History summary units 5, 6 and 7

2023

Roman perez 2c
 5.1
In 1603 Elizabeth I was an old, sick and lonely woman. She had refused to say who
should rule England next. The obvious choice was James VI of Scotland, but other
candidates were possible. During March, Elizabeth's health got worse.He hoped that if
he were the first to tell James, he would be well rewarded. On the night of 23-24
March, Carey waited in the gatehouse of the palace for a signal that Elizabeth had
died. He arrived in Edinburgh late on 26 March and was the first to tell James of
Elizabeth's death. Meanwhile, on 24 March, the Privy Council had proclaimed James
King James I of England.James was 37 years old. He had been a success in Scotland.
He came to England with strong ideas on the powers that kings should have, but very
little money. Scotland was poor compared to England.As he came to London in 1603
James was welcomed by crowds in every town. When a pickpocket was caught in the
crowd in Newark, James ordered that he should be hanged at once. After the
pickpocket had been hanged, James's councillors quietly explained that in England
the king did not have the power to have anyone put to death without trial. In 1605
James I was persuaded by his ministers to clamp down on the Catholics.Mounteagle
gave the letter to James and his ministers, who ordered a search to be made of the
cellars under Parliament.

5.2
James's problems James held a conference about reforming the Church of England at
Hampton Court in 1604. As well as the Puritans, who thought the Church was not
Protestant enough, the people who were happy with the Church of England were
there. The biggest disagreement I was about the bishops. The Puritans wanted a
Church without bishops. They thought the Church should be run by committees of
ordinary church-goers. The bishops and their supporters wanted a Church run from
the top. James's problems with foreign affairs were tied up with religion and money.
Europe was divided into Protestant and Catholic countries. The Catholic countries
were more powerful. There was a danger that Protestantism would be destroyed.
Many people in England believed that James should help the Protestants. They felt
this particularly after 1618, when the Thirty Years War, a general war between
Protestants and Catholics in Europe, broke out. Many MPs thought that Buckingham
had too much power. They were also worried that much of the king's money was
given to favourites, rather than being used for the good of the country. HE 1 2 The
worst quarrel of all was with the Parliament of 1628-9. Buckingham was dead, but
Parliament was still not happy with the king's government.

5.3
Charles I wanted to make it less strict, like the Church of England. In 1639 Charles
attacked with an English army. Charles could not raise a better army without a lot of
money. So in 1640 he called his first Parliament for eleven years, to get enough
money to raise an army to fight the Scots Covenanters.Charles I sent one of his best
ministers, the Earl of Strafford, to rule Ireland. He even raised a strong army in
Ireland, which could have been used to fight for Charles against the Scots. But this
army worried many people in England. Strafford wanted Charles to rule without a
Parliament in England.His Irish army was mainly Catholic. Many English people were
scared that Charles might use Strafford's army against them. Charles needed to raise
an army to put down this rebellion.

5.4
Charles I had to call a Parliament in 1640 to get money to raise an army to fight the
Scots. It met on 13 April, the first Parliament for eleven years. Parliament insisted on
discussing its grievances before voting money for the war. This meant Charles had to
call another Parliament.Only taxes voted by Parliament would give him enough money
to pay off the Scots. The Long Parliament The Long Parliament first met in November
1640. He wanted to make sure no king could ever rule again without calling
Parliament. The Irish Rebellion Cause -Source B While Parliament were worrying
about whether they could trust Charles, the Irish Rebellion started.He might use it to
get rid of the English Parliament first. On 4 January 1642 he tried to arrest the Five
Members his leading opponents in Parliament. Crowds in London demonstrated in
defence of Parliament. In April Sir John Hotham, a supporter of Parliament, would not
let Charles into Hull, where all the arms from the war with Scotland were stored.

5.5
1642 The first great battle of the Civil War, Edgehill, in 1642, was a draw. Later,
Charles tried to capture London, and got as far as Turnham Green . There, however,
his army was so outnumbered by Parliament's forces that he retreated without
fighting. He withdrew to Oxford for the winter. At Marston Moor the Scots, together
with two of Parliament's armies, beat Prince Rupert and destroyed his army. Until
then, Rupert had been the most successful Royalist general. In the south, Parliament
sent two armies to defeat the king and capture Oxford. But their generals would not
work together, and Charles was able to beat each separately. 4 urch was a The
Royalists were scornful of the New Model Army, and were keen to fight. Despite being
outnumbered about 9,000 to 14,000, they attacked at Naseby. Parliament's forces
won. Cromwell and the cavalry made the decisive breakthrough; they defeated the
Royalist cavalry and then attacked the Royalist infantry from behind.

5.6
the first English king to be killed by his subjects. Edward II and Richard II had been
quietly murdered. Charles, however, was put on trial, found guilty, and publicly
executed. This was a very different sort of king-killing. This Second Civil War was
soon over. The New Model Army was too strong for both the Scots and the Royalists.
The generals, especially Cromwell, blamed Charles for all the death and injury
because his plotting had caused the war. Also, they felt that Charles could not be
trusted. He had started a second war, and he might well try a third. The result was
Pride's Purge on 6 December 1648. Colonel Pride stood outside the House of
Commons with some soldiers. He stopped most Presbyterian MPs from going in, and
arrested their leaders. Those MPs who were left, called the Rump, soon agreed that
Charles should be put on trial for his crimes. They appointed a special High Court of
Justice, because no ordinary court had the power to try a king.

5.7
The king was dead. On 17 March 1649 the Rump abolished the monarchy altogether.
Kings, it said, were 'unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous to the liberty, safety
and public interest of the people'. The Rump set up the Commonwealth as a republic.
Its rulers were to be elected by at least some of the people. They claimed that the
victories from Naseby onwards proved that God was on their side. They expected the
Rump to make England a more godly country, run according to Puritan ideas. The
Rump did not make the sort of reforms which the its supporters wanted. In April 1653
it even discussed a new idea for army and elections where the existing members of
the Rump would not have to be re-elected. This was too much for Cromwell. With his
soldiers, he went to the Houses of Parliament. They voted to dissolve Parliament and
gave power back to Cromwell. ayler, The Protectorate For the second time in a year
Cromwell had total power over Britain. He set up a government called the
Protectorate with a new constitution . The Protectorate was more like the old
monarchy. At the head of the government was the Protector .

5.8
Oliver was given an expensive state funeral in Westminster Abbey. Less than two
years later, however, enthusiastic crowds welcomed Charles II back to England .
Oliver Cromwell's body was dug up and taken to Tyburn, where public hangings took
place. Richard Cromwell had not been able to control the army.He was soon replaced
by the Rump Parliament. The Rump and the army still could not get on. The army
expelled the Rump again, and then soon accepted it back. After Oliver's death,
nobody could supply it.Eventually General Monk, commander of the army in Scotland,
marched to London. His part of the army was probably the strongest, and it was loyal
to him. The army in England was split with quarrels about politics and religion When
Monk arrived in London he decided to restore the Long Parliament. Monk knew that a
House with these men in it would try to restore Charles I's son.-So There were still
major problems to be solved before Charles II could return. In it, he said he would
accept Parliament's suggestions about all four problems. TO R Most people who had
supported Parliament in the Civil Wars were left alone after the Restoration.

5.9
Plague struck London many times during the 17th century. London had no proper
drains or sewers, so the streets were filthy, and there were many rats. There were
plenty of bad smells in London as well. The rich left London.Those who stayed in
London were worried about touching things which might have been touched by the
sick. Shopkeepers kept dishes of vinegar on their counters. The customers dropped
the coins in the vinegar and then the shopkeeper picked them up. If they could not
afford posies, they carried cloth soaked in vinegar.

5.10
The Great Fire of London was such a terrible disaster that many people at the time
could not believe it was an accident. A Catholic plot was suspected. People fleeing
from London spread the rumour. Henry Young, a distiller , claimed that a Jesuit had
told him in 1661 that within seven years all England would be Catholic.Young replied
that the City of London 'would never endure it. The Jesuit answered that within five or
six years they would break the power and strength of London in pieces. Robert
Hubert, a Frenchman, who claimed to be a Catholic, was arrested for starting the fire.

5.11
There were many advances in scientific knowledge in the 17th century. In 1628
William Harvey was able to prove that the heart pumped the same blood round and
round the body. Before Harvey, people had thought that blood was a bit like petrol.
Harvey took great care to prove his ideas with experiments.People could try these for
themselves and see that his ideas were right. In the second half of the 17th century
many of the world leaders in the new science were English. The Royal Society was
set up as a place where scientists could meet and discuss one another's ideas. He
proved his ideas by showing that his equation could be used to predict where the
planets would be in the future as well as explain where they had been in the
past.Britain was not a completely rational place in the 17th century, however. If beer
went sour or a cow fell sick most people looked for a supernatural explanation, not a
natural one. Witches were thought to be people who had made a contract with the
Devil. People accused of being witches have a number of things in common.

5.12
James II When Charles II died in 1685 he was succeeded by his brother, James II.
James was a Catholic. Most people in Britain were not. Many thought that the
Catholic religion was against their ideas of liberty. However, people were prepared to
put up with James. He was an old man, not likely to be king for long, and his children,
both girls, were Protestants. William landed with an army on 5 November 1688. He
said he would accept any ecision about the future that Parliament made. James's
army eserted, and James fled to France.Parliament's Bill of Rights When William
arrived in London he called a parliament. There was some argument about what
should happen, but the arguments were solved by a resolution of the House of
Commons. It was cleverly worded to appeal to Catholics, people who wanted a
powerful monarchy and people who wanted a powerful parliament. Only Parliament
could set up special William and Mary as monarchs dere from a James b Charles P 4
Look back at the powers of Parlame described on page 50-1, Had Parlament changed
by 1689 courts to try particular cases. Money The cost of running the country was
separated from the monarch's own finances. There was to be a special payment, the
Civil List, to cover the monarch's personal expenses.

6.1
1750 the population of Britain was about 7 million. By 1850 it was 21 million. This
meant more people wanting food. The price of food went up. The average price of
wheat rose from 35 to 50 shillings per quarter of a hundredweight between 1750 and
1790. Higher prices meant bigger profits for farmers. Many farmers started to look for
new methods of farming so that they could produce more and hence make more
money. This involved using four fields, one each for wheat, barley or oats, clover, and
turnips or swedes, swapping the crop round every year. None of the fields had to be
left fallow, because the clover and root crops put back the nutrients which the grain
crops had used up. Better still, the fields of clover and root crops could be used to
graze animals. Their manure would enrich the soil. This meant more crops and bigger
animals. It was a time of hardship for farmers and riots by labourers. This depression
was only brought to an end by a new style of farming. High farming By the 1840s the
growing population had started to force up the prices of food again and it was worth
the farmers investing in new methods. Steam-driven reapers and threshers were
brought in to save labour. Steam-driven pumps were used to get water off the land
and stop crops rotting.

6.2
In 1750, most of Britain's seven million people lived in small rural villages. Farming
was the main occupation. People were concerned mainly with growing enough food
for their families to survive. Between 1750 and 1850 Britain became an industrialized
country. The population grew rapidly during this period. There were 21 million people
by 1851, and half of them lived in huge cities. Between 1850 and 1880 Britain was the
world's leading industrial country and was sometimes called the workshop of the
world. In 1851 the Great Exhibition was held in London with the idea of showing off
Britain's industrial achievements to the world

. 6.3
early 18th century the making of woollen cloth was the most important industry in
Britain. Like most other industries it was based on the domestic system - the workers
produced the cloth in their own homes. When the cloth was ready it was collected by
the master clothier and sold at the nearest market town. People liked cotton fabrics
because they were light and easy to wash. Wool was a much older industry; most
people in the woollen industry were against the introduction of new machines to
begin with. The Yorkshire woollen industry did not become mechanized until 30 years
after machines were introduced into the cotton industry. When the steam engine was
perfected it was able to drive all sorts of machinery, so the textile factories were
then built near to the coalfields. Weaving took longer than spinning to become
factory-based in both the cotton and -Inventions in t the woollen industry.

6.4
Soon all the coal near the surface had been used up, and miners had to dig deep
vertical shaft mines. By 1830 some mines were over 300 metres deep. Deep shaft
mining was not easy.

6.5
In 1700 the iron industry was in trouble. Wood, used for making charcoal to fire the
blast furnaces, was fast running out. A new fuel was desperately needed to smelt iron
ore. This was a method for rapidly producing lots of wrought iron. The wrought iron
could be taken, semi-molten, to the rolling mill, where it was shaped into pipes, bars,
girders and sheet iron. This led to ironworks being built near to supplies of coal. Then,
in 1879 Sidney Gilchrist Thomas and Percy Gilchrist invented the basic process. This
allowed steel to be made very quickly in large amounts using poor-quality iron ore.
This was a major breakthrough.
 6.6
Early forms of power In 1700 power was provided by human muscles, animals , water
mills and windmills. During the 18th century a much more reliable form of power was
perfected: the steam engine. 1698 Thomas Savery had to drain water from Enter
James Watt In 1763 James Watt , a maker of scientific instruments at Glasgow
University, was asked to repair a model of a Newcomen engine. Between 1705 and
1712 Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth built a steam engine to pump water from
mines. It was a better machine than Savery's, and by 1775 over 100 of the machines
were at work in coal mines in Northumbria. But Newcomen's engine used huge
amounts of coal and could only be used for pumping water
His boldness paid off. By 1800 there were over 500 Boulton and Watt engines at work
in different factories across the country. The engines were used, for example, in
textile mills, breweries, iron foundries and flour mills. Watt's engines needed
accurately made parts in order to work properly.

6.7
Turnpike trusts Industry needed better roads. It needed to get raw materials - like
coal, iron ore and wool - to the workshops and factories. It needed to get finished
goods like cloth to its markets. These were heavy and bulky goods to transport.
These groups were called turnpike trusts. The turnpike trusts employed expert road
builders to repair or replace the old roads. The most famous of the time were John
Metcalfe, Thomas Telford and John Macadam. From about 1810 better roads brought
a boom in stage coach Most people and goods in the 18th century were transported
by road on horses, pack-horses, carts or stage-coaches. Coaching inns sprang up
along the routes to provide food and fresh horses. From 1784 these coaches carried
the Royal Mail. By 1840 there were 23,000 people employed by the turnpike trusts and
over 30,000 employed by the coaching companies.

6.8
Before Britain's roads were improved, it was sometimes better to travel by river or by
sea. Coal from north-east England usually came to London by sea. Boats were quicker
and could take heavier loads. Goods could be carried all the way from London to
Oxford by barge along the River Thames. By 1765 he halved the price of his coal and
still made a profit. He also charged other traders to use the canal. He was soon
making £80,000 per year in fees.Other businessmen employed engineers like Brindley,
Thomas Telford and William Jessop to build canals. In 1845, the Rainbow, the first
clipper - a new design of fast wooden sailing ships - was built. These clippers began
to cross the oceans of the world at record speeds. Steam-powered ships were also
being tried.

6.9
Rails had long been used to carry heavy vehicles. For example, tracks called
waggonways were used in the mines of the north-east of England to carry carts
loaded with coal. But they were horse- drawn. In 1804 Richard Trevithick built a
locomotive - a steam engine which moved along wheels on rails. Not everyone was
keen. Some people complained about the pollution; others said the noise upset farm
animals; some towns, like Northampton and Oxford, refused to let the railways in for
several years. But at times there was so much activity that people called it 'railway
mania'. There were 39 new lines agreed in 1836-By 1900 eleven companies shared all
the lines in the country. In 1948 the railways were nationalized and are all now run by
one company.The railways helped industry; they made it cheaper to carry raw
materials and finished products. Manufacturers could sell cheaper goods and still
make more profit.

7.1
When people began to build the first factories, there were very few regulations about
working conditions. Some emplovers took advantage of this. There were also
concerns about child labour, although children had always helped their parents in
workshops and the fields. So many emplovers were tempted to use women and
children to do work more suited to lull-grown men.

7.2
Governments were not keen to control working conditions at first. They felt that
restricting the freedom of employers would cut their profits. Even some working
people said that they didn't want laws that reduced hours or child labour because this
could cause more poverty. But gradually governments realized that they had to act.
The normal pattern was that pressure groups would start campaigns for new
laws.Then the government would have to set up an inquiry to investigate what all the
fuss was about. After a while, they began to press for a maximum ten-hour working
day and became known as the ten-hour movement. Some MPs, like Michael Sadler,
took up the issuc. But perhaps the most famous and most effective campaigner was
Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper .

7.3
Since the 16th century, poorer people who were unable to support themselves had
been able to turn to the parish magistrales for poor relief. The type of help they got
varied from parish to parish. It also depended on the reason why they were poor The
help could be a place in the workhouse, work in the fields, an apprenticeship with a
local craftsman, or even money. In 1795 the parish of Speenhamland in Berkshire had
worked out a system which gave people money depending on their wages and the
price of bread.By about 1830 the poor laws needed to be reformed. Ratepayers said
that the Speenhamland system made people lazy and encouraged them to rely on help
from the parish. Some people thought the Speenhamland system was to blame. In
1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act was passed.It said that magistrates should try to
abolish all poor relief except the workhouse. The amended law became known as the
New Poor Law.

7.4
Between 1801 and 1851 the population of Britain doubled from 10.5 million to about
21 million. Industrial towns grew even faster. Manchester's population rose from
75,000 to 450,000. In Highgate, north London, water was bought by the bucketful; at
Hyde, near Manchester, people paid a shilling per week to water carriers who brought
water in carts; others used standpipes in the street, or local rivers. Sewage and
rubbish disposal were also problems. Typhoid was spread in infected water;
tuberculosis was carried by bacteria coughed into the air; typhus was a virus spread
by lice. In 1831 a new killer disease appeared: cholera came into Sunderland from
abroad.

7.5
Industrial towns grew even faster. Many towns grew so fast that living conditions
became worse. Houses were squeezed into the centres of towns or around the
factories . Landlords crammed as many people into houses as they could, The 1840
Report on the Health of Towns recorded 39,000 people in Liverpool living in 8,000
one-room cellars under houses, The water supply was another problem.The homes of
the poor had no taps. Even where there were drains and sewage pipes, they normally
ran into the local rivers - where people collected their water. In London, the Battersea
sewer emptied into the Thames just above the Chelsea water intake. Country
cottages were not so crowded, and water, sewage and rubbish were not such
problems there.But the homes of the poor were cold and damp.Medical problems.
Infectious disease thrived in the towns. It spfoad through the water supply, There
were further epidemies in 1838, 1848 and 1854, Seven thousand people died of
cholera in September 1849 in London alone. These discases were worse in towns
than in the countryside.

7.6
In the industrial towns and cities, music halls grew in number. Liverpool and
Birmingham had six music halls each and London had 50. Music halls were seen as
unsuitable for children. Many of the music-hall songs reflected what was happening in
the country at the time.The best-loved music-hall singer was Marie Lloyd.

7.7
The government gave an annual grant of money to the two societies. The government
came to realize that these two societies did not have the funds to provide enough
schools, and that at least half the children in Britain were receiving no education. The
schools were to be given an annual government grant of money. The amount
depended on how well the pupils did in the annual examinations.The Bible was to be
taught to children but only in a way acceptable to all Christians, Church of England
and others.Allendance between the ages of 5 and 10 was made compulsory in. Even
so, many children stayed away from school, often being sent out to work by their
parents to bring extra money into the home. With the coming of the board schools
more children received a basic education in reading, writing and arithmetic - the
'three R's'.Itchen Abbas Board School.The 1870 Education Act had a big effect on the
Hampshire village of Itchen Abbas.