Industry 4.

0 Interoperability,
Analytics, Security, and
Case Studies
 Big Data for Industry 4.0: Challenges and Applications

Sandhya Makker, K. Martin Sagayam, and Rohail Hassan

Industry 4.0 or fourth industrial revolution refers to interconnectivity, automation and real time
data exchange between machines and processes. There is a tremendous growth in big data from
internet of things (IoT) and information services which drives the industry to develop new models
and distributed tools to handle big data. Cutting-edge digital technologies are being harnessed to
optimize and automate production including upstream supply-chain processes, warehouse man-
agement systems, automated guided vehicles, drones etc. The ultimate goal of industry 4.0 is to
drive manufacturing or services in a progressive way to be faster, effective and effcient that can
only be achieved by embedding modern day technology in machines, components, and parts that
will transmit real-time data to networked IT systems. These, in turn, apply advanced soft comput-
ing paradigms such as machine learning algorithms to run the process automatically without any
manual operations. The new book series will provide readers with an overview of the state-of-the-
art in the feld of Industry 4.0 and related research advancements. The respective books will iden-
tify and discuss new dimensions of both risk factors and success factors, along with performance
metrics that can be employed in future research work. The series will also discuss a number of
real-time issues, problems and applications with corresponding solutions and suggestions. Sharing
new theoretical fndings, tools and techniques for Industry 4.0, and covering both theoretical and
application-oriented approaches. The book series will offer a valuable asset for newcomers to the
feld and practicing professionals alike. The focus is to collate the recent advances in the feld, so
that undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, academicians, and industry people can
easily understand the implications and applications of the feld.

Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies

G Rajesh, Raajini X. Mercilin and Hein Dang Thi Thu

For more information about this series, please visit:https://www.routledge.com/

Big-Data-for-Industry-4.0-Challenges-and-Applications/book-series/CRCBDICA
Industry 4.0 Interoperability,
Analytics, Security, and
Case Studies

Edited by
G. Rajesh, X. Mercilin Raajini,
and Hien Dang
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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Contents
Editors ......................................................................................................................vii
Contributors ..............................................................................................................ix

Chapter 1 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industry 4.0:
An Overview ........................................................................................ 1
Nguyen Tuan Thanh Le and Manh Linh Pham

Chapter 2 Impact of Blockchain-Based Cyber Security Implementing

Industry 4.0......................................................................................... 13
Puja Das, K. Martin Sagayam, AsikRahaman Jamader, and
Hung Nguyen

Chapter 3 Hybrid Huffman Tree Model for Securing Medical

Data Using Steganography ................................................................. 35
A. Saranya, Mohak Narang, R. Anandan,
S. Aruna, and Balaganesh

Chapter 4 Energy Conservation in IOT-Based Intelligent

Transport System ................................................................................ 51
A. Sivasangari, D. Deepa, Chiung Ching Peter Ho,
M.S. Roobini, and R. Vignesh

Chapter 5 Digital Information System for Attack Reduction

in Industry 4.0 .................................................................................... 65
Srinivasan Selvaraj, Raja Kothandaraman, Kannan Kaliyan,
and Pratheepan Thuraiyappah

Chapter 6 An Intelligent Blockchain-Based Framework

for Securing Smart Grid ..................................................................... 81
G. Jaspher W. Kathrine, Bahman Javadi,
J. Dinesh Peter, and G. Matthew Palmer

Chapter 7 Intelligent Fog Computing for Industrial

Wireless Sensor Networks.................................................................. 95
S. Karthikeyan, K. Vimala Devi, and K. Valarmathi

v
vi Contents

Chapter 8 A Secure Data Sharing Scheme Based on Blockchain for

Industrial Internet of Things Using Consensus Algorithm .............. 119
M. Yuvaraju and P.M. Benson Mansingh

Chapter 9 Smart Trust Management Scheme for Detecting Attacks in IoT

and Ubiquitous Computing .............................................................. 133
A. Sivasangari, R.M. Gomathi, A. Jesudoss, L. Lakshmanan,
K. Indira, and T. Samraj Lawrence

Chapter 10 IoT-Based Smart Pipeline Leakage Detecting System for

Petroleum Industries......................................................................... 149
A. Devi, M. Julie Therese, P. Dharani Devi, and T. Ananth Kumar

Chapter 11 IOT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems ............................................... 169

M.R. Ebenezar Jebarani, P. Kavipriya, S. Lakshmi, and Nehru
Kandasamy

Chapter 12 Safety Wing for Industry (SWI 2020) – An Advanced

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Design for Safety and Security
Facility Management in Industries................................................... 181
T. Ananth Kumar, S. Arunmozhi Selvi, R.S. Rajesh, and G. Glorindal

Chapter 13 An Effcient Decentralized Medical Prescription Tracking

Using Blockchain ............................................................................. 199
D.R. Anita Sofa Liz, M. Stef Vinciya, H. Saagarika, and
A. Kapil Ramachandran

Chapter 14 Blockchain for Industry 4.0: An Assessment of

Blockchain Adoptability...................................................................209
Rajakumar Arul, Raja Kothandaraman,
Kannan Kaliyan, and Nizar Banu P.K.

Chapter 15 An Effective E-Learning Mechanism to Meet the Learning

Demand of Industry 4.0.................................................................... 225
A. Jaya, P. Sheik Abdul Khader,
A. Abdul Azeez Khan, K. Javubar Sathick,
L. Arun Raj, and Ho Chiung Ching

Index ...................................................................................................................... 243

Editors
G. Rajesh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Information Technology at Anna University, Chennai, India.
He earned a PhD in trust-based temporal data aggregation
for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks at Anna
University in 2016. He did postgraduate in computer sci-
ence engineering at the Government College of Engineering,
Tirunelveli under Anna University. He earned an undergrad-
uate degree in information technology at AVC College of
Engineering at Anna University. He has 12 years of teaching
and research experience. His area of research interest includes
wireless sensor networks and its IoT applications, software engineering machine
learning, data analysis, and computational optimization. His research contributions
include 3 patents from India, 2 authored books, 2 edited books, and many articles
in reputed international journals and at conferences. He also is a reviewer at reputed
journals and conferences. He is an active member of IEEE, SAEINDIA, the Society
of Automotive Engineers, and the International Association of Engineers (IAENG).

X. Mercilin Raajini is an Associate Professor in the

Department of Electronics and Communication at Prince Shri
Venkatesahwara Padmavathy Engineering College at Anna
University, Chennai, India. She earned a PhD in enhanced
routing techniques for energy management in wireless sen-
sor networks at Anna University, India in 2016. She com-
pleted postgraduate work in power electronics and drives at
Government College of Engineering, Tirunelveli at Anna
University in 2007. She earned an undergraduate degree in
electronics and communication at Noorul Islam College of
Engineering, under MS University in 2001. She has 15 years of teaching and research
experience. Her area of research interest includes wireless sensor networks and its
IoT applications, signal processing, machine learning, and computational optimiza-
tion. Her research contributions include 2 patents from India, 3 authored books, 2
edited books, and many published articles in international journals and at confer-
ences. She also is a reviewer for reputed journals and conferences. She is an active
member of ISTE, SAEINDIA, and the Society of Automotive Engineers.

vii
viii Editors

Hien Dang earned a PhD in computer science in 2010. She is

on the faculty at Computer Science and Engineering Faculty,
Thuy Loi University, Vietnam. She is also a research scholar
at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA. She is the
author or coauthor of many books and has more than thirty
papers in journals and conference contributions. Her research
areas include artifcial intelligence, machine learning, deep
learning, problems about regressive prediction, Big Data ana-
lytics, and processing for practical applications.
Contributors
Anandan Puja Das
Department of Computer Science & Department of Computer Science
Engineering Hiralal Majumdar Memorial College
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & for Women
Advanced Studies Kolkota, India
Chennai, India
D. Deepa
Rajakumar Arul School of Computing
Amrita School of Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Technology
Bangalore, India Chennai, India

S. Aruna A. Devi
Department of Software Engineering Department of ECE
SRM Institute of Science & Technology IFET College of Engineering
India Villupuram, India

Balaganesh K. Vimala Devi

Faculty of Computing Science and School of Computer Science and
Multimedia Engineering
Lincoln University College Vellore Institute of Technology
Malaysia India

P. K. Nizar Banu P. Dharani Devi

Department of CS Department of ECE
Christ Deemed to Be University IFET College of Engineering
Bangalore, India Villupuram, India

Ho Chiung Ching G. Glorindal

Department of Computing and Department of Information and
Information Systems Communication Technology
Sunway University DMI – St. John the Bapist University
Malaysia Malawi

Peter Ho Chiung Ching R.M. Gomathi

Department of Computing and School of Computing
Information Systems Sathyabama Institute of Science and
School of Science and Technology Technology
Sunway University Chennai, India
Selangor, Malaysia

ix
x Contributors

K. Indira Nehru Kandasamy

School of Computing Department of Electrical & Computer
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Engineering
Technology National University of Singapore
Chennai, India Singapore

AsikRahaman Jamader S. Karthikeyan

Penguin School of Department of Electronics and
Hotel Management Instrumentation Engineering
Kolkota, India M. Kumarasamy College of
Engineering
Bahman Javadi Karur, India
School of Computer, Data and
Mathematical Sciences G. Jaspher W. Kathrine
Western Sydney University Department of CSE
Australia Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences
A. Jaya Coimbatore, India
Department of Computer Applications
B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute P. Kavipriya
of Science & Technology Department of Electronics and
Chennai, India Communication Engineering
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
M.R. Ebenezar Jebarani Technology
Department of Electronics and Chennai, India
Communication Engineering
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
Technology P. Sheik Abdul Khader
Chennai, India Department of Computer Applications
B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute
A. Jesudoss of Science & Technology
School of Computing Chennai, India
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
Technology A. Abdul Azeez Khan
Chennai, India Department of Computer Applications
B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute
Kannan Kaliyan of Science & Technology
Faculty of Engineering and Technology Chennai, India
Jain Deemed to Be University
Bangalore, India
Contributors xi

Raja Kothandaraman P.M. Benson Mansingh

Department of Computer Science and Department of Electronics and
Engineering Communication Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Sri Ramakrishna Institute of
Technology Technology
India Coimbatore, India

Mohak Narang
T. Ananth Kumar Department of Software Engineering
Department of ECE SRM Institute of Science & Technology
IFET College of Engineering Chennai, India
Villupuram, India

Hung Nguyen
L. Lakshmanan Model Validation Analyst
School of Computing Regions Financial Corp.
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Birmingham, Alabama
Technology
Chennai, India
G. Matthew Palmer
Department of CSE
S. Lakshmi Karunya Institute of Technology and
Department of Electronics and Sciences
Communication Engineering Coimbatore, India
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
Technology
Chennai, India J. Dinesh Peter
Department of CSE
T. Samraj Lawrence Karunya Institute of Technology and
Department of IT Sciences
Dambi Dolo University Coimbatore, India
Ethiopia
Manh Linh Pham
Nguyen Tuan Thanh Le Faculty of Information Technology
Faculty of Computer Science and VNU University of Engineering and
Engineering, Technology
Thuyloi University Hanoi, Vietnam
Hanoi, Vietnam
L. Arun Raj
D.R. Anita Sofia Liz Department of Computer Applications
Department of Computer Science and B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent
Engineering Institute of Science & Technology
New Prince Shri Bhavani College of Chennai, India
Engineering and Technology
Chennai, India
xii Contributors

R.S. Rajesh K. Javubar Sathick

Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Applications
Engineering B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute
Manonmaniam Sundaranar of Science & Technology
University Chennai, India
Tirunelveli, India
S. Arunmozhi Selvi
A. Kapil Ramachandran Department of Computer Science and
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Engineering Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
New Prince Shri Bhavani Tirunelveli, India
College of Engineering and
Technology
Srinivasan Selvaraj
Chennai, India
School of Computer Science & IT
Jain Deemed to Be University
M.S. Roobini Bangalore, India
School of Computing
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
A. Sivasangari
Technology
School of Computing
Chennai, India
Sathyabama Institute of Science and
Technology
H. Saagarika Chennai, India
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
New Prince Shri Bhavani College of M. Julie Therese
Engineering and Technology Department of ECE
Chennai, India Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering
College
Pondicherry, India
K. Martin Sagayam
Department of ECE Pratheepan Thuraiyappah
Karunya Institute of Technology and Library Department
Sciences Uva Wellassa University
Coimbatore, India Badulla
Sri Lanka
A. Saranya
Department of Computer Science & K. Valarmathi
Engineering Department of Electronics and
Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Communication Engineering
Advanced Studies P.S.R. Engineering College
and Sivakasi, India
Department of Software Engineering
SRM Institute of Science & Technology
Chennai, India
Contributors xiii

R. Vignesh M. Yuvaraju
School of Computing Department of Electrical and
Sathyabama Institute of Electronics Engineering
Science and Technology Anna University Regional
Chennai, India Campus
Coimbatore, India
M. Stefi Vinciya
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
New Prince Shri Bhavani College of
Engineering and Technology
Chennai, India
 Big Data Analytics
1 and Machine Learning
for Industry 4.0:
An Overview
Nguyen Tuan Thanh Le and Manh Linh Pham

CONTENTS
1.1 Big Data Analytics for Industry 4.0 .................................................................. 1
1.1.1 Characteristics of Big Data ...................................................................1
1.1.2 Characteristics of Big Data Analytics .................................................. 3
1.2 Machine Learning for Industry 4.0 ..................................................................4
1.2.1 Supervised Learning.............................................................................5
1.2.2 Unsupervised Learning ........................................................................5
1.2.3 Semi-Supervised Learning ...................................................................6
1.2.4 Reinforcement Learning .......................................................................6
1.2.5 Machine Learning for Big Data............................................................ 6
1.3 Deep Learning for Industry 4.0: State of the Art .............................................7
1.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................9
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................9

1.1 BIG DATA ANALYTICS FOR INDUSTRY 4.0

1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIG DATA
The concept of “Big data” was mentioned for the frst time by Roger Mougalas in
2005 [1]. It refers to a large scale data, one of the characteristics of Industry 4.0, that
cannot be stored in a single computer and is almost impossible to be handled using
traditional data analytics approaches. Big data applications exploded after 2011 are
related to the improvement in computing power and storage as well as the reduction
in the cost of sensors, communication and, recently, the development of the Internet
of Things (IoT). These advances have leaded to the utilization of multiple sources
(sensors, applications, people, and animals) in the generation of data. In 2011, Big
data is defned by [2] using 4Vs characteristics, including: Volume, Velocity, Variety,
and also Value. Then the ffth one, Veracity, was introduced in 2012 [3], as shown
in Fig. 1.1.

1
2 Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies

FIGURE 1.1 5Vs Characteristics of Big Data

Volume hints to the size and/or scale of datasets. Until now, there is no univer-
sal threshold for data volume to be considered as big data, because of the time and
diversity of datasets. Generally, big data can have the volume starting from exabyte
(EB) or zettabyte (ZB) [4].
Variety implies the diversity of data in different forms which contain structured,
semi-structured, or unstructured ones. Real-world datasets, coming from heteroge-
neous sources, are mostly under unstructured or semi-structured form that makes
the analysis challenging because of the inconsistency, incompleteness, and noise.
Therefore, data prepossessing is needed to remove noise, which includes some steps
such as data cleaning, data integrating, and data transforming [5].
Velocity indicates the speed of processing data. It can fall into three categories:
streaming processing, real-time processing, or batch processing. This characteristic
emphasizes that the speed of producing data should keep up with the speed of pro-
cessing data [4].
Value alludes to the usefulness of data for decision making. Giant companies
(e.g., Amazon, Google, Facebook, etc.) analyze daily large scale datasets of users
and their behavior to give recommendations, improve location services, or provide
targeted advertising, etc. [3].
Veracity denotes the quality and trustworthiness of datasets. Due to the variety
characteristic of data, the accuracy and trust become harder to accomplish and they
play an essential role in applications of big data analytics (BDA). As with analyz-
ing millions of health care entries in order to respond to an outbreak that impacts
on a huge number of people (e.g., the CoVid-19 pandemic) or veterinary records to
guess the plague in swine herd (e.g., African swine fever or porcine reproductive and
Big Data Analytics for Industry 4.0 3

respiratory syndrome), any ambiguities or inconsistencies in datasets can impede the

precision of analytic process [3], leading to a catastrophic situation.
Generally, big data in the context of Industry 4.0 can originate from several and
various sources, such as: product or machine design data, machine-operation data
from control systems, manual-operation records performed by staff, product-quality
and process-quality data, manufacturing execution systems, system-monitoring and
fault-detection deployments, information on operational costs and manufacturing,
logistics information from partners, information from customers on product utiliza-
tion, feedback, and so on and so forth [6]. Some of these datasets are semi-structured
(e.g., manual-operation records), a few are structured (e.g., sensor signals), and oth-
ers are completely unstructured (e.g., images). Therefore, an enterprise 4.0 requires
cutting-edge technologies that can fully take advantage of the valuable manufactur-
ing data, including: machine learning (ML) and BDA.

1.1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIG DATA ANALYTICS

BDA can be referred to as “the process of analyzing large scale datasets in order to
fnd unknown correlations, hidden patterns, and other valuable information which
is not able to be analysed using conventional data analytics” [7], as the conventional
data analysis techniques are no longer effective because of the special characteristics
of big data: massive, heterogeneous, high dimensional, complex, erroneous, unstruc-
tured, noisy, and incomplete [8].
BDA has attracted attention from not only academic but also industrial scientists
as the requirement of discovering hidden trends in large scale datasets increases.
Reference [9] compared the impact of BDA for Industry 4.0 with the invention of
the microscope and telescope for biology and astronomy, respectively. Recently,
the considerable development in the ubiquitous IoT (i.e., Internet of Things), sensor
networks, and CPS (i.e., cyber-physical systems) have expanded the data-collection
process to an enormous scale in numerous domains, including: social media, smart
cities, education, health care, fnance, agriculture, etc. [3].
Various advanced techniques to analyze data (i.e., ML, computational intelligence,
data mining, natural language processing) and potential strategies (i.e., paralleliza-
tion, divide and conquer, granular computing, incremental learning, instance selec-
tion, feature selection, and sampling) can help to handle big data issues. Empowering
more effcient processing, and making better decisions can also be obtained by using
these techniques and strategies [3].
Divide and conquer helps to reduce the complexity of computing problems. It is
composed of three phases: frstly, it reduces the large-complex problem into several
smaller, easier ones; secondly, it tries to solve each smaller problem; and fnally, it
combines the solutions of all the smaller problems to solve the original problem [3].
Parallelization allows one to improve computation time by dividing big problems
into smaller instances, distributing smaller tasks across multiple threads and then
performing them simultaneously. This strategy decreases computation time instead
of total amount of work because multiple tasks can be performed simultaneously
rather than sequentially [10].
4 Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies

Incremental learning is widely practiced and used to handle streaming data. It is

a learning algorithm and can be trained continuously with additional data rather than
current ones. In the learning process, this strategy tunes parameters each time new
input data comes in [10].
Granular computing helps to simplify the elements from a large space by group-
ing them into subsets, or granules [11, 12]. By reducing large elements to a search
space which is smaller, any uncertainty of elements in this search space is identifed
effectively [13].
Feature selection is useful for preparing high scale datasets. This strategy handles
big data by determining a subset of relevant features which are for an aggregation.
Nevertheless, the data representation is more precise in this particular strategy [14].
Instance selection is a major approach for pre-processing data. It helps to shorten
training sets and run-time in the training phases [15].
Sampling is a method for data reducing that helps to derive patterns in big datas-
ets by generating, manipulating, and analyzing subsets of the original data [10].

1.2 MACHINE LEARNING FOR INDUSTRY 4.0

Machine learning (ML), a state-of-the-art subfield of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) – Fig. 1.4, has now been powering several aspects of our society: infor-
mation search on the Internet, content filtered on social networks, recommen-
dations of e-commercial platforms, or accurate language translation, virtual
classrooms in education, support for diagnosing diseases in medicine, etc. [16].
It has been applied successfully to solve several real problems, such as: tran-
scribing speech into text, matching new items, identifying objects, selecting
relevant search results, etc. [16].
Actually, the goal of a typical ML to fnd a mathematical formula (i.e., the
model), when applied to a collection of inputs (i.e., the training data) then produces
the desired outputs [17]. The “invented” mathematical formula is also expected to
generate the “correct” outputs for most other new inputs (distinct from the training
data) on the assumption that those inputs come from the same or a similar statistical
distribution of the training data [17].
In order to teach the machine, three components are needed, including:

• (1) data – the more diverse and bigger the data, the better the result; (2) fea-
tures – also know as parameters or variables (e.g., age, gender, stock price,
etc.), they are the factors that the machine is looking at; and (3) algorithms –
the steps we follow to solve the given problem that affects the precision,
performance, and size of our model [18].

Generally, ML algorithms can be classifed into four main types: (1) supervised
learning, (2) unsupervised learning, (3) semi-supervised learning, and (4) reinforce-
ment learning [17, 19], as shown in Fig. 1.2.
Big Data Analytics for Industry 4.0 5

FIGURE 1.2 Four Main Categories of Machine Learning

1.2.1 SUPERVISED LEARNING

To fnd out a mathematical formula that maps inputs to already-known outputs,
when provided with a set of human-annotated examples, is the purpose of a super-
vised learning algorithm. In this case, we have a “supervisor” or a “teacher” who
gives the machine all the answers, like whether it’s a cat or a dog in a given picture
[18], i.e., a classifcation problem. The “teacher” has already labeled input datasets
and the machine will learn on top of these examples [18].
A specifc kind of supervised learning is self-supervised learning, in which the
machine learns without human-annotated labels [19]. There are still associated
labels, but they are generated from the input data typically using a heuristic algo-
rithm [19].

1.2.2 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING

In contrast to the former, in this case, the machine has no “supervisor” or “teacher”.
Input data is not labeled; the machine is left on its own, trying to fnd certain hidden
patterns or structures in datasets. For example, in a clustering problem, the model
(i.e., a mathematical formula) will output a cluster identifer for each input data. Or in
a dimensionality reduction problem, the model will output a new vector with fewer
features than the original one of input data [17].
6 Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies

1.2.3 SEMI-SUPERVISED LEARNING

In this case, input data contains not only labeled but also unlabeled examples. The
purpose of semi-supervised learning is the same as the purpose of supervised learn-
ing [17]. By using several unlabeled examples (i.e., adding more information about
the problem that then refects better the probability distribution of data), we can help
our learning algorithm to fnd out better models [17].

1.2.4 REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

In this case, the machine, also called an agent, is embedded in an environment. It is
capable of observing states of that environment as a vector of features, and then can
perform actions in response to these states [17]. Different actions can give different
rewards to the agent and could also move it to another state of the environment, and
so on. In contrast to supervised learning and unsupervised learning, where we oper-
ate with static datasets, in reinforcement learning, we work with dynamic datasets
collected repeatedly from a dynamic environment.
Learning an optimal policy is the target of a reinforcement learning algorithm,
i.e., a function that inputs the feature vector of a state and then outputs an optimal
sequence of actions to execute in that state [17], in order to maximize long-term
accumulated reward. For instance, a sequence of scaling actions such as adding or
removing virtual machines/containers to keep up with fuctuation of a resource’s
demand for big data analytic application can be a result drawn from a reinforcement
learning algorithm. The feature vector here consists of information from the applica-
tion itself (e.g., current computing power, workload) and the surrounding environ-
ment (e.g., type of media, other co-located applications).

1.2.5 MACHINE LEARNING FOR BIG DATA

Conventional ML approaches cannot handle effciently big data problems because
of its 5Vs characteristics (i.e., high speeds, diverse sources, low-value density, large
volumes, and incompleteness) [3]. Therefore, several advanced ML techniques for
BDA are proposed: feature learning, transfer learning, distributed learning, active
learning, and deep learning [3].
Feature learning empowers a system to fgure out automatically the representa-
tions required for feature detection or classifcation from raw datasets [3].
Transfer learning allows the machine to employ knowledge which has been
learned from one context to new contexts. By transferring useful information from
similar domains, it effciently improves a learner from one specifc domain [20].
Distributed learning aims to alleviate the scalability issue of conventional ML
by distributing computations on datasets among a couple of machines for scaling up
the process of learning [21]. One of the platforms using this distributed approach to
resolve scaling problems for multi-cloud applications was proposed by [22].
Active learning aims to employ adaptive data collection. In this process, param-
eters are adjusted automatically to gather as quickly as possible useful data for accel-
erating ML tasks and overpowering the problem of labeling [23].
Big Data Analytics for Industry 4.0 7

FIGURE 1.3 (a) Typical Architecture of Deep Learning Neural Network with One Output,
One Input, and K Hidden Layers; (b) Artifcial Neuron: Basic Computational Building Block
for Neural Networks

Deep learning (DL) can be employed to extract complex and high- level abstrac-
tions of data representations. It is done by using a hierarchical, layered architecture
of learning, where more abstract features (i.e., higher- level) are stated, described,
and implemented on top of less abstract ones (i.e., lower-level) [24] – see Fig. 1.3(a).
DL techniques can analyze and learn from an enormous amount of unsupervised
data, which is suitable for BDA in which raw data is mostly unlabeled as well as
uncategorized [24]. We will focus on DL for Industry 4.0 in the next section.

1.3 DEEP LEARNING FOR INDUSTRY 4.0: STATE OF THE ART

Deep learning, the most exciting branch of ML – Fig. 1.4, has been expanded on the
base of classic Artifcial Neural Networks (NNs). It supports computational models
that, in contrast to shallow NN-like models with only a few layers, consist of mul-
tiple processing (non-linear) layers. Each layer will take charge of a different level of
abstraction that helps to learn hierarchical representation of data. The functionality
of DL is emulated from the operation of the neuron network in the human brain for
processing ambient signals [25], with the notions of axon, synapse, dendrite – see
Fig. 1.3(b). DL, with different types (e.g., Recurrent Neural Networks, Autoencoders,
Convolutional Neural Networks, Deep Belief Net, etc.), has outperformed others
conventional ML techniques as well as improved dramatically cutting-edge real
problems in the recognition of objects, speech recognition, object detection, lan-
guage translation and several other areas such as self-driving cars, genomics, games,
or drug discovery, etc. [26, 16].
DL helps to discover convoluted structures in a large scale dataset by using an
optimization algorithm, called backpropagation, meaning “error backward propa-
gation”. It specifes how a model changes its (up to billions of) internal parameters.
In each layer, these parameters are used to compute the representation based on the
last one [16]. Most contemporary DL algorithms are based on Stochastic Gradient
Descent (SGD) [27].
8 Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies

FIGURE 1.4 Relationships between DL, ML, and AI [27]

In addition, DL requires fairly little manual engineering, as it can proft from

increases in the amount of available data and computation [16], and thus is suitable
for BDA. In consequence, several hidden features, which might not be seen obvi-
ously by a human, can be exposed by using a DL model [25].
For the industry sector, in order to accelerate technologies toward smart manufac-
turing, equipping intelligent and high-precision systems is very important because
they directly affect straightly the effciency of related products, reinforce productiv-
ity, and also reduce operation costs as well as maintenance expenses [25]. In this
context, a DL model can play an essential role. Indeed, a wide range of applications
for industry such as controlling robots, object detection and tracking, visual inspec-
tion of product lines, fault diagnosis, etc., can beneft by applying a DL model [25].
Luckow et al. [28] investigated visual inspection of product lines using
Convolutional Neural Network architectures including AlexNet and GoogLeNet
over different DL platforms, such as: Tensorfow, Caffe, and Torch. In this work,
several vehicle images, along with their annotation, in the assembly line are submit-
ted to a DL system. Consequently, by using the Tensorfow platform, they achieved
the best performance with accuracy of 94%.
Lee et al. [29] tackled the detection of faults found in the process of transferring
geometric shapes on a mask to the surface of a silicon wafer and classifcation prob-
lem in noisy settings by employing Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoders (SdA). They
help to lower the noise contained in descriptive sensory data, derived from electri-
cally mechanical disturbances as well as carry out classifcations of fault. The results
of this paper showed that, in comparison with other baseline methods (e.g., Support
Vector Machine or K-Nearest Neighbors), SdA drives to about 14% more accuracy
in noisy situations.
Another work that involved SdA was of Yan et al. [30]. They performed the detec-
tion of abnormal actions of combustion gas turbines by applying extreme learning
Big Data Analytics for Industry 4.0 9

machines joined with SdA. Their results showed that the features detected by SdA
led to a more improved classifcation in comparison with hand-crafted features.
Shao et al. [31] extracted features in a fault diagnosis system for rotating devices
with the input of vibration data by applying Deep Neural Networks. The authors
combined Denoising Auto-Encoders with Contractive Auto-Encoders. To diagnose
the fault, they refned the learned features using Locality Preserving Projection, then
put them into a softmax classifer. Seven conditions were considered in their sys-
tem, including: rubbing fault, compound faults (rub and unbalance), four levels of
imbalance faults as well as normal operation. The device status is identifed based
on exploitation of vibration data by the diagnosis system. It fgures out whether the
device is in fault or normal condition. Their approach used on the experiments to
diagnose the fault of locomotive bearing devices and rotors showed that it could beat
Convolutional Neural Network and other shallow learning methods.
Lee [32] supported that the detection of faults belongs to several defect types
often appearing on headlight modules of cars in a setting of vehicle manufacturer by
proposing a Deep Belief Network (DBN) model together with a cloud platform and
an IoT deployment. The results showed that the DBN model outperformed two other
baseline methods (i.e., Radial Basis Function, and Support Vector Machine) with
regard to error rate in test datasets.

1.4 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, we have reviewed two promising technologies for Industry 4.0,
namely BDA and ML. We focused on the data aspect of smart manufacturing, which
is fast and massive, and cannot be handled effciently by conventional approaches.
Indeed, by employing BDA and ML, especially DL, a wide range of industrial appli-
cations is proven to be accelerated. Although few successful works were reported
in the literature, we believe that an optimizing and fully automated production on
a large scale could be achieved in the very near future because of these potential
advanced technologies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been partly supported by Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU),
under Project No. QG.20.55.

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Intelligent Fog Computing for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Columbia Interactive E-resources: Knowledge Centers ,
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