Mod 4

Module 4
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
Important definitions
• Factory
Any place where 10 or more persons are working with the aid of
power and machines to manufacture products. Or Any place where
20 or more persons are working without the aid of power and
machines .
• Accident
An occurrence or an event which interrupts the orderly progress of
work
• Frequency rate
Defined as No of accidents occurred per million man- hours worked
Frequency rate= No of lost-time accidents *1000000

-----------------------------------------------
Total number of man-hours worked
• Severity rate
Defined as no of days of lost time per 1000 man hours worked

•Severity rate= Days lost*1000
--------------------------------
Total man hours worked
• Performance Index= Freq rate*See rate

-----------------------
1000
• Incidence rate :
Incidence rate= No of injuries *1000
--------------------------------
Total number of employees
• Accident proneness: It is the continuing tendency of a person to
have more accidents as a result of his nature of work.
Causes of accident proneness

• Unsafe conditions
• Improper lighting
• Improper machine guarding

• Poorly designed equipments
• High temperature
• High humidity
• Excessive noise
• Inadequate warning system

Various accident factors
• Mechanical factors
• Environmental factors
•unsafe conditions
• Personnel factors
•Unsafe act
Mechanical factors
• Improper machine guarding
• Unsafe design
• Defective devices
• Improper material handling
• Broken safety guards
• Leaking acid valves
• Untested boilers
Environmental factors
• Too low temperature
• Too high temperature
• Too high humidity
• Inadequate illumination causing eye strain
• Presence of dust fumes etc

•Noise and bad odour
• High speed of work
• Long working hours
• Inadequate break during work time

Personnel factors
Age and health
Home environment
Financial position
Lack of skill
carelessness
Mental worries
High anxiety
Use 4E ‘s of Accident prevention
• Engineering – safety at the design and equipment installation stage.

• Enterprising(developing safety consciousness among employees and
management)
• Education- employees should be educated to think ,act and work safely so
that number of accidents can be minimized
• Enforcement (Enforce safety rules and safe practices)
safety Organization
Employees at all levels of the organization are involved in practicing safety

procedures
• Role of management
• Role of safety officers
• Role of supervisors
• Role of union
Role of management
• Top management must accept full responsibility and attention to

safety to eliminate almost all the accidents.
• In order to achieve that management should must

1.Make each shop supervisors responsible for safety in his shop
2. Provide a safe and healthy work place to work
3. Provide sufficient training for workers
4. Educate employees to develop safety
5. Analysis the progress of safety movement

Role of safety officers
• Enforce the rules and regulation regarding safety
• Monitoring safety performance continuously
• Planning the safety activities
• Conducting safety inspection, and accident investigation
• Assure availability of personal protective equipments

Role of supervisor and foreman
• Supervisor is responsible for safety of his plant
• He should motivate the employees to wear personal protective equipments
• Enforce the rules and regulations regarding the safety
• Conduct safety contests among the workers
• Maintain good house keeping
• Cooperate with all safety meetings and programs

Role of the trade unions
• Members of trade union should participate directly or through the

representatives in safety inspection , also formulating safety rules
and making recommendation
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE WORKING ON HAZARDOUS
ENVIRONMENT
• Guarding of machine parts
• Safety valves for boilers
• Alarm
• Physical and mental ability of workers
• Temperature
• Clean
• Proper training
• Warning posters
• Fire extinguishers
• Emergency exit
PRECAUTIONS WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
• Consider power rating
• Check safety devices
• Check Name plate showing volt,amp,power etc
• Ensure First aid boxes
• Ensure Fire extinguishers
• Conduct Periodical testing
• Check the Proper earthing

SAFETY PROVISIONS IN FACTORY ACT 1948
1. Every moving part of machinery should be safe guarded by casing and fencing
2. Only trained worker wearing tight fitting clothing should be allowed to work on or near
moving machinery
3. Devices for removing power supply from running machines in emergency shall be provided.
4. A detailed information should be affixed on every revolving machines.
5. The workers are provided with suitable goggles and screens to protect their eyes.
6. Every factory shall be provided with the facilities to escape, in case of emergency situations.
7. All boilers and pressure vessels must be kept in proper condition.

ENTERPRENEURSHIP
• The individual who takes the initiative to establish the business and work for themselves is
known as entrepreneur.
• Doing new things or doing things that are already being done, in a new way is known as
entrepreneurship
PROFILE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
Hard work
Desire for high achievement
Highly optimistic
Independence
Good foresight
Good organizer
Innovative
FUNCTION OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
1. Manage business and take decisions.

2. Study the market and select the profitable business.
3. Select the plant size
4. Select the plant site
5. Organize the sales and hold the customers
6. Promote new inventions
7. Coordinate different factors of production
8. Arrange raw materials, machinery and finance.
9. Distribute wages of labours, interests to the capitalist etc.
RISK TAKING QUALITIES OF AN ENTREPRENEUR
1. Leadership qualities.
2. Self-confidence and positive self-concept
3. Problem solving abilities.
4. Risk taking abilities
5. High level of motivation
6. Flexibility
7. Independence thought and actions
8. Physical fitness
9. Creativity
10. Patience
STUDENT ENTREPRENEUR
On completion of one’s formal education one has usually two career options
wage employment and self employment.
Under wage employment, One join a job in the government public and private
establishment and earn fixed wages and salary. so the income generation is limited
In case of self employment scope of earning is unlimited and flexible
During this age of unemployment in view of scarcity of jobs, all students

especially engineers cannot get employment in government department or offices.
therefore Government of India has introduced entrepreneur development as a
subject of all engineering graduates to encourage the students in becoming
entrepreneur.
To encourage students entrepreneurs Kerala has established Innovation and

entrepreneurship development cells in colleges across the state. The nodal
officers from these colleges are trained at on workshops. And selected
students will undergo training on business and technical Topics regularly. This
initiative will go a long way in preparing the students to become innovators.
All universities in kerala will give 5% grace marks and 20% attendance to
students startups.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FAILURE OF
ENTREPRENEURIAL VENTURES
The various factors contributing to the failure of entrepreneurial ventures
1) Poor management
a) inexperience in management techniques

b) Inexperience in selected line
c) Lack of management skils
2) Production problems
a) Lack of production planning and control

b) Outdated methods and procedures
c) Poor raw materials
d) Labour problems
e) Frequent accidents
3) High fixed cost
a) Heavy investment in land and building

b) Heavy investment for advertising
4) Marketing Production
a) Competition from larger and already established units

b) Law quality and insufficient sales force.
c) Lack of market research.
d) Insufficient promotional activities.
5) Financial Problems
a) Allowing long credits to purchasers
b) Improper management of finance
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY (SSI)

Small scale industry is an industrial unit in which the investment does not exceed 1
core.
STEPS INVOLVED IN STARTING SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY
1. Product Identification:
Decide the product that you are going to manufacture, on the basis of
a) Market Survey
b) Financial conditions
c) Technical knowledge
d) Experience in the line.
2. Preparation of preliminary project report to get rough idea.

3. Decide the form of ownership
4. Decide the factory location
5. Prepare detailed project report and business plan involving
analysis of industry, present and future demand, requirement of
equipment, raw materials
6. Apply for registration
7. Plan finance
8. Obtain various clearances
Like from inspectorate of factories, health and fire department,
planning department, pollution control board. etc..
9. Recruit personnel
10. Apply for permanent registration.
11. Production and quality certification
REGISTRATION OF SSI
Registration would be done in two stages
a) Provisional registration, b) Permanent registration
b) Provisional registration
It helps the party to take necessary steps to bring the units into
existence
It should be converted into a permanent registration once the
units comes into existence. The provisional registration may entitle
the party to:
1) Apply for a shed in industrial area

2) Apply for power connection
3) Apply for financial assistance
4) Apply for hire purchasing machinery 3
b) Permanent registration
When the party has completed all steps to establish the unit i.e.:
Factory building is ready, all machines is installed, Power connection
is obtained, An application for permanent registration is made.
Its given after physical inspection of the enterprise and scrutiny of

documents.
CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS INCUBATOR (TBI)
Business incubation has been globally recognized as an important tool for job
creation and economic development.
Objectives
To create jobs, wealth and business in alignment with

national priorities
To promote new technology/ knowledge/ innovation based
startups
To build a vibrant startup ecosystem, by establishing a
network between academia, financial institutions, industries
and other institutions.
To provide cost effective, value added services to startups
like mentoring, legal, financial technical, services.
DSIR (Department of scientific and industrial research)
DSIR promotes innovations in individuals, Start-Ups and MSMEs.
LIST OF STATE ORGANISATIONS FOR PROMOTING

ENTREPRENEUR
1. Kerala Small Industries Development Corporation Limited (Kerala SIDCO)

2. Kerala financial corporation Trivandrum
3. Kerala Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organization (KITCO)
4. Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (KELTRON)
5. Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC)

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Module 4

Defined as No of accidents occurred per million man- hours worked

Frequency rate= No of lost-time accidents *1000000

Defined as no of days of lost time per 1000 man hours worked

• Performance Index= Freq rate*See rate

Causes of accident proneness

• Improper machine guarding

• Inadequate warning system

• Improper material handling

• Broken safety guards

• Leaking acid valves

• Too low temperature

• Too high temperature

• Too high humidity

• Inadequate illumination causing eye strain

• Presence of dust fumes etc

• High speed of work

• Long working hours

• Inadequate break during work time

Age and health

Use 4E ‘s of Accident prevention

• Engineering – safety at the design and equipment installation stage.

Employees at all levels of the organization are involved in practicing safety

• Role of safety officers

• Top management must accept full responsibility and attention to

• In order to achieve that management should must

2. Provide a safe and healthy work place to work

3. Provide sufficient training for workers

4. Educate employees to develop safety

5. Analysis the progress of safety movement

• Enforce the rules and regulation regarding safety

• Monitoring safety performance continuously

• Planning the safety activities

• Conducting safety inspection, and accident investigation

• Assure availability of personal protective equipments

• Supervisor is responsible for safety of his plant

• He should motivate the employees to wear personal protective equipments

• Enforce the rules and regulations regarding the safety

• Conduct safety contests among the workers

• Maintain good house keeping

• Cooperate with all safety meetings and programs

• Members of trade union should participate directly or through the

• Guarding of machine parts

• Safety valves for boilers

• Physical and mental ability of workers

• Consider power rating

• Check safety devices

• Check Name plate showing volt,amp,power etc

• Ensure First aid boxes

• Ensure Fire extinguishers

• Conduct Periodical testing

• Check the Proper earthing

4. A detailed information should be affixed on every revolving machines.

7. All boilers and pressure vessels must be kept in proper condition.

1. Manage business and take decisions.

In case of self employment scope of earning is unlimited and flexible

During this age of unemployment in view of scarcity of jobs, all students

To encourage students entrepreneurs Kerala has established Innovation and

The various factors contributing to the failure of entrepreneurial ventures