Experiment 9: Biot-Savart Law with Helmholtz Coil

Introduction

In this lab we will study the magnetic fields of circular current loops using the Biot-Savart law. The
Biot-Savart Law states the magnetic field B from a wire segment length ds, carrying a steady current I is
given by
Ids × r
Z
µ0
B= (1)
4π r2
where µ0 is the permeability of free space and r is the displacement vector from the current element ds to
a point P where we wish to evaluate the magnetic field. This equation allows us to calculate the magnetic
fields for arbitrary current distributions such as circular or rectangular loops. We will only focus on circular
loops in this lab.
The magnitude of the magnetic field B along an axis through the center of a circular loop carrying
steady current I (see Fig. 1) can be expressed as

µ0 IR2 N
B(z) = (2)
2(R2 + z 2 )3/2

where R is the radius of the loop and N is the number of turns in the current loop. The current loop has
magnetic field lines similar to that of a bar magnet, as shown in Figure 2. The direction of the magnetic
field at the center is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and the direction is given by the right hand
rule for a current loop: the fingers curl around the loop in the direction of the current, the thumb points
in the direction of the magnetic field at the center of the loop. At the center of the loop (N=1), when z=0,
the magnetic field is given by
µ0 I
B= (3)
2R

Figure 1: A circular loop of wire carrying a current I. The magnetic field direction is given along the
positive z-axis.

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Figure 2: Magnetic field lines for a current loop and a bar magnet. Here the z-axis is along the North-South
line.

We can create a stronger and more uniform magnetic field by aligning two identical current loops. A
particular configuration that we will be using is known as a Helmholtz coil. This consists of two current
loops, each with N turns and radius R. The two loops are aligned along their axis and are separated by a
distance R, identical to the radius, each carrying equal steady currents in the same direction (see Figure
3). We can use the Biot-Savart law to find the magnetic field at any point along along the axis of the
Helmholtz coil by summing the individual magnetic fields of the coils via the superposition principle. It
can be shown that the magnetic field at the center of this configuration when z=0 (point O on Fig. 3) is
given by
8 µ0 IN
B(z = 0) = √ (4)
5 5 R
where the variables have the same definitions as before.

O
z

I I

Figure 3: Helmholtz coil separated by a distance R equal to the radius of the coils.

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 We will use the Hall Effect Probe to measure the magnetic fields. Before using such a device, let’s
examine how it operates. A brief description will be presented here, but refer to Wikipedia for a more
comprehensive explanation. Consider a small slab of semiconductor (shaded rectangle in Figure 4) such
as silicon or germanium. Note: all conductors exhibit the Hall effect, but only with semiconductors is
the effect large enough to be convenient for practical use. A magnetic field B (in this case it is coming
out of the page, perpendicular to the current), induces an electric potential - the Hall voltage - across the
semiconductor, transverse to the current. Since the Hall voltage is too small to be measured directly with
a regular voltmeter, it must be amplified by voltage differential amplifier (triangular object). It takes the
voltage difference between the two terminals and amplifies it by a factor of 10 to 20. The magnetic field
sensor integrates the semiconductor and amplifiers into a one component design (see Fig. 5a) and can be
plugged into port A of the 850 Universal Interface. To set-up the computer interface for the sensor, launch
the Capstone program and click on “hardware setup”. In the experiment setup window, click analog port
A and select “Magnetic Field sensor” . Click on the “digits” option found on the right side, under the
displays setting, to see a numerical output of the sensor.

I - +
- +
- +
- +
- +
- + -
- B ++ + Vo
-
- +

Figure 4: Schematic diagram of a Hall effect probe.

The sensor has two modes of operation: “axial” and “radial” (as seen in Figure 5b). This allows
measurements to be taken in the parallel and perpendicular directions, respectively. The probe is sensitive
to its orientation with the external magnetic field. The sensing element marked by a dot (see figure 5a)
must be pointed in the direction of the field. The sensor has three switch selectable ranges: 1X, 10X, and
100X. Set the range select switch on the sensor to 10X. Make sure to the use Magnetice Field Strength
(10X) when you click (Select Measurement) on your digits display, these two setting must agree to display
the correct measurement. Please do not use the 100X setting - this can burn out the amplifier. To “zero”
the sensor, hold the sensor away from any magnetic source and press the TARE button. The sensor needs
to be zeroed after each change of the radial/axial, or range select switch.

Part 1 Procedure - Magnetic Field Strength of a Current Loop:

We will first investigate the magnetic field of a current loop. You are given a coil of wire to create a
magnetic field. Record the number of turns N in this coil of wire and its radius R. Connect the coil of
wire to a DC power source. Set a current of 1 Amp to flow through the coil using a digital multi-meter
in the 20A yellow input to obtain an accurate reading. Measure the magnetic field along the axis of the
coil using the Hall probe at 6 different positions, and be sure to take a measurement at the center of the
loop. Keep track of the orientation of the probe for each of your readings. Measure the field in front and
behind of the coil along the axis until the field drops to near zero. Record in a table the distance z along
the axis from the plane of the coil, and the magnitude of the magnetic field B. If you took measurements

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 esolution,Connect
50 milligauss (0.050 G).
the Magnetic FieldVariations
Sensor toinan
theanalog
earth’schannel
magnetic
on field and smallInterface
the Universal fields around
850 or the ScienceWorkshop Interface 750
ted. (NOTE: Using
using the EM-8652
the DIN Zero
plug cable, Gauss
or plug theChamber when zeroing
sensor directly into thethe sensor on
interface. thisa PASPORT
(For setting is rec-
Interface or SPARK Science Learning
System (SLS), connect the sensor to a PS-2158 Analog Adapter and then connect the adapter to the interface or SLS.)

esolution,Choose
50 milligauss (0.05
Radial orG). Use this range with current-carrying solenoids and Helmholtz coils.
Axial
probe
esolution,Move
500 milligauss (0.5 G). Use slide
the RADIAL/AXIAL this range
switchforonfields typically
the top found around
of the sensor to eitherstrong permanent
the radial (perpen-
dicular) or axial (parallel) orientation. The position of the axial sensor is at the front end of
the probe and the position of the radial sensor is on the side of the probe very near to the
r front end of the probe.
1/4-20 threaded
ng Stud canZero
be screwed hole
the Sensor RADIAL/AXIAL
located on the bottom select switch
MountingHoldStud the
to sensor away from any magnetic source (other than the earth’s field) and press the
#"*+"(,
rod, for example.
TARE button on the top of the sensor. To zero the sensor more completely, especially when "-+"(
TARE (“zero”)
using the 100X (±10 gauss) range to record very small magnetic fields, place the probe of the button
sensor into a Zero Gauss Chamber (such as the EM-8652) and press the TARE button. !"#$

.-
RANGE SELECT ./-
NOTE: The sensor needs to be zeroed after each change of the RADIAL/AXIAL switch. switch .//-
#"%&$
'$($)!
Achieve Thermal Equilibrium

The Hall Effect sensing elements used in the sensor are temperature compensated. However,
when measuring veryaxial
small magnetic fields (100X (±10 gauss)), some temperature depen- DIN
radial sensing
dent variation may be observed in the sensorelement
sensing output. The variation is on the order of a few connector
s gauss. For the best results with the 100X range, the sensor should be connected to the inter-
element
face or datalogger for five to fifteen minutes before data are collected. This will allow the
sensing elements to come to Accuracy 1
thermal equilibrium and
(a)will yield more stable results. (b)
ain Resolution Calibration Factor

X Select0.5 gauss
Range 10% of reading 100 gauss/volt
Figure 5: (a) Magnetic field sensor. (b) Top view of probe with setting options.
0X 0.05 gauss 10% of reading 10 gauss/volt
The sensor has three switch selectable ranges: 1X, 10X, and 100 X. When using an interface, set the data acquisition software so
0X that it 0.05
matches the range selected
gauss 10% ofand the units of measure
reading desired.
1 gauss/volt
at identical distances in front and behind the coil, then find the average value of B at that distance.

0-4 T)
Part 2 Procedure - Magnetic Field at the Center of a Helmholtz Coil:
ading on the ±100 gauss range is 60 gauss, the accuracy is ±6 gauss (10% of the reading).
Measure the radius of the Helmholtz coil and record the number of turns. Connect the Helmholtz coil
port 2 to the DC power supply. You may want to use a digital multi-meter in the 20A yellow input !to obtain an
accurate
CO product, contact PASCO at:reading of the current. Using the Hall probe, measure the field at the center of the Helmholtz coil
(z = 0) for current values from 0.1 A to 0.7 A, in 0.1 Amp increments. Your data table should consist of
theAddress: PASCO
different scientific
values of I and B(0). Warning: The coils might get hot - do not leave them unattended and
10101 Foothills Blvd.
turn off theRoseville, CAwhen
current not in use.
95747-7100
Phone: 916-786-3800 (worldwide)
800-772-8700 (U.S.)
Fax: (916) 786-7565
A full www.pasco.com
Web: lab report is not necessary for this lab. Answer the questions on the following page and turn it
inEmail:
with your signed datasheet.
[email protected]

ut this product or the latest revision of this Instruction Sheet, visit the PASCO web site and enter
ow.

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 PHYS 221, Lab 9 Questions

Name: CWID:

Write your answers on a separate sheet and attach your signed datasheet when turning it in. You must
show all of your work for full credit. Make it clear to me you understand what you’re doing. Any graphs
or tables should be made via computer software and attached to this handout.

1. Answer the following questions using the data you acquired from Part 1 of this lab:

(a) Add to your data table(s) a column consisting the value of 1/(R2 + z 2 )3/2 .
(b) Plot a graph of B(z) versus 1/(R2 + z 2 )3/2 .
(c) What is the field value at the center of the loop? Compare this value with Equation 3.
(d) Find the slope of the best-fit line from your graph. From Equation 2, this slope should correspond
theoretically to µ0 IR2 N/2 (try proving this). Compare the two values.

2. Answer the following questions using the data you acquired from Part 2 of this lab:

(a) Plot of a graph of B(0) versus I.

8 µ N
√ 0 (5)
5 5 R
Show how to derive equation 5. Compare the slope of your graph with the value obtained from
this expression.