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Development of an Advanced Optimization and Optimal Control

Mathematical Model for Energy-Efficient Operations of Renewable Energy

Article in International Journal of Research and Review · July 2023

DOI: 10.52403/ijrr.20230735

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 International Journal of Research and Review
Vol. 10; Issue: 7; July 2023
Website: www.ijrrjournal.com
Case Study E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Development of an Advanced Optimization and

Optimal Control Mathematical Model for Energy-
Efficient Operations of Renewable Energy
Venant Niyonkuru
Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230735

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
A paradigm shift in the energy landscape
The potential for developing energy-efficient has recently been ushered in by the
operations for renewable energy systems has emergence and quick spread of renewable
increased with the expansion of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and
energy sources. As a result, creating advanced
optimization and optimum control mathematical
hydropower (Scheer, 2012; Cloke et al.,
models will be necessary to handle the 2017). These sources present a compelling
difficulties related to their integration into the and sustainable alternative to conventional
grid. This study develops an enhanced fossil fuel-based power generation. To fully
optimization and optimal control model for the realize their potential, these renewable
energy-efficient operation of renewable energy energy sources must be integrated into the
systems based on photovoltaic (PV) and current electrical system, which presents
hydropower. The created model takes into numerous problems. These difficulties
account the economic element while integrating include the intermittent nature of renewable
an optimization method to address the energy energy sources, the inherent difficulties in
management issue of PV systems. PV system managing their production, and the high
operation is optimized taking into account a
variety of operational restrictions using
operating expenses connected to their use
economic objectives like profit maximization (Liserre et al., 2010; Rehman et al., 2015;
and cost minimization. To further simplify Chen et al., 2007).
energy balancing and lower risk, a hydropower Deploying innovative optimization and
energy system is also taken into consideration. optimal control approaches that can
Furthermore, by forecasting the ideal PV output successfully handle these issues and
and hydropower generation for various guarantee the smooth and efficient operation
economic purposes, a dynamic optimum control of renewable energy systems is therefore
approach is created to discover the best urgently needed (Ishaq et al., 2022; Hannan
operational strategy for the systems. Case et al, 2020; Roslan et al., 2019). The core of
studies are used to evaluate this sophisticated
this endeavor is the creation of complex
optimization and optimum control model, and
the findings show how effective it is at lowering
mathematical models because they give us
operating expenses for the operation of the tools to improve and fine-tune the
renewable energy systems in an energy-efficient performance of these systems, allowing
manner. them to function at their highest levels of
efficacy and efficiency (Shaikh et al., 2014;
Keywords: Advanced Optimization, Machlev et al., 2020).
Optimization Techniques, Control Strategies, It is possible to maximize the use of
Energy Management, Optimal control, renewable energy resources by maximizing
Mathematical model, Energy-efficient their generation, storage, and distribution by
operations, Renewable energy

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 268

Volume 10; Issue: 7; July 2023
Venant Niyonkuru. Development of an advanced optimization and optimal control mathematical model for
energy-efficient operations of renewable energy

using advanced optimization techniques and commercially viable and environmentally

optimal control strategies (Ishaq et al., responsible.
2022).These techniques enable for In the context of this research, we provide
comprehensive and dynamic optimization of an original and thorough optimization and
renewable energy systems by taking into optimal control model adapted especially
consideration a variety of variables, for hydropower and photovoltaic (PV)-
including energy costs, storage capacity, based renewable energy systems. Our
and battery state of charge (Abdulla et al., suggested model takes into account the
2016; Wang et al., 2015). These models can numerous operational constraints that can be
calculate and optimize the optimal energy faced in addition to integrating the
storage capacity, battery state of charge, and optimization of PV systems with an
renewable energy resource levels through economic purpose. We also include a
the complex interaction of mathematical hydropower energy system to enhance the
equations, all of which are essential in overall performance of the renewable
achieving energy-efficient operations and energy system since we recognize the
lowering costs (Meliani et al., 2021; Absulla importance of energy balancing and risk
et al., 2016; LI et al., 2014). reduction. To do this, we create a dynamic
The way we harvest and use renewable optimal control approach that efficiently
energy could be completely changed by the determines the system's most successful
incorporation of such cutting-edge operational strategy.
optimization and optimal control approaches The subsequent sections of this paper are
(Iris et al., 2021; Oree et al., 2017). These organized as follows, providing a structured
techniques pave the way for the seamless overview of our research and findings.
integration of renewable energy sources into Section 2 presents a comprehensive analysis
existing power grids by successfully of the technical and economic
addressing the issues posed by considerations associated with the
intermittency, control restrictions, and optimization of renewable energy systems,
operating costs (Fathima et al., 2015; highlighting the key factors that necessitate
Ouramdane et al., 2021). Additionally, they the development of advanced optimization
help to improve the entire energy models. In Section 3, we formulate the
infrastructure's stability, dependability, and optimization problem for energy-efficient
sustainability, bringing us one step closer to operations of renewable energy systems,
a cleaner and greener energy future (Herzog taking into account the specific
et al., 2001; Majid et al., 2020). requirements and constraints.
The introduction and widespread use of On top of that, Section 4 elaborates on the
renewable energy sources have ushered in a optimization process in depth and
new era of potential in the energy industry. introduces the dynamic optimal control
But in order to use these sources to their strategy created for our proposed model,
fullest capacity, integration problems must explaining its theoretical underpinnings and
be resolved. The efficient and successful real-world application.
management of renewable energy systems is To show the effectiveness and efficiency of
made possible by the development of the suggested methodology, we offer the
sophisticated optimization and optimal outcomes of two interesting case studies that
control approaches, in addition to have been simulated in Section 5. These
sophisticated mathematical models. By case studies show concretely how our
adopting these approaches, we may methodology can improve the operational
maximize the advantages of renewable performance of renewable energy systems
energy, promoting the development of a and contribute to the overall optimization of
sustainable energy sector that is both energy resources. Finally, in Section 6, we
suggest opportunities for further study and

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 269

Volume 10; Issue: 7; July 2023
Venant Niyonkuru. Development of an advanced optimization and optimal control mathematical model for
energy-efficient operations of renewable energy

development in the area of optimization and In this regard, the optimization problem can
optimal control for renewable energy be expressed as follows:
systems, review the key findings, and draw
illuminating conclusions. 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑝ℎ ,𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑝 (𝑝ℎ , 𝑝𝑝 ) + 𝑐𝑠 (𝑝ℎ , 𝑝𝑝 ) + 𝑐𝑡 (𝑝ℎ , 𝑝𝑝 )
This research intends to shed light on the
possibilities and benefits of leveraging Subject to:
advanced mathematical models to promote
energy-efficient operations through the Generation constraints:
presentation of our advanced optimization 𝑝𝑝 + 𝑝ℎ = 𝑃
and optimal control model for hydropower 0 ≤ pp ≤ Pp
and PV-based renewable energy systems. 0 ≤ ph ≤ Ph
Our approach has the potential to
revolutionize the way renewable energy Operation constraints:
systems are created, maintained, and PV constraints:
improved, leading to a more
0 ≤ ṗ p ≤ Ṗp
environmentally friendly and sustainable
energy landscape by taking into account 0 ≤ δ̇p ≤ ∆̇p
technical, financial, and operational Hydropower constraints:
variables. 0 ≤ ṗ h ≤ Ṗh
0 ≤ δ̇h ≤ ∆̇h
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC
CONSIDERATION Where 𝑐𝑝 ,𝑐𝑠 and 𝑐𝑡 represent the unit costs
The basic objective of energy management for, respectively, obtaining electricity from
systems is to keep the supply and demand the grid, solar energy, and the cost of fuel
for energy in balance (Corchero et al., and maintenance; P, 𝑃𝑝 and 𝑃ℎ represent the
2014). The level of supply reliability, the total available capacity, photovoltaic
quality of the power delivered, and the cost capacity, and hydropower capacity; Ṗp , and
of the energy generated are just a few of the
Ṗh are the maximum allowable ramp-up and
technical considerations when developing
ramp-down rates of PV and hydropower,
energy management systems (Lupangu et
al., 2017; Ribeiro et al., 2001]. The respectively; ∆̇p and ∆̇h represent the
possibility for profit maximization or the maximum allowable changes in, PV and
reduction of operational costs, such as fuel operating points of hydropower
and maintenance costs, are the focus of the respectively
economic consideration. To achieve this,
both technical and financial goals should be OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE AND
met while optimizing the operation of DYNAMIC OPTIMAL CONTROL
renewable energy systems (Ma et al., 2018; The suggested strategy involves
Olatomiwa et al., 2016). incorporating financial goals, including
maximizing profit or minimizing overhead,
PROBLEM FORMULATION into optimization techniques for running
The suggested model's goal is to operate renewable energy plants. The objective
renewable energy systems based on function of the optimization problem, which
photovoltaic (PV) technology and represents the cost of purchasing from the
hydropower as efficiently as possible. The grid, the cost of solar radiation, and the cost
model is specifically designed to maximize of fuel and maintenance, is composed of
profit or reduce operating expenses while three cost functions using a mathematical
taking into account a variety of operational programming approach in order to do this.
restrictions. Additionally, the optimization issue takes
into account numerous operational

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 270

Volume 10; Issue: 7; July 2023
Venant Niyonkuru. Development of an advanced optimization and optimal control mathematical model for
energy-efficient operations of renewable energy

restrictions, including constraints on The dynamic optimum control problem's

hydropower ramp rate and capacity as well essential elements are a prediction model to
as constraints on generating capacity and forecast the system's future state and an
PV smoothing. optimization technique to produce the ideal
A genetic algorithm is used to address the control variables. An approach called
optimization problem and provide the best discrete-time model predictive control is
operating strategy for renewable energy utilized to get the best power set points.
systems. The suggested model also
incorporates a dynamic optimal control CASE STUDY RESULT
strategy to forecast the best hydropower and Two case studies are simulated using the
PV output for various economic goals. The Python program to show the effectiveness of
ramp up and ramp down restrictions of the the suggested model. The first case study
PV and hydropower systems are taken into simulates a PV system for 12 hours with a
account when formulating the dynamic 10 MW rated capacity and a 0.20 USD/kWh
optimum control problem as a constrained billing rate. The assumed electricity demand
optimal control problem, with the economic is 5 MW.
objective of minimizing the overall cost of
generating.

Figure 1 displays the case study's findings.

Both the best grid purchase (green curve) In the second case study, a PV-hydropower
and the best PV production (blue curve) system with a total rated capacity of 15 MW
against time are presented. and a billing rate of 0.30 USD/kWh is
The outcomes of the simulation shows that simulated throughout the course of 12
the suggested paradigm significantly hours. The projected electricity demand is 8
reduces operational costs. MW.
Figure 2 displays the case study's findings.

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 271

Volume 10; Issue: 7; July 2023
Venant Niyonkuru. Development of an advanced optimization and optimal control mathematical model for
energy-efficient operations of renewable energy

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energy-efficient operations of renewable energy

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230735

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