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Lecture 2 Notes

This document contains lecture notes on theories of child development from Dr. John McNamara's CHYS 1F90 class. It discusses several influential developmental theorists, including Freud and his psychosexual stages of development, Watson's behaviorism, Skinner's behaviorism, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and Bach's theory of developing self. It also addresses the roles of risk/protective factors and how development can be altered through effective interventions that shift the balance between risks and protections.

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Aafreen Ahmed
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35 views3 pages

Lecture 2 Notes

This document contains lecture notes on theories of child development from Dr. John McNamara's CHYS 1F90 class. It discusses several influential developmental theorists, including Freud and his psychosexual stages of development, Watson's behaviorism, Skinner's behaviorism, Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, and Bach's theory of developing self. It also addresses the roles of risk/protective factors and how development can be altered through effective interventions that shift the balance between risks and protections.

Uploaded by

Aafreen Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHYS 1F90

Dr. John McNamara


Fall 2023 – Lecture 2 Notes

1F90 so far…
§ Sakai (lecture notes, seminar readings, etc)
§ Seminars began this week
§ Midterm assignment (end of Sept)
§ Emails (mention name, student #, seminar #)
§ Etc.?
Foundations of Development

Overview
§ Theories of child development
– How do humans develop?
– How do children grow?
– What is the nature of development?

Overview
• Sigmond Freud
• John Watson
• B.F. Skinner
• Urie Bronfenbrenner
• Joscha Bach

Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud - Psychosexual Theory
– Three components of personality
§ Id
§ Ego
§ Superego

How do children develop?


§ Parenting role?
§ Educator role?
§ Therapist role?

Psychoanalytic Theories
§ Freud’s stages of psychosexual development
§ Stages propose shifts in focus on parts of body
• Oral (birth – 1 year)
• Anal (1 – 3 years)
• Phallic (3 – 6 years)
• Latency (6 -11 years)
• Genital (12 onward)

Freud’s Theory
§ The beginning of the important idea that “early matters”
§ The unconscious matters

Learning Theories

John Watson’s Behaviourism


§ Strong emphasis on environmental influences
§ Development is continuous and based on learning

Little Albert
Application of Watson’s Behaviourism
§ “Anyone can be anything”
B.F. Skinner’s Behaviourism
§ One can condition behaviour
§ Reinforcers ↑ probability of behaviour occurring again
§ Punishers ↓ probability of behaviour occurring again

ABA
Behavioural or Learning Theories of Development
§ Environment matters
§ Implications for parenting?
§ Implications for education?

Cognitive-Developmental Theories
Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory
§ Children actively engage with their environment
– Cognition
– Thinking
– processing

§ Schemes become more complex with development


– An organized pattern of thought or action a child uses to make sense of experience
– Interpretation of the world changes with age

§ How do children use schemes?


– Assimilation
§ Using an existing scheme to interpret a novel experience
– Accommodation
§ Modifying an existing scheme to incorporate new experiences

Equilibrium
§ All intellectual activity is undertaken to produce a balanced, harmonious, relationship between one’s
thought processes and the environment

Cognitive Stress
Strain on your cognitive processing

Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory


§ Implications for parenting?
§ Implications for education?
§ Understanding cognitive load and strain

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory


Ecological Systems Theory
§ Detailed characterization of various environmental influences on development
– Environment is a series of nested systems
§ Microsystem
§ Mesosystem
§ Exosystem
§ Macrosystem

Ecological Systems Theory


Joscha Bach Developmental Theory
• A stage theory of how children develop their sense of self
• There is only our “self”
• Even the outside work is just our model of the outside world

§ Stage 1 - Reactive survival (infant)


– Building a world model (compared to a game engine like Minecraft)
§ Stage 2 - Personal self (young child)
– Placing ourselves in the world model that we created, testing what works and doesn’t work
§ Stage 3 - Social self (adolescent)
– Think about teens (sports, similar interest groups, etc.)
– Relate to others and other world models
– Develop empathy and compassion (or not)
§ Stage 4 – Rational agency (young adult)
– Begin to direct yourself within your group
– Build on the value system you know you now have
§ Stage 5 – Self authoring (full adult)
– Understanding your values and your abilities
– Develop agency of your how your identity is constructed
– Understand that others have different agencies/values
§ Stage 6 – Enlightenment
– Not all people reach this stage
– Understand that self is not separate from others

Development shaped by risk and protective factors


§ Risk factors = factors that increase the possibility of a poor developmental outcome
§ Individual (temperamental difficulty, chromosomal abnormality)
§ Environment (poverty, family violence)

§ Protective factors = factors that increase possibility of good outcome


§ Individual (good health, etc)
§ Environmental (supportive parents, strong social network)

§ Cumulative effects = vulnerable individual or resilient individual

Development can be altered via effective interventions


§ Change balance between risk and protective factors
– Shifts odds towards favorable outcomes

Nature through Nurture

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