COMMUNICATION

AND
NETWORK CONCEPTS

Developed By Vishant D Khobragade, PGT CS K V VSN Nagpur

Computer Networks – An Introduction

The interconnected collection of all

autonomous computers is called computer
network.
Two computers are said to be
interconnected if they are able to exchange
information.
ADVANTAGES/NEED OF COMPUTER NETWORK
➢ Resource Sharing :- Resource Sharing means to
make all programs, data and peripherals
available to anyone on the network irrespective
of the physical location of the resources and the
user.
➢ Reliability :- Reliability means to keep the copy
of a file on two or more different machines, so if
one of them is unavailable (due to some
hardware crash or any other) them its other copy
can be used.
➢ Cost Factor :- Cost factor means it greatly
reduces the cost since the resources can be
shared.
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
• Host/Node:- A computer attached to the network is called host or node.
• Server:- A computer that facilitate the sharing of data, software and
hardware resources on the network is called server.
• Client:- A client computer is a host computer that requests for some
services from a server.
• Network Hardware:- There are many different types of hardware that are
required in a network. Some examples of network hardware are:
➢ NIC (Network Interface Unit):- It is a network card attached to a host so as
to establish network connection.
➢ Hub, Switch, Router:- These are connectivity devices
➢ Many Others
• Communication Channel:- A communication channel is the medium used
to transport information from one network device to another. It may be
wired or wireless.
• Software:- The software layers of a network make networking possible.
 EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING
➢ ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969,
The US govt. (Department of Defense) formed an agency named
ARPANET to connect computers at various universities and defense
agencies.
➢ In mid 1980's another Federal agency, the National Science
Foundation created a new high capacity network called NSFnet
which was more capable than ARPANET.
➢ NSFnet allowed only the academic research on its Network and not
any kind of private business on it. So many private companies built
their own network which were later interconnected along with
ARPANET and NSFnet to form internet.
➢ It was the Inter networking i.e the linking of these two and some
other networks i.e the ARPANET and NSFnet and some private
networks that was named Internet.
➢ The original ARPANET was shut down in 1990 and the government
funding for NSFnet discontinued in 1995 but the commercial
internet services came into existence which in the form of
INTERNET.
➢ In general sense we can say that internet is network of networks.
➢ The internet is a worldwide network of computer network.
 INTRANET
• Intranet is a local or restricted communications
network or private network.
• It is managed by any person or organization or
company.
• The main objective of intranet is to safe and
better communication, collaboration and
employee engagement.
 INTERSPACE
• Interspace is a client/server software program
that allows multiple users to communicate
online with real –time audio, video and text
chat in dynamic 3D environments.
• Whatsapp is an example of Interspace.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
1. Sender:- Sender are those who transmits
data/information.
2. Receiver:- Receiver are those who receives
data/information.
3. Transmission media:- It is a communication channel
that transfer information from sender to receiver.
4. Communication Channel:- A communication channel
is the medium used to transport information from
one network device to another. It may be wired or
wireless.
5. Protocol :- It is a set of rules which is used to transmit
data/information between sender to receiver.
Measuring Capacity Of Communication Media
• Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be
transferred from one point to another.
• In digital systems, bandwidth is the data speed
in bits per second.
• In analog systems, bandwidth is measured in
terms of the difference between the highest-
frequency signal component and the lowest
frequency signal component.
• Bandwidth is expressed in Hz, KHz, and MHz.
 Measuring Capacity Of Communication Media
• Data transfer rate: DTR is the amount of data in digital form
that is moved from one place to another in a given time on
a network. Data rates are often measured in megabits
(million bits) or megabytes (millionbytes) per second.
• bps bits per second
• Bps bytes per second
• Kbps kilobits per second
• KBps kilo bytes per second
• Mbps megabits per second
• MBps megabytes per second
• Gbps giga bits per second
• GBps giga bytes per second
• Tbps tera bits per second
• TBps tera bytes per second
 Switching Techniques
• It describes how the data is transmitted across/over
networks.
• There are three different types of Switching Techniques:
➢ Circuit Switching:- In this type of technique, physical path is
established between two computers and then data is
transmitted from the source computer to the destination
computer.
➢ Message Switching:- In this type of technique, no physical
path is established between sender and receiver in
advance. Instead, the source computer sends data or
message to the switching office first (i.e. buffer area) then
forwarded later, one jump at a time.
➢ Packet Switching:- In this type of technique, data or
message is transmitted over the network in the form of a
fixed size packet.
 Difference between Message Switching
and Packet Switching
1. In message switching, there is no limit on block size
whereas in packet switching, there is a tight upper
limit on block size.
2. In message switching, data or message are stored in
the disk. Thus, the throughput of the network is less
whereas in packet switching all the packets of fixed
size are stored in main memory. Thus, the throughput
of the network is more.
3. In message switching a complete message is passed
across a network whereas in packet switching
message is broken into smaller units known as
packets.
 TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON
GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD
1. LAN (Local Area Network):- It is spread into limited
geographical area like an office, a school building or a
factory)
2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):- It spread over an
area as big as city.
3. WAN (Wide Area Network):- This network spread across
countries or on a very big geographical area.
4. PAN (Personal Area Network):- A Personal Area
Network is the interconnection of information technology
devices within the range of an individual person, typically
within a range of 10 meters.
➢ PAN can be wired or wireless: Wired PAN is established
through some types of cables such as USB cables.
➢ Wireless PAN is established through Bluetooth, Infrared,
Wi-Fi etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN
LAN WAN

 It spreads over a  It spreads over a very

small area. large area.
 It requires high cost
 It requires less cost as as compare to LAN.
compare to WAN.
 It is usually a
 It is usually a single
network of networks.
network.
 Error rates are very
 Error rates are very
low due to short high due to very long
distances. distances.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAN AND WAN
MAN WAN

 It spreads over a city.  It spreads over a very

large area.
 It requires less cost as  It requires high cost

compare to WAN. as compare to MAN.

 Error rates are low as  Error rates are very

compare to WAN. high as compare to

MAN.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 Transmission media is a communication
channel that transfer information from sender
to receiver.
 Broadly it is categorized into two types:

 Guided media and Unguided media

➢ Guided Media:- Guided media means through the
cable.
➢ Unguided media:- Unguided media means through
the wave, air, water or vacuum.
GUIDED MEDIA
 Twisted Pair Cables
➢ Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
➢ Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

 Coaxial Cable
➢ Thicknet Coaxial Cable
➢ Thinnet Coaxial Cable

 Optical Fibre
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 The most common form of wearing in data communication
application is the twisted pair cable.
 It consists of two identical wires together in a double helix.
 The twisting of wire reduces crosstalk.
 Forms of signal interference is called crosstalk.
Advantages:
➢ It is simple
➢ It is easy to install and maintain.
➢ It is physically flexible.
➢ It has low weight.
➢ It can be easily connected.
➢ It is very inexpensive.
Disadvantages:
➢ It is incapable of carrying a signal over long distances
without the use of repeater.
➢ Its low band with capability is make it unsuitable for
broadband applications.
TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 There are two types of twisted pair cable:
1. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable :- The
UTP cable can have maximum segment length
of 100 metres.
2. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable :- This
type of cable comes with shielding of the
individual pair of wires, which further protects
it from external interference. Like UTP, this
cable can have maximum segment length of 100
metres.
 The advantage of STP over UTP is that it offers
greater protection from interference and
crosstalk due to shielding.
 But it is definitely heavier and costlier than UTP
and requires proper grounding at both ends.
COAXIAL CABLE
Advantages:
 The data transmission characteristic of coaxial cables are
considerably better than those of twisted pair cable.
 The coaxial cable can be used as the basis for a shared cable
network.
 The coaxial cable can be used for broadband transmission.
 It offers higher bandwidth- up to 400 MBPS.
Disadvantages:
 It is expensive as compared to twisted pair cables.
 The coaxial cable are not compatible with twisted pair cables.
 Types of coaxial cables
There are two types of coaxial cable are thicknet and thinnet.
➢ Thicknet:
 This form of coaxial cable is thicker than thinnet.
 The thicknet coaxial cable segments can be up to 500 metres
long.
➢ Thinnet:
 This form of coaxial cable is thinner than thicknet.
 It can have maximum segment length of 185 meters.
OPTICAL FIBRE / FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
Advantages:
➢ There is no electromagnetic interference because the
information is travelling in the form of light signal.
➢ It is highly suitable for harsh industrial environment.

➢ It guarantee secure transmission and has a very high

transmission capacity.
➢ Fibre optic cable can be used for broadband
transmission.
Disadvantages:
➢ Installation skills is required.

➢ It is most expensive in all cables.

➢ Fibre optic cables are more difficult to solder.

➢ Light can reach the receiver out of phase.

 Unguided Media
• Microwave
• Radiowave
• Satellite
• Infrared
• Laser
• Bluetooth
 Radiowave
• Advantages :
➢ Radio wave transmission offers mobility.
➢ It proves cheaper than digging trenches for laying
cables and maintaining repeaters and cables if cables
get broken by a variety of causes.
➢ It offers freedom from land acquisition rights that are
required for laying, repairing the cables.
➢ It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
• Disadvantages:
➢ Radio wave communication is an insecure
communication.
➢ Radio wave propagation is susceptible to weather
affects like rains, thunder storms etc.
 Microwave
• Advantages
➢ It proves Cheaper than digging trenches falling cable and maintaining
repeater and cable if cable get broken by a variety of causes.
➢ It offers freedom from land acquisition rights that are required for
laying, repairing the cables.
➢ It offers ease of communication over difficult terrain.
➢ Microwave have the ability to communicate over oceans.
• Disadvantages
➢ Microwave communication is an insecure communication.
➢ Signals from a single antenna may split up and propagate by slightly
different paths to the receiving antenna. When these out-of-phase
signals recombine, they interfere, reducing the signal strength.
➢ Microwave propagation is susceptable weather effects like rains,
thunder storm etc.
➢ Bandwidth allocation is extremely limited in case of microwave.
➢ The cost of design, implementation and maintenance of microwave
links is high.
 Infrared
• This type of Transmission uses infrared light to
send data.
• You can see the use of this type of
transmission in everyday life- TV remotes,
automotive garage door, wireless speaker etc.,
all make use of infrared as transmission
media.
• The infrared light transmits data through the
air and can propagate through out a room but
will not penetrate walls.
 Advantages/Disadvantages of Infrared

Advantages
➢It is a secure medium of transmitting data.
➢It is a cheap mode of transmission.
Disadvantages
➢It can work only for short distances.
➢It cannot penetrate walls and is affected by
distance, noise and heat.
 Satellite
• Advantages :
➢ The area coverage through satellite transmission is quite large.
➢ The laying and maintenance of Intercontinental cable is difficult and
expensive and this is where the satellite proves to be the best
alternative.
➢ The heavy usage of intercontinental traffic make the satellite
commercial attractive.
➢ Satellite can cover large area of the earth. This is particularly useful
for sparsely populated areas.
• Disadvantages:
➢ Technological limitations preventing the deployment of large, high
gain antenna on the satellite platform.
➢ Over-crowding of available bandwidth due to low antenna gains.
➢ The high investment cost and insurance cost associated with
significant probability of failure.
➢ High atmospheric losses about 30 GHz limit career techniques.
 Network Topologies
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a network is
called the topology.
There are number of factors to consider for selecting of
topology but out of them only we will consider three
factor here:
1. Cost:- Cost is one of the most important factor.
Everyone would try to minimize installation cost.
2. Flexibility:- The topology should be easy for
reconfiguration of the network. This involve moving
existing node and adding new ones.
3. Reliability:- The topology chosen for the network
can help by allowing the location of the fault to be
detected and to provide some means of isolating it.
 There are different types of
topologies:
➢Star topology
➢Bus topology
➢Ring or circular topology
➢Tree topology
➢Mesh topology
➢Fully connected topology
 Star Topology
This topology consists of a central node to which all
other nodes are connected by a single path.
 Advantages of Star Topology
➢ Installation and maintenance of network is easy and
takes less time.
➢ It is easy to detect faults in this network as all
computers on the central node. This means that any
problem which makes the network non-functional
can be traced to the central node.
➢ The rate of data transfer is fast as all the data packets
or messages are transferred through Central node.
➢ As the nodes are not connected to each other, any
problem in one node does not hamper the
performance of other nodes in the network.
➢ Removal or addition of any node in Star topology
can take place easily without affecting the entire
performance of the network.
 Disadvantages of Star Topology
➢ All node of star topology are dependent on
Central node and ,therefore, any problem in the
central node makes the entire network
shutdown.
➢ Performance of the entire network is directly
dependent on the performance of the central
node. If the central node is slow it will cause
the entire network to slow down.
➢ More cabling is required in Star topology as
compared to any other topology as all nodes are
directly connected to a central node.
 The Bus or Linear Topology
➢Another popular topology for data network is the
linear.
➢This consists of a single length of the transmission
medium onto which the various nodes are
attached.
 Advantages of Bus Topology
➢Nodes can be connected or removed easily
from the bus network.
➢It requires less cable length than a star
topology.
➢Bus network is easy to implement and can be
extended up to a certain limit.
➢It works well for small network.
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology
➢ If there is a fault or break in the main cable, the entire
network shutdown.
➢ Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone
cable.
➢ Fault isolation is difficult to detect if the entire network
shutdown.
➢ When the network is required in more than one
building, bus network cannot be used.
➢ The signal becomes weaker if number of nodes
becomes large.
➢ Collision of data can take place as several nodes can
transmit data to each other at a time.
 Tree Topology
➢ In Tree Topology, all or some of the devices are connected
to the central hub, called an active hub and some of the
devices are connected to the secondary hub which may be
an active hub or passive hub.
➢ An active hub contains the repeater that regenerates the
signal when it becomes weaker with long distances.
➢ A passive hub simply provides a connection between all
other connecting nodes.
 Tree Topology
Diagram2 Diagram3
 Advantages of Tree Topology
• When one of the node stops working, it does
not impact other nodes.
• Each star segment gets a dedicated link from
the central bus. Thus, failing of one segment
does not affect the rest of the network.
• Fault identification is easy.
• The network can be expanded by the addition
of secondary nodes. Thus, scalability is
achieved.
 Disadvantages of Tree Topology
➢If the backbone line breaks, the entire
segment goes down.
➢There is a need for huge cabling.
➢A lot of maintenance is needed even if it is
easier.
➢Though it is scalable, the number of nodes
that can be added depends on the capacity of
the central bus and on the cable type.
 Mesh Topology
➢ In this topology, each node is connected to
more than one node to provide an alternative
route.
➢ Each node is connected with each other.
 Advantages of Mesh Topology
• Each communicating device carries its own
data.
• A mesh topology is robust. If one link becomes
unusable, it does not affect the entire system.
• In this topology, fault diagnosis is easy.
• Expansion and modification in topology can be
done without disrupting the other nodes.
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
• Its installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cabling cost is more for mesh topology.
• Bulk wiring is required for mesh topology.
• Maintenance cost is high.
 Network devices
Modem
➢ Modem is a device which allows a computer to
send and receive data over telephone line or
cable connections.
➢ A modem is used to changes/converts the
digital data from your computer into analog
data that can be carried by telephone lines. The
process of conversion from digital signal to
analog signal is called modulation and vice
versa is called demodulation.
➢ There are two types of modems: Internal
modem and external modem.
 NIC(Network Interface Card)
➢ The network interface card is a device that is attached
to each of the workstation and the server which helps
to establish connection with the network.
➢ Each network interface card has a unique number
which is used to identify is known as node address.
➢ The NIC is also called terminal access point (TAP).
Different manufacturers have different name for the
interface. The NIC is also called NIU- Network Interface
Unit.
➢ The NIC manufacturer assigns a unique physical
address to each NIC card. This physical address each
known as MAC address. (Media Access Control
Address).
 MAC Address
➢ The NIC manufacturer assigns a unique physical
address to each NIC card. This physical address is
known as media access control address (MAC address).
➢ A Mac address is a 6 byte address with each byte
separated by a colon e.g., a sample MAC address could
be:
10:B5:03:63:2E:FC
➢ The first three bytes of MAC address are the
manufacture-id (assigned to the manufacturer by an
international organisation namely IEEE) and the last 3
bytes are the card number(assigned by manufacturer).
➢ Diagram
 RJ-45
• RJ-45 is short for Registered Jack-45 is an
eight-wire connector which is commonly used
to connect computers on the local area
network.
 Repeater
➢A Repeater is a device that is used to amplify
and regenerate a signal which is on its way
through a communication channel. A
repeater regenerates the received signal and
re-transmits it to its destination.
 HUB
➢ A Hub is an electronic device that connects several
computers together to form a network and redirects
the received information to all the connected nodes
in broadcast mode. The computer(s) for which the
information is intended receive(s) this information
and accept(s) it. Other computers on the network
simply reject this information.
➢ There are two types of hubs:
1. Active hub:- A active hub is used to amplify the
signal as it moves from one connected device to
another.
2. Passive hub:- A passive hub simply allows the
signal to pass from one computer to another
without any change.
 HUB
Example of how a hub works is shown below. Computer A
wants to send a message to computer B. It sends the message
through the Ethernet cable to the hub, then the hub repeats
the message to all of the connected computers.
 Switch
➢ A switch is a network device which is used to
interconnect computers or devices on a network.
➢ It filters and forwards data packets only to one or
more devices for which the packet is intended across
a network.
➢ The main difference between hub and switch is that
hub replicates what it receives on one port onto all
the other ports while switch keeps a record of the
MAC addresses of the devices attached to it and
forwards data packets onto the ports for which it is
addressed across a network, that’s why switch is
intelligent Hub.
 Switch
Example of how a switch works is shown below. Using a switch,
computer A sends a message to computer B —the other
computers do not see the message. Those computers can send
other messages at the same time without interfering.
 Difference Between Hub and Switch
HUB SWTICH
Hub operates at the Physical Layer. Switch operates at the Data link Layer.
Hub use broadcast type of Switch use unicast, multicast as well
transmission. as broadcast type of transmission.

Hub shares bandwith among its Switch does not share bandwith, each
connection. connection gets full bandwidth.
Hub uses half duplex transmission Switch uses full duplex transmission
mode mode.
There is only one collision domain in a In a Switch, each port has its own
hub. collision domain.
 Bridge
➢A bridge device that is used to connect two
networks together.
➢Bridges are smart enough to know which
computers are on which side of the bridge, so
they only allowed those messages that need
to get to the other side to cross the bridge.
 Router
➢A router is a network device that forwards
data from one network to another.
➢A router works like a bridge but can handle
different protocols.
 Gateway
➢ A Gateway is a network device that connects
dissimilar networks.
➢ It establishes an intelligent connection between a
local network and external network with
completely different structures.
 Wi-Fi Card
➢A Wi-Fi is either an internal or external Local
Area Network adaptor with a built-in radio
and antenna.
➢A Wi-Fi Card is used in a desktop computer
that enables a user to establish an internet
connection.
➢Wi-Fi cards are known as wireless fidelity card
as they allow the user to setup connection
without any wire.
 Where to place a server in a network ?
In properly designed small to medium sized
network environment, 80% of the traffic on a
given network segment is local and not more
than 20% of the network traffic should need to
move across a backbone.
 NETWORK PROTOCOLS
➢ Protocol is a set of rules that two or more machines must follow to
exchange those messages.
➢ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):- It is a set of rules for
transferring hypertext that is text, graphic image, sound video ,extra
on www world wide web
➢ FTP (File Transfer Protocol):- FTP is a standard for exchange of file
across internet.
➢ TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol or Internet Protocol):-
TCP/IP is the basic communication protocol of the internet. IP part
of TCP/IP uses numeric IP address to join network segment and TCP
part of TCP/IP provides reliable delivery of message between
networked computers.
➢ SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol):- SLIP is for delivery IP packets
over dial up lines.
➢ PPP (Point to Point Protocol):- PPP is for transmitting text IP packet
over serial lines.
➢ Telnet:- Telnet is an older in internet utility that lets you log on to
remote computer system.
 Protocols Used In Email
➢ IMAP(Internet Message Access Protocol):- It is a
standard protocol for accessing email from local server.
➢ POP3(Post Office Protocol 3):- It provides a simple
standardized way for users to accept mailboxes and
download messages to their computers.
➢ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):- This is used
when you send email to another email users(the
recipient).The SMTP protocol is used by the Mail
Transfer Agent(MTA) to deliver the sent eMail to the
recipient's mail server.
➢ HTTP:- The HTTP protocol is not a protocol dedicated
for email communication but it can be used for
accessing mailbox.
 VoIP
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that
allows us to make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.
• VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that
travels over the Internet. If we are calling a regular phone
number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone
signal before it reaches the destination.
• VoIP can allow us to make a call directly from a computer,
a special VoIP phone.
• In addition, wireless "hot spots" in locations such as
airports, parks, and cafes allow us to connect to the
Internet and may enable us to use VoIP service wirelessly.
 Wireless vs Mobile Computing
➢Wireless communication is simply data
communication without the use of landlines.
➢Mobile computing means that the computing
device is not continuously connected to the
base or central network.
Wireless/Mobile Computing Technologies
➢GSM:- Global System for Mobile
communication
➢TDMA:- Time Division Multiple Access
➢SIM:- Subscriber Identity Module
➢CDMA:- Code Division Multiple Access
➢WLL:- Wireless in Local Loop
➢GPRS:- General Packet Radio Service
➢1G,2G,3G,4G and 5G Network:- The G in
wireless networks refers to the generation.
 Some More Mobile Communication Technologies
➢ EV-DO
➢ HSPA:- High Speed Packet Access
➢ IMS:- IP Multimedia Subsystem
➢ LTE:- Long Term Evolution
➢ X LTE-Advanced
➢ WiMAX:- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
➢ Wimax 2
➢ Mobile Processors
➢ SMS:- Short Message Service
➢ Chat:- Online textual talk
➢ Video Conferencing:- A two way video conversation
➢ Protocols for chat and Video Conferencing
– Most common chat protocol is IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
– Most common video conferencing protocols are: H.323 and SIP (Session
Initiation Protocol)
➢ VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
➢ Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
➢ WiMax :-WiMax is a digital communication system.
 Networking Terms and Concepts
➢ WWW:- World Wide Web
➢ Web Browser:- A web browser is a WWW client that
navigates through the World Wide Web and displays
web pages.
➢ Web Server:- A Web Server is a WWW server that
responds to the requests made by web browsers.
➢ URL:- Uniform Resource Locator
➢ Domain Name:- www.gmail.com
➢ Web Page:- The documents/pages residing on web
sites are called web pages.
➢ Home Page:- It is a top level web page of a web site.
➢ Web Hosting:- Web hosting is an online service that
allows you to publish your website files onto the
internet.
 Networking Terms and Concepts(Contd.)
➢ HTML:- Hypertext Markup Language
➢ XML:- eXtensible Markup Language
➢ DHTML:- Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language
➢ Web scripting:- The process of creating and embedding
scripts in a web page is known as web scripting.
Examples:- VBScript, JavaScript, ASP, PERL, JSP etc.
➢ Two types of web scripting:
1. Client side script:- Client-side scripting supports interaction
within a web page. Ex:- VBScripts, JavaScript.
2. Server side script:- Server side scripting supports execution
at server end. Ex:- PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor), PERL,
ASP (Active Server Pages), JSP (Java Server Pages) etc.
 WEB
• Web 2.0:-Web 2.0 refers to added features and
application that make the web more interactive,
support easy online- information exchange and
interoperability. Some noticeable features of web 2.0
are blogs, wikis, video-sharing websites, social
networking websites etc.
• Web 3.0 :- It refers to the 3rd Generation of web where
user will interact by using artificial intelligence and
with 3-D portals. Web 3.0 supports semantic web
which improves web technologies to create, connect
and share content through the intelligent search and
the analysis based on the meaning of the words,
instead of on the keywords and numbers.
 URL
➢ URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
➢ The address of a website is called URL.
➢ Each address is unique.
➢ The elements in a URL:
• Protocol://server's address/filename
• Example: http://www.google.com/index.html
where, www.google.com indicates the IP address or
the domain name where the source is located.
index.html specifies the name of the specified html
document on the website of google.
 Domain Names
• To communicate over the internet, we can use IP addresses
but it is not possible to remember the IP address of a
particular website or computer every time as it consists of a
series of numbers.
• Domain Name System makes it easier to resolve IP
addresses into names.
• It is the system which assigns names to some computers
(web servers) and maintains a database of these names
and corresponding IP addresses.
• Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular web
servers.
• For example in the URL
https://www.cbse.nic.in/welcome.htm
• the domain name is cbse.nic.in
A domain name consists of the following parts:
1. Top level domain name or primary domain name
2. Sub-domain name(s).
• For example, in the domain name cbse.nic.in
✓ in is the primary domain name
✓ nic is the subdomain of in
✓ cbse is the subdomain of nic
• The top-level domains are categorized into following
domain names:
• Generic domain names
• .com- commercial business
• .edu- Educational institutions
• .gov- Government agencies
• .mil- Military
• .net- Organizations(not-profit)
The top-level domains are categorized
into following domain names:
➢Generic domain names
• .com- commercial business
• .edu- Educational institutions
• .gov- Government agencies
• .mil- Military
• .net- Organizations(not-profit)
 Country-specific Domain Names
• .in- India
• .au- Australia
• .ca- Canada
• .ch-China
• .nz-New Zealand
• .pk-Pakistan
• .jp-Japan
• .us-United Sates of America
 Website
➢ A website is a collection of web pages which consists of
text, images and all types of multi-media files.
➢ A page of information is stored on Internet is called web
page.
Some of the common purposes for which websites are
designed are listed below:
✓ Selling products and delivering services
✓ Posting and finding information on the internet
✓ Communicating with each other
✓ Entertainment purposes
✓ Disseminating contents and software
 Difference Between Website & Webpage
Website Webpage
1. A collection of web pages which are 1. A document which can be displayed
grouped together and usually in a web browser such as Firefox,
connected together in various ways, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft
Often called a "web site" or simply a Internet Explorer etc.
"site."
2. It has content about various entity. 2. It has content about single entity.
3. More development time is required. 3. Less development time is required.
4. Website address does not depend 4. Webpage address depends on
on Webpage address. Website address.
 Difference between Static and Dynamic
webpage :-
Static Webpage Dynamic Webpage
The static web pages In the dynamic Web pages,
display the same content the page content changes
each time when someone according to the user.
visits it.
It takes less time to load over Dynamic web pages take
internet. more time while loading.
No Database used in Static A database is used at the
Webpage. server end in a dynamic web
page.
Changes rarely. Changes frequently.
 Web Server
➢ A Web Server is a WWW server that responds to the requests made by
web browsers.
➢ A web server is a computer that stores web server software and a
website's component files (e.g. HTML documents, images, CSS style
sheets, and JavaScript files).
➢ A web server can be software or hardware.
➢ When talking about a web server as computer hardware, it stores web
server software and a website's contents (HTML pages, images, CSS, and
JavaScript files). The server needs to be connected to the Internet so that
its contents can be made accessible to others.
➢ When talking about a web server as a software, it is a specialized program
that understands URLs or web addresses coming as requests from
browsers, and responds to those requests.
➢ When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the
requested page if requested page is found then it will send it to client
with an HTTP response. If the requested web page is not found, web
server will the send an HTTP response :Error 404 Not found.
➢ The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web
pages to the users using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Apart from
HTTP, a web server also supports SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) and
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocol for e-mailing, for file transfer and
storage.
 Web Hosting
➢Web hosting is an online service that enables
you to publish your website or web
application on the internet. When you sign up
for a hosting service, you basically rent some
space on a server on which you can store all
the files and data necessary for your website
to work properly.
➢A server is a physical computer that runs
without any interruption so that your website
is available all the time for anyone who wants
to see it.
 How to host a website?
To host a website, following steps are given:
• Select the web hosting service provider that will provide the web
server space as well as related technologies and services such as
database, bandwidth, data backup, firewall support, email service,
etc. This has to be done keeping in mind the features and services
that we want to offer through our website.
✓ Identify a domain name, which best suits our requirement, and get
it registered through domain name Registrar.
✓ Once we get web space, create logins with appropriate rights and
note down IP address to manage web space. Upload the files in
properly organized folders on the allocated space.
✓ Get domain name mapped to the IP address of the web server.
• The domain name system (DNS) is a service that does the mapping
between domain name and IP address. When the address of a
website is entered in a browser, the DNS finds out the IP address of
the server corresponding to the requested domain name and sends
the request to that server.
 INTERNET
➢ In general sense we can say that internet is network of
networks.
➢ The internet is a worldwide network of computer
network.
➢ The Internet is the global network of computing
devices including desktop, laptop, servers, tablets,
mobile phones, other handheld devices as well as
peripheral devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
➢ In addition, it also consists of networking devices such
as routers, switches, gateways, etc. Today, smart
electronic appliances like TV, AC, refrigerator, fan, light,
etc., can also communicate through the Internet.
 Internet Evolution
➢ ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork): In 1969, The US govt.
(Department of Defense) formed an agency named ARPANET to connect
computers at various universities and defense agencies.
➢ In mid 80's another Federal agency, the National Science Foundation created a
new high capacity network called NSFnet which was more capable than ARPANET.
➢ NSFnet allowed only the academic research on its Network and not any kind of
private business on it. So many private companies built their own network which
were later interconnected along with ARPANET and NSFnet to form internet.
➢ It was the Inter networking i.e the linking of these two and some other networks
i.e the ARPANET and NSFnet and some private networks that was named Internet.
➢ The original ARPANET was shut down in 1990 and the government funding for
NSFnet discontinued in 1995 but the commercial internet services came into
existence which in the form of INTERNET.
➢ 1969-70 – ARPANET sent text message using binary encoding and decoding.
➢ 1971- First email using @ notation
➢ 1983 – TCP/IP protocol invented and DNS was created
➢ 1989 - Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW)
➢ 1990 – Tim berner Lee created HTML,first static website for CERN
➢ 1993 – Static website was made public
➢ 1994 - Tim berner Lee developed URL
 How does Internet works
➢ Our computer or smartphone may be link to the internet using
phone line/Mobile ISP(Internet Service Provider).
➢ Our computer may be part of LAN. Then LAN will be connected to
ISP using a high speed phone line like T1 line(1.5mbps).where as
normal phone line or modem typically handle 30000 to 50000 bits
per second.
➢ ISPs then connect to larger ISP and the largest ISPs maintain fiber
optic backbones for an entire region. Backbones around the world
are connected through fiber optic lines, under sea cables or satellite
links.
➢ In this manner every computer on internet is connected to every
other computer on internet. So we can say that it is a kind of WAN
,working with the help of various networking devices and the
protocols(espcially TCP/IP) to forward data from source to
destination devices without constraints of dissimilar devices and
architecture.
 Applications of Internet
Following are some of the broad areas or
services provided through Internet:
➢The World Wide Web (WWW)
➢Electronic mail (Email)
➢Chat
➢Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
 WWW
• Most people think that WWW is Internet and vice versa,
which is not true.
• They are closely linked but quite different in their overall
working and concept.
INTERNET WWW
Internet is a means of connecting World Wide Web which is a
a computer to any other collection of information which is
computer anywhere in the world. accessed via the Internet.
WWW is service on top of that
Internet is infrastructure.
infrastructure.

Internet is superset of WWW. WWW is a subset of the Internet.

Internet uses IP address. WWW uses HTTP.

 Email
➢ Email stands for Electronic Mail
➢ E-mail or email is information stored on a computer that is exchanged
between two users over telecommunications.
➢ It is a fast and efficient way to communicate with friends or colleagues.
➢ We can communicate with one person at a time or thousands; we can
receive and send files and other information.
➢ The message can be either text entered directly onto the email application
or an attached file( text, image audio, video,etc.) stored on a secondary
storage.
➢ An existing file can be sent as an attachment with the email, so no need to
type it again.
➢ To use email service, one needs to register with an email service provider by
creating a mail account. These services may be free or paid.
➢ Some of the popular email service providers are Google (gmail), Yahoo
(yahoo mail), Microsoft (outlook), etc.
➢ However, many organizations nowadays get customized business email
addresses for their staff using their own domain name. For example,
[email protected]
 Features of Email
➢Automatic/default reply to messages.
➢Auto-forward and redirection of messages.
➢Facility to send copies of a message to many
people.
➢Automatic filing and retrieval of messages.
➢Addresses can be stored in an address book
and retrieved instantly.
➢Notification if a message cannot be delivered.
 Parts of an Email Message
➢ Headers: The message headers contain information about the sender and
recipients. Generally headers contain the following information:
▪ Subject It is a description of the topic of the message
▪ Sender (From): This is the sender’s email address
▪ Date and time received (Un)- The date and time an email was sent is usually
included automatically.
▪ Recipient (To): First/Last name of the recipient.
▪ Recipient’s email address: This is the receiver’s email address.
➢ Cc and Bcc: When sending a message to multiple recipients, Cc and Bec options
can be used. Stands for Carbon copy. It allows all recipients to see the email
addresses of everyone the message was sent to but the email addresses of
recipients specified in Bcc (Blind carbon copy) field do not appear in the received
message.
➢ Body: The body of a message contains text that is the actual content. The body of
the message may also include signatures or automatically generated text that is
inserted by the sender’s email system.
➢ Attachment: It consists of files that are attached to the message. The attachment
could be a document, a picture or any other file type.
➢ Email address: An email address is a unique identifier for an email account. It is used for both
Sending and receiving email messages. Every email address has two main parts-a username
and Domain name. The username comes before ‘@’ and domain name comes after it. In the
example given below, ‘abc” is the username and ‘gmail.com’ is the domain name:
[email protected]
 Basic Email Functions
✓ Send and receive mail messages
✓ Save your messages in a file
✓ Print mail messages
✓ Reply to mail messages
✓ Attach a file to a mail messag
 Parts of Email ID
➢ The email address has three parts:
– a user name
– an "at" sign (@)
– the address of the user's mail server
➢ Example [email protected]

User name separator mail server

 Chat
➢ Chatting is the other method for Internet conversation. It
enables people connected anywhere on the Internet to join in
live discussions.
➢ Chat sessions allow many users to join in the same free - form
conversation, usually centered around a discussion topic.
➢ With ever increasing internet speed, it is now possible to send
image, document, audio, video as well through instant
messengers. It means, the communicating parties can talk to
each other through an audio call or through a video call.
Moreover, it is also possible to chat through text, audio and
video in a group. Thus, we can have group chat or group calls.
➢ Applications such as WhatsApp, Slack, Skype, Yahoo
Messenger, Google Talk, Facebook Messenger, Google Hangout,
etc., are examples of instant messengers. Some of these
applications support instant messaging through all the modes
— text, audio and video.
 Advantages & Disadvantages:
Advantages
• Less Cost
• Accessibility
• Flexibility
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features
Disadvantages:
• Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Power Outages/Emergencies
• Latency
 Types of Web Hosting

One server acts as

One can use the space
multiple servers for
allotted to him to host
multiple websites.
websites for other third
party users.
 Web Browser
• A web browser, or simply "browser," is an
application used to access and view websites.
Common web browsers include Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, and Apple Safari.
• Mosaic was the first web browser developed
by the National Centre for Supercomputing
Application (NCSA)
 Browser Settings
• Every web browser has got certain settings that define the manner in
which the browser will behave. These settings may be with respect to
privacy, search engine preferences, download options, auto signature,
autofill and autocomplete feature, theme and much more. Each browser
application allows us to change or customize its settings in a user friendly
manner.
• Let’s learn how to change the browser settings using the open source
browser, Mozilla Firefox. Open Mozilla Firefox, and on the top right corner
of the browser window, click the Menu button.
• From the drop down button, select Options. The preferences and Options
window will be displayed in the browser.
• On the left side, there are multiple Panels to choose from: General, Home,
Search, Privacy and Security and Sync.
• General Panel: Some of the options that the panel contains are as follows:
✓ setting the default browser
✓ language and appearance of text
✓ downloading files and applications
✓ firefox update settings
✓ browsing and network settings
 Browser Settings
• Home Panel: This panel contains options to set the home
page of the browser, browser window and tab settings.
• Search Panel: This panel contains options to edit the
settings of the search engine used by Firefox.
• Privacy and Security Panel: This panel contains options to
secure the browser and data. It includes the following:
✓ enhanced tracking protection
✓ forms and passwords
✓ history and address bar
✓ cookies and site data
✓ permission to view pop ups windows and install addons
• Sync Panel: This panel contains options to set up and
manage a Firefox account which is needed to access all
services given by Mozilla. Make the desired settings and
close the browser settings window. The changes made in
the browser settings will be applied.
 Add-Ons and Plug-ins
• Add-ons and plug-ins are the tools that help to extend
and modify the functionality of the browser. Both the
tools boost the performance of the browser, but are
different from each other.
• A plug-in is a complete program or may be a third-
party software. For example, Flash and Java are plug-
ins. A Flash player is required to play a video in the
browser. A plug-in is a software that is installed on the
host computer and can be used by the browser for
multiple functionalities and can even be used by other
applications as well.
• On the other hand, an add-on is not a complete
program and so is used to add only a particular
functionality to the browser. An add-on is also referred
to as extension in some browsers. Adding the
functionality of a sound and graphics card is an
example of an add-on.
 Cookies
➢ Cookies are small files which are stored on a
user’s computer and contains information like
which Web pages visited in the past, logging
details Password etc. They are designed to hold a
modest amount of data specific to a particular
client and website and can be accessed by the
web server or the client computer.
➢ Cookies :- Cookies are messages that a web
server transmits to a web browser so that the
web server can keep track of the user's activity on
a specific website.
THANK YOU