense of
pride. - it covers all
(dd) "NATURAL PROPERTY OF CULTURAL - nag exist mismo hindi imbento
SIGNIFICANCE" shall refer to areas possessing
HERITAGE
outstanding ecosystem with flora and fauna of
national scientific importance under the National - Inherited from the past
Integrated Protected Areas System.
- May choice tayo na ipreserve siya
Ex. Flora = flowers, Fauna = animals
(ee) "NCCA PORTAL CULTURAL DATABANK" refers to
***2 TYPES OF HERITAGE*** (CULTURAL AND
the specific domain in the Commission's intranet for
NATURAL)
cultural information that is accessed only internally
with control and confidentiality. It includes the
registry of national cultural property.
1. What is "Cultural" Heritage?
(ff) "PREHISTORY" shall refer to the period of human
MONUMENTS - architectural works, sculpture,
history before the introduction of the forms of
painting, structures, art/science
writing.
Ex.
(gg) "REGISTRY" shall refer to the Philippine Registry
of Cultural Property which is the registry of all - The Parthenon, Acropolis, Greece
cultural property of the country deemed of
- Cologne Cathedral (Cologne Germany)
significant importance to our cultural heritage.
- Miyajima Tori
GROUPS OF BUILDINGS - separate or connected FORMS OF HERITAGE
buildings, landscape, outstanding universal value
Cultural Heritage: Tangible and Intangible
from the pov of history
= Tangible: Nahahawakan/Can feel it/Physical form
Ex.
= Intangible: Absent/Invisible/Feel a presence or
- Water Village of Xitang, China
hear/ but cannot touch
- Gyeongbokgung Palace Complex, Seoul, South
Korea
Tangible Heritage: Movable and Immovable
SITES - WORKS OF MAN / COMBINED WORKS OF
NATURE & MAN: one barangay/ whole site Movable = move one place to another (artifacts,
paintings, sculpture, artwork, relics)
- mad made and natural setting
Ex. Spoliarium
Ex.
Immovable = cannot be move (Built heritage, bldgs,
- The Roman Forum, Rome Italy
monuments, murals, carvings)
- Water Village of Xitang, China
Ex. Quiapo Church
- Machu Picchu, Peru
Built heritage: Bridge/Monument/Arches/BIG SCALE
- Easter Island, Chile AND BUILT
- Petra, Jordan
Intangible Heritage:
2. What is "Natural" Heritage - not manmade - Recipe/Cuisine, ritual, music/song, dance,
weaving, pottery techniques, traditions, religions,
NATURAL features
knowledge about history
- Untouch
Other info:
- NO INTERVENTION OF HUMAN
TANGIBLE HERITAGE - Materiality and another form
- Natural beauty of heritage that is about skills, crafts, and
knowledge.
Geological and physiographical formation
Tangible cultural property
Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas
Ex. Statue of Juliet, Crown Jewels, Gate of Ishtar
Ex.
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE - something that is there that
- Puerto prinsesa
you can’t see and touch
- Uluru (Ayers Rock)
ICP (INTANGIBLE CULTURAL PROPERTY) - practice,
- Yosemite rep/expression/knowledge/skill

- Yellowstone National Park, USA Ex. Spanish Paella Recipe, Shawdow puppet,
Festival, Black Nazarene

******************************************
******************************************
Our history is the heritage of the present. And the *1st pic. Army navy club/hotel (?)
present is the heritage of the future.
******************************************
= Kung ano yung ginagawa natin ngayon magiging
Philippines is COSMOPOLITAN = not born with pure
heritage rin siya
culture
= The present is much as important as the past
Metro Manila (NCR)
Heritage is VALUABLE to all. It should be everybody's
*Whoever speaks of culture, speaks about
responsibility to preserve, safeguard and protect it.
administration as well*
******************************************
***UNDERSTANDING HOW HERITAGE
MANILA'S "NATIONAL EFFECT"
CONSERVATION STARTED IN THE PHILIPPINES***
- A repository of collective memories embodying
artistic, economic, political, and religious meanings
1. The practice of heritage conservation in Manila sedimented over time.
and the Philippines is far from perfect
*Sedimented = layers on culture
2. The cultural process and performance that is
- 1946 = self administration
about heritage is about the negotiation of
CONFLICTS
- When we engage in the field of conservation ******************************************
parating may conflict na mangyayari
"New Manila" = possess singular historical and
Ex. Boss, conflict with developer archeological interest, while their imposing
appearance gives them monumental value.
(*NEED TO DEAL WITH POLITICS AS WELL!*)
**Stake holders are involved = may
pinanghahawakan/entity** Marcos = self-glorification (PICC, CCP and other
cultural act's)

********HERITAGE SITUATION
******************************************
- Fallen short of finding the appropriate solutions to
safeguard and conserve it. COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL LEGACIES
- Identifying and marketing "historical" and
"cultural" property
DECLARATION DOES NOT GUARANTEE FUTURE
CONSERVATION - It was dependent on the politics and personalities
that operate within it.
*Obsured = nahadlangan
(Bakit kailangan mag depend sa kung sinong
- The more we get to know heritage the more we are
namumuno = for self-glorification)
educated with what culture is, so is the policy.
- Nakasalalay yung future ng heritage based on how
the educated the Filipinos would be ******************************************
1. Spanish period = PRAGMATIC RESTORATION 2. Interventive
*pragmatic = kailangan - Does affect the object's physical, chemical or
biological state
2. American period
- Erection of monuments
Treatments include:
3. Republic period
- Cleaning, stabilizing, repair
Creations of commission and bodies
- Replacement of parts of the original object
Identification of sites and places
4. Marcos period
Restoration = actions that modify existing materials
Presidential Decree: Beginning of Conservation
and structure to represent a known earlier state
Practice
Reconstruction = recreates, in whole or in part, the
5. Post Edsa period
missing elements of cultural property
*****************************
RA 10066
- Buildings older than 50 yrs presumed "HERITAGE"
- law focuses on indv buildings, monuments and
sites but not in "groups"
- Declaration doesn't guarantee conservation
********************
2 Types of Conservation

1. Preventative or passive
- Includes all actions taken to slow and deterioration
and prevent damage, without treating the object
itself

This may include:

- Optimal conditions for storage, hanging, exhibition,
handling, and transport
- Reducing relative humidity
- Fumigation with nitrogen
- Eliminating insects and pests
 1987
Post EDSA Period

1973

Marcos Period

Republic period
1946 constitution

1935
Spanish Period
American Period constitution
17 sustainable development goals
8 Millennium Development Goals
 Three Pillars

Biosphere, Society, Economy

Three Pillars under Sustainability
(Social, Environmental, Economic)
Four Pillars
Circles of Sustainability