IT Reviewer

Introduction to Computers and interconnects all the

computer's components.
Computer 7. Expansion Cards
- electronic devices capable of - These cards are inserted into
performing a wide range of tasks by slots on the motherboard to
processing and manipulating data add extra functionality to the
according to a set of instructions. computer.
Components of Computer 8. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Provides electrical power to
- referred to as the "brain" of the the components in the
computer. It performs the actual computer.
processing of data and instructions, 9. Cooling System
executing calculations and - Computers generate heat
managing tasks. during operation, and cooling
2. Memory : systems (fans, heat sinks,
Random Access Memory (RAM) and sometimes liquid
- a type of volatile memory that cooling) are used to prevent
provides the computer with fast and overheating.
temporary storage for data that is
currently being used or processed. Characteristics of Computers
Read-Only Memory (ROM) 1. Speed
- This is non-volatile memory that - Computers can execute
stores firmware and essential billions of instructions per
system instructions. It retains data second, enabling fast
even when the computer is turned calculations and data
off. processing. This speed is
crucial for tasks that require
3. Storage Devices rapid analysis and response.
- Computers use various 2. Accuracy
storage devices to store data - Computers are highly
persistently, even when the accurate in performing
power is turned off. calculations and executing
4. Input Devices instructions, as they follow
- These devices allow users to predefined algorithms without
input data and commands human error or bias.
into the computer.
5. Output Devices 3. Versatility
- Output devices display or - Computers can perform a
present the results of wide variety of tasks by
processed data to the user. running different software
6. Motherboard applications. They can
- The motherboard is the main handle tasks ranging from
circuit board that connects word processing and graphic
design to scientific
 IT Reviewer
simulations and data capabilities, allowing them to
analysis. run multiple applications and
4. Storage processes simultaneously.
- Computers can store vast 10. Connectivity
amounts of data, from - Computers can communicate
documents and images to with other devices and
videos and software. Storage computers through networks,
capacities have continuously enabling data sharing,
increased over time with remote access, and
advancements in technology. collaborative work.
5. Diligence 11. Scalability
- Computers can work - Computers can be easily
tirelessly without getting upgraded and expanded by
fatigued or bored, making adding more memory,
them ideal for repetitive and storage, or processing power
time-consuming tasks. to accommodate increasing
6. Automation demands.
- Computers can automate 12. User Interaction
complex tasks and - Computers offer various user
processes, reducing the interfaces, including
need for manual intervention. graphical user interfaces
This is particularly useful in (GUIs) and command-line
industrial, manufacturing, interfaces (CLIs), enabling
and data processing settings. users to interact with the
7. Reliability system and software.
- When properly maintained, 13. Portability
computers are reliable tools. - With the advent of laptops,
However, they can be tablets, and smartphones,
susceptible to hardware computers have become
failures and software more portable, allowing users
glitches, necessitating to carry their computing
backup systems and data power with them.
recovery plans. 14. Security Concerns
- Security measures are
8. Consistency implemented to protect
- Computers consistently against unauthorized access,
follow instructions, ensuring data breaches, and
that the same task executed cyberattacks.
multiple times yields the -
same results, which is crucial 15. Upgradability
for tasks requiring precision. - Many components of a
9. Multitasking computer can be upgraded,
- Modern computers are allowing users to improve
equipped with multitasking performance, replace
 IT Reviewer
outdated hardware, and keep organized, making
up with technological information retrieval efficient.
advancements. 4. Data Processing
16. Customizability - Computers can process large
- Users can customize their amounts of data and perform
computers with software, complex calculations quickly
applications, and settings to and accurately. This is
suit their specific needs and essential for scientific
preferences. research, financial modeling,
17. Environmental Impact and data analysis.
- Computers consume energy 5. Communication
and generate heat, - Computers facilitate
contributing to environmental communication through
concerns. Energy-efficient various means, including
designs and responsible email, social media, video
disposal practices are conferencing, and instant
important to minimize their messaging. They have
ecological footprint. revolutionized how people
Advantages of Computers connect globally.
6. . Global Information Access
1. Speed and Efficiency - The internet allows
- Computers can process computers to access
information and perform information from all over the
tasks at incredibly high world. This access to a
speeds, far surpassing wealth of knowledge benefits
human capabilities. This education, research, and
leads to increased staying informed.
productivity and faster 7. Multitasking
decision-making. - Modern operating systems
2. Automation enable computers to perform
- Computers enable multiple tasks
automation of repetitive simultaneously. This is
tasks, reducing human effort crucial for productivity, as
and minimizing errors. This is users can switch between
especially useful in industries various applications
like manufacturing, data seamlessly.
entry, and customer service.
3. Storage Capacity
- Modern computers can store
vast amounts of data, 8. Creativity and Entertainment
ranging from documents to - Computers provide tools for
multimedia files. This data digital art, music
can be easily accessed and composition, video editing,
and more. They also offer
 IT Reviewer
entertainment through workers in tasks like
gaming, streaming, and manufacturing and customer
virtual experiences. service.
9. Education and E-Learning 5. Environmental Impact
- Computers have transformed - The production and disposal
education, offering online of computers contribute to
courses, interactive learning electronic waste, which
platforms, and digital poses environmental
resources that enhance challenges due to toxic
learning experiences. materials and inefficient
10. Medical Advancements recycling practices.
- Computers play a vital role in 6. Distraction and Addiction
medical diagnostics, imaging, - Computers can be a source
research, and patient of distraction, leading to
management, leading to decreased productivity and
more accurate diagnoses addictive behaviors,
and better patient care. especially with excessive use
Disadvantages of Computers of social media and online
1. Dependency entertainment.
- Over Reliance on computers 7. Cybercrime
can lead to difficulties when - Computers are vulnerable to
systems fail, potentially various forms of cybercrime,
causing significant including phishing, malware,
disruptions in various sectors ransomware, and online
like finance, transportation, scams, which can result in
and healthcare. financial losses and
2. Health Concerns compromised personal data.
- Prolonged computer use can 8. Digital Divide
lead to health issues such as - Not everyone has equal
eyestrain, carpal tunnel access to computers and the
syndrome, and sedentary internet, creating a digital
lifestyle-related problems. divide that can exacerbate
3. Privacy and Security socioeconomic disparities.
- Computers store vast 9. Loss of Human Interaction
amounts of personal and - Excessive use of computers
sensitive data, making them can lead to a decline in face-
susceptible to hacking, to-face social interactions,
identity theft, and breaches affecting communication
of privacy. skills and interpersonal
4. Job Displacement relationships.
- Automation driven by
computers can lead to job 10. Ethical Concerns
loss in certain industries, as - The rise of artificial
machines replace human intelligence raises ethical
 IT Reviewer
questions about issues like discrete values are called
bias in algorithms, job analog data.
displacement, and the ethical 8. Digital Computer
- designed in such a way that
use of autonomous systems they can easily perform
in various contexts. calculations and logical
operations at high speed. It
takes raw data as input and
Types of Computers processes it with programs
stored in its memory to
1. Supercomputer produce the final output.
- the biggest and fastest 9. Hybrid Computer
computers (in terms of speed - As the name suggests hybrid,
of processing data). which means made by
2. Mainframe Computer combining two different things.
Similarly, the hybrid computer
- Designed in such a way that is a combination of both
they can support hundreds or analog and digital computers.
thousands of users at the 10. Tablets and Smartphones
same time. - Tablets and Smartphones
are the types of computers
3. Minicomputer that are pocket friendly and
- medium size multiprocessing easy to carry if these are
computer. In this type of
handy. This is one of the best
computer, there are two or
use of modern technology.
more processors, and it
supports 4 to 200 users at one
These devices have better
time. hardware capabilities,
extensive operating systems,
4. Workstation Computer and better multimedia
- designed for technical or functionality. smartphones
scientific applications. It and tablets contain a number
consists of a fast
of sensors and are also able
microprocessor, with a large
to provide wireless
amount of RAM and a high-
speed graphic adapter.
communication protocols.
5. Personal Computer
- Personal Computers are also Computer Hardware
known as microcomputers. It - Hardware refers to the physical
is basically a general-purpose components of a computer.
computer designed for
individual use.
6. Server Computer
- computers that are combined Types of Computer Hardware : (Ang
data and programs. Electronic Definition nitong apat ay nasa taas)
data and applications are Input devices
stored and shared in the Output devices
server computer. Storage devices
7. Analog Computer
- particularly designed to Internal component
process analog data.
Continuous data that changes Computer Software
continuously and cannot have
 IT Reviewer
- Software is a collection of
instructions, procedures, and
documentation that performs niti al part exactly what to do.
different tasks on a computer on of the
system.
compu
ter that
Types of Computer Software
cause
System software
s the
proces
- System Software is a component
sing of
of Computer Software that
data.
directly operates with Computer
Hardware which has the work to
control the Computer’s Internal
Functioning and also takes Dev It is It is developed and
responsibility for controlling elo manuf engineered.
Hardware Devices such as pm acture
Printers, Storage Devices, etc. ent d.
Types of System Software
include Operating systems,
Language processors, and
De Hardw The software can
Device Drivers.
pen are not be executed
den cannot without hardware.
Application software
cy perfor
m any
- Application Software is the
task
software that works the basic
withou
operations of the computer. It
t
performs a specific task for users.
softwa
Application Software basically
re.
includes Word Processors,
Spreadsheets, etc. Types of
Application software include
General Purpose Software, Pro Electro Created by
Customized Software, etc. ces nic utilizing a
s of and computer
cre other language to write
atin materi instructions.
g als are
Para
used
mete Hardw
to
rs are Software
create
hardw
are.
Bas Hardwa Software is a set of
ic re is a instructions that
Defi physic tells a computer
 IT Reviewer
Tan Hardw Software is Storag
gibl are is intangible as we e
e tangibl can see and also Device
e as use the software s
hardw but can’t touch
are is them. 4.
Internal
a
Compo
physic
nents.
al
electro
nic
device Viru Hardw Software is
, that s are is affected by
can be effe not computer viruses.
touche ct affecte
d. d by
compu
ter
viruse
Dur Hardw The software does
s.
abili are not wear out with
ty typicall time. However, it
y may contain flaws
wears and glitches. Tra It It can be
out nsf cannot transferred via a
over er be network means.
time. transfe
rred
from
one
Typ It has It is mainly divided
place
es four into
to
main
1. System software anothe
catego
r
ries:
2. Application electri
1. Input software. cally
Device throug
s h the
networ
2. k.
Output
Device
s
Ma Only The program
3. chi machi accepts human-
 IT Reviewer
ne- ne- readable input, Exa Ex: Ex: MS Word,
Lev level interprets it in mpl Keybo Excel, PowerPoint,
el langua machine-level es ard, Photoshop,
lan ge is language, and Mouse MySQL, etc.
gua known sends it to ,
ge to be hardware for Monito
unders additional r,
tood processing. Printer
by , CPU,
hardw Hard
are. disk,
RAM,
ROM,
etc.
Re If the If the software is
pla hardw damaged, its
ce are is backup copy can
me damag be reinstalled. Operating System
nt ed, it - acts as a communication
is bridge (interface) between
replac the user and computer
ed
hardware. The purpose of an
with a
operating system is to
new
provide a platform on which a
one.
user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently.

Fail Dust, Overloading,

ure overhe systematic error, Process management
s ating, major-minor
humidi version error, and - operating systems involves a
ty, and other factors are variety of tasks, including
other commonly creating, scheduling, and
factors responsible for terminating processes.
are software failures.
comm Memory Management
only
respon - The operating system manages
sible the Primary Memory or Main
for Memory. Main memory is made
hardw up of a large array of bytes or
are words where each byte or word is
failure assigned a certain address. Main
s. memory is fast storage and it can
be accessed directly by the CPU.
 IT Reviewer
the various users of the computer
File Management systems.
- refers to the set of processes
and techniques involved in
creating, organizing,
accessing, manipulating and
controlling files stored on
storage devices.
Device Management
- is responsible for managing device
communication through their
respective drivers.
Security
- uses password protection to protect
user data and similar other
techniques. it also prevents
unauthorized access to programs
and user data.
Job Accounting
- Keeps track of time and resources
used by various tasks and users,
this information can be used to track
resource usage for a particular user
or group of users.
Secondary Storage Management
- Secondary storage management is
an important aspect of operating
systems. Disks are the mainly used
secondary storage devices. They
provide the bulk of secondary
storage in operating systems today.
The main activity that is performed in
secondary storage management is
disk scheduling.
Networking
- The OS provides network
connectivity and manages
communication between computers
on a network.
Coordination between other Software and
Users
- Operating systems also coordinate
and assign interpreters, compilers,
assemblers, and other software to