Specific Volume
Is the volume per unit mass.
V 1
v= V=
m ρ
Gravity
-Is the natural force that tends to cause physical
towards each other
g = 9.812 m/s2
g = 32.2 ft/s2
Specific weight/weight Density
Is the weight per unit.
volume.
W
γ= γ= ρg
V
𝛄water = 9.81 KN/M3
γwater = 62.4 lbf/ft3
Relative Density/Specific gravity
-is the ratio of the density of a certain substance to
the reference density at the same term.
ρ(solid /liquid )
SG=
ρwater
ρgas
SG=
ρair
Mass and volume flow rate
Is the mass and volume per unit time.
Annotation:
V̊ = “denoted as Q” Volume per rate
V = volume of fluid
m̊ = Mass flow rate
V m
V̊ = m̊ =
Time Time
V̊ = A𝛎 m̊ = 𝛒V̊
m̊ = 𝛒A𝛎
Conservation of mass
m1+m2 = m3
Continuity Equation
m̊ = 𝛒A𝛎
𝛒1A1𝛎1 = 𝛒2A2𝛎2
1
Note: 𝜌 =
v
Water is incompressible so density can be erased.
Pressure
Absolute pressure
True pressure measured above perfect vacuum.
Gage pressure
is measured from the level of atmospheric pressure
by instruments like pressure gage and open-ended
manometer.
Atmospheric pressure
Local pressure measured by instruments like
barometers.
Pabs = Patm + Pgage
Standard Atm pressure & Units
1atm = 101.325 kPa
= 14.7 psi
= 1.032 kg/cm2
= 29.92inHg
= 760mmHg
=760torr
=1.01325 bar
=10.33mH2O
Gage pressure
Pg = γ∆z
Pg = γfh
Bernoulli’s Equation for pumps
Total head or total dynamic head, H
Is the total energy developed by the pump expressed
in height of liquid is the algebraic sum of pressure
head velocity head elevation head, and friction head.
Total head or total dynamic head, H
Annotation:
H = Elevation change “height between the discharge
and suction points”
Pd = Pressure Discharge
Ps = Pressure suction
Vd = Velocity at the discharge
Vs = Velocity at the suction
Zd = Elevation at the discharge
Zs = Elvation at Suction
Hfd= Head loss due to friction Discharge
Hfs = head loss due to friction on suction
Friction head loss, Hf
Is the head lost by the flow in a stream or conduit
due to friction disturbance set up by the moving
liquid, its containing conduit and by intermolecular
friction.
FRICTION HEAD LOSS, Hf
Annotation:
L= Total length
v= Velocity
D= Inside diameter
g= Gravitational acceleration
f= Coef. Of friction (taken from table)
Hydraulic or waterpower
Is the theoretical power necessary to raise a given
volume of liquid from a lower to a higher elevation.
Annotation:
γ = sp. Weight
Q = volume flow rate
H= Total Head of pump
Fluid Pressure Formula
P(pressure) = ρ(density) g(gravity)h(height)
Efficiencies on pumps:
Pump efficiency
Pw
ep=
Pb
Motor efficiency
Pb
em=
Pi
Overall Efficiency
Pw Pb
e=ep∗em= x
P b Pi
Pw
e=
Pi
Where:
Pw = waterpower
Pb = brake power
PI = input power
Specific (Critical) Speed of Pump
N = rpm
H = ft or m
Q = gpm or m3/s
Ns
N
√ Q
suction
¿¿
Affinity or similarity Laws
For Specific Centrifugal Pump
Q H P
1 2 3 N
1 2 3 D
( ) ( )( )
1 1
Q1 N1 D1
=
Q2 N2 D2
( ) ( )( )
2 2
H1 N D1
= 1
H2 N2 D2
( ) ( )( )
3 3
P1 N1 D1
=
P2 N2 D2
For Geometrically similar pump
Q H P
1 2 3 N
3 2 5 D
( ) ( )( )
1 3
Q1 N1 D1
=
Q2 N2 D2
( ) ( )( )
2 2
H1 N D1
= 1
H2 N2 D2
( ) ( )( )
3 5
P1 N1 D1
=
P2 N2 D2
___________________________________________
Fan & Blowers
Fan – Is a machine used to apply power to a gas to
increase energy content thereby causing it to flow or
move.
Blower - is a fan used to force air under pressure
that is the resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily
upon the discharge.
Exhauster – is a fan used to withdraw air under
suction, that is the resistance to gas flow is primarily
upon the inlet.
Performance of fans – it is a statement of volume,
total pressures, static pressures power input,
mechanical and static efficiencies at standard air
density.
Air Power (Power output of fan)
Pair =(γQH )air
Brake power (Power input of fan)
Pair
P b=
Em
Where:
γ = sp. Weight of air
Q = Volume flow rate (fan capacity)
H = total head in air
Em = mechanical efficiency of fan
Capacity of Fan, Q
- Is the volume flow rate measured at
the fan outlet.
Q = Av
Where:
A = Fan outlet area
v = fan outlet Velocity
Total Head. H
- Is the sum of the static head and
velocity head of the air.
H = hs + h v
Static head, hs
- Is the height of the surface of the fluid
above a gauge point most of the time is
given in manometer reading height of
water.
Pwater = Pair
γwhw = γahs(a)
ρwhw = ρahs(a)
