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CLX-CS-CH01 Intro To Internet

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CLX-CS-CH01 Intro To Internet

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Asmita Chadha
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction to the Internet Today, almost every person is directly or indirectly affected by =~ the Internet. Millions of people across the world use the Internet in this Chapter to share information as well as ideas and search for information con any topic. All these activities are possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected tothe Internet. The Internet | IASG Rani | isan interconnection of several computers from different Br ese cia networks spread across the world. Its a global network of, Senet networks (Fig. 1.1). q apa Let us learn some more about the Internet and its features. lee nee Seen ce ects - Era) + HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) a eae ue eats (HTML) Stee Byers + Network Classes Fig. 1.1 Internet is a network of networks Bronte (URL) HISTORY OF THE INTERNET In 1969, the Department of Defense (DOD) of the United States of America started a network called the ‘Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), It was started with one computer in California and three in Utah. Later, the military allowed universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources. The network grew bigger and bigger giving birth to the present-day Internet. A TECHNICAL VIEWPOINT You already know that the Internet is a network of tens of thousands of computer networks. Every network and every computer on the network exchanges information in accordance with certain rules called protocols. So, protocols are a set of rules that computers use to communicate logically. Omputers with different operating systems can communicate through the same protocol, The ‘Wo protocols that are commonly used for ‘working with the Intemet are Internet Protaco! (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (ICP). You will often see these mentioned together a6 TCPAP, especially when references are made to the software needed to establish an intemet connection On the Intemet, most computersetworks are he pected directly toi. However, many networks Computers cannot have direct connections to the Internet. Such networks/computers are, in turn, connected to other networks through channels ‘8.1.2.4 channel is a medium used to carry information or data from one computer to another. These channels then connect to the Internet via routers and modems. This way, there can be several pathways from one system to another. Routers are devices that direct Internet tat by determining the best path to be ‘aken, whereas modems help connect te the Internet through telephone or cable lines. A router and modem can either he a combined device or separate devices Each computer system on the internet ‘has an Internet address called an iP adthes. This address is used to exchange information, send or receive e-mail messages, ete, Fig. 1.2 Interconnected networks (The Internet; C indicates computer WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET? The Internet is not governed by any one Person of organization, There is no governing marnet. Different volunteer groups have been formed to coordinate and monitor the rect OF the Internet. These groups are as follows, Internet Activities Board (IAB) This Broup looks after the development of the Intern s. Ithhas two task forces: on ek Force ET, Ea eerie loping and maintaining unication protocols, ving problems, and coordinating ne *sk Force (RTE) This body looks into long. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN 0 Vices, such as IP addresses ay nternet World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) This is a joint initiative between fs nstitute of Technology), CERN (Coy Banization for Nuclear Resea ene pour Omputers with different operating systems can communicate through the same protocol, The ‘Wo protocols that are commonly used for ‘working with the Intemet are Internet Protaco! (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (ICP). You will often see these mentioned together a6 TCPAP, especially when references are made to the software needed to establish an intemet connection On the Intemet, most computersetworks are he pected directly toi. However, many networks Computers cannot have direct connections to the Internet. Such networks/computers are, in turn, connected to other networks through channels ‘8.1.2.4 channel is a medium used to carry information or data from one computer to another. These channels then connect to the Internet via routers and modems. This way, there can be several pathways from one system to another. Routers are devices that direct Internet tat by determining the best path to be ‘aken, whereas modems help connect te the Internet through telephone or cable lines. A router and modem can either he a combined device or separate devices Each computer system on the internet ‘has an Internet address called an iP adthes. This address is used to exchange information, send or receive e-mail messages, ete, Fig. 1.2 Interconnected networks (The Internet; C indicates computer WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET? The Internet is not governed by any one Person of organization, There is no governing marnet. Different volunteer groups have been formed to coordinate and monitor the rect OF the Internet. These groups are as follows, Internet Activities Board (IAB) This Broup looks after the development of the Intern s. Ithhas two task forces: on ek Force ET, Ea eerie loping and maintaining unication protocols, ving problems, and coordinating ne *sk Force (RTE) This body looks into long. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN 0 Vices, such as IP addresses ay nternet World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) This is a joint initiative between fs nstitute of Technology), CERN (Coy Banization for Nuclear Resea ene pour ‘utomatique—The National institute for Research in Computer Science and Control) to develop standards for the evolution of the Web. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS You know that the two protocols needed forthe working ofthe Internet are TCPAP. Let us see how they ena When data is passed from one computer system to another itis broken Up into pieces called ackets using TCP Each packet contains 1500 bytes or characters. IF ad the IP address of the sender and the destination to each packet so that it reaches the comect destination, The packets are passed from one network to another until they reach their destination. At the “Ssination, TCP reassembles the packets into a complete message. Ifthe packets are garbled, a request § made to the sender to resend them, Its not necessary fo all the Packets in a single message to take ne, te [oute through the Intemet or forthe same message to take the same route exch time it is sent "eT. Thus, one ofthe technical strengths ofthe Intemet is that if some Parts of it are unavailable for Communicating data, the data will still be sen through another path ’ Data Data Pics oon ‘8 reassembles the Packets travel. “5 TCP Breaks data into ee via different TCP requests Packets networks senior according toP gable . packets 1.3 Working of TPP HOW TO LOG ON TO THE INTERNET 'n order to make your computer or network apart ofthe intemet you need the following * an Internet connection + amodem * Internet access *_& Program that controls the communication of data on the computer system Note: The requirements are based on the type of Internet ace 8, Let us look into each of these points and understand what they mean; internet Connection Ths is provided by internet Service Providers (ISPs) who have their server installed and provide Internet Gonmections to users through it A server isa computer with high storage capacity and memory. Its, in Inn Connected through cables and satellites 1o other servers in the eel Connections issued through the server are alloted private space on tis server inorder to host Wels sites for clients and store e-mail }essages for the connected users. n ‘utomatique—The National institute for Research in Computer Science and Control) to develop standards for the evolution of the Web. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS You know that the two protocols needed forthe working ofthe Internet are TCPAP. Let us see how they ena When data is passed from one computer system to another itis broken Up into pieces called ackets using TCP Each packet contains 1500 bytes or characters. IF ad the IP address of the sender and the destination to each packet so that it reaches the comect destination, The packets are passed from one network to another until they reach their destination. At the “Ssination, TCP reassembles the packets into a complete message. Ifthe packets are garbled, a request § made to the sender to resend them, Its not necessary fo all the Packets in a single message to take ne, te [oute through the Intemet or forthe same message to take the same route exch time it is sent "eT. Thus, one ofthe technical strengths ofthe Intemet is that if some Parts of it are unavailable for Communicating data, the data will still be sen through another path ’ Data Data Pics oon ‘8 reassembles the Packets travel. “5 TCP Breaks data into ee via different TCP requests Packets networks senior according toP gable . packets 1.3 Working of TPP HOW TO LOG ON TO THE INTERNET 'n order to make your computer or network apart ofthe intemet you need the following * an Internet connection + amodem * Internet access *_& Program that controls the communication of data on the computer system Note: The requirements are based on the type of Internet ace 8, Let us look into each of these points and understand what they mean; internet Connection Ths is provided by internet Service Providers (ISPs) who have their server installed and provide Internet Gonmections to users through it A server isa computer with high storage capacity and memory. Its, in Inn Connected through cables and satellites 1o other servers in the eel Connections issued through the server are alloted private space on tis server inorder to host Wels sites for clients and store e-mail }essages for the connected users. n Some of the popular ISPs in India are as follows: + VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) + MINL (Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited) * Vodafone + Tata Teleservices Ltd. + Airtel Note: ISPs allow access to the Internet against a fee. Factors affecting the choice of IsP To select an ISP, you should find out about the technology and speed available, besides the service cost. The following factors must be kept in mind while selecting the ISP: Technology You should know which type of technology the ISP is using - dial-up, cable, satellite. Based on this information, decide which technology is suitable for you. Speed Before choosing an Internet connection, check what speed you will be getting while surfing and downloading from the Internet. Cost The price of the Internet connection is based on the type of connection and its speed. You should always look for the best deal. Usage You must check whether there is any limit to the Internet usage in your plan. modem \ modem is a computer peripheral or accessory that allows you to connect and communicate with computers via telephone lines. A modem also enables sending a fax from a computer to a fax «© or another computer. There are two types of modems: Intemal modem An intemal modem slips into an expansion slot provided in the computer. The phone cor & plugged into a jack, accessible through the back of the computer. The internal modem is less «© than an external modem. Extemal modem An external modem is placed outside a computer. The modem rests near the SGlephone Het hooks the computer to the outside world, Working af 2 modem A modem com tal data from the sender computer into analog data, a format that can be ‘Certied Se SSteehone lines. In a similar manner, the computer receiving the data converts analog data into Giga! < another modem (Fig. 14). The process of converting a digital signal into a analog Se) = tag for displaying this image will be as follows (you will cover tag when you study HTML): Using absolute URL in the tag tag:

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