F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines

Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course Forensic 1 - Forensic Photography
Sem/AY Second Semester/2021-2022
Module No. 6
Lesson Title Film, its parts and characteristic
Week
2
Duration
Date April 11-23, 2022
Description This lesson will focus on the types of sensitize materials as one of the elements of
of the photography. This lesson will also provide activities and exercises to demonstrate
Lesson learned knowledge on the application of sensitize materials in police photography.

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning • Demonstrate the use of sensitize Materials
Outcomes • Identify the different part of film and photographic paper
• Discuss the essence of light sensitivity
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives • identify and explain the part of sensitize materials
• enumerate the typologies of film
• explore the concept of emulsion speed

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in at least one hour class discussion on the history
Asynchronous) and elements of photography. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer to
this link:
Section 2-A https://meet.google.com/tjg-otwu-kdh
Section 2-B https://meet.google.com/nys-fhgh-umt
Section 2-C https://meet.google.com/jhd-qban-sqr
Section 2-D https://meet.google.com/mks-mfrk-dqm

The online discussion will happen on your given schedule from 5:00-6:30.

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the schedule of
activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What are the function of film
2. Identify the part of sensitize materials
3. Distinguish spectral and emulsion sensitivity?

Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning
Management System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Lecture Guide
SENSITIZED MATERIAL
Sensitized Material refers to films and papers that are composed of
emulsion containing SILVER HALIDE crystals suspended in gelatin and coated
on a transparent or reflective support.
1) FILM
A film consists basically, of a random scattering of light sensitive silver
halides suspended in a layer of animal gelatin which is coated onto acetate
support or base.
THE FILM STRUCTURE

A. Structure of WHITE and BLACK FILM

Offline Activities 1. TOP COATING (TOP LAYER) – scratch resistant coating also called
(e-Learning/Self- gelatin coating, an over coating composed of a thin transparent layer
Paced) of a hard gelatin which help protect the silver halide emulsion from
scratches and abrasions. The hard gelatin, which is derived from
cows, contains SULFUR. The SULFUR is very much compatible with
silver halides.

2. EMULSION LAYER – SILVER SALT + GELATIN – A layer composed of

silver compounds which are light sensitive and halogens (such as
bromide, chloride and iodide bromide in fast film emulsion). A silver
compound when combined with a halogen becomes SILVER HALIDE.
Silver Halides are rare compound that are responsible in forming the
so called the LATENT IMAGE in the photographic film.

3. FILM BASE – commonly made of cellulose or other material such as

paper, plastic, or glass, which supports the emulsion layer and is
coated with a non-curling antihalation backing.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

4. ANTIHALATION BACKING – a black dye applied on the rare surface

of the film. Its function is to absorb light that may penetrate the
emulsion thus making the image sharper since it suppresses double
image. It prevents halo formation in the photograph. The black dye is
removed during processing by one of the chemicals in the developer.
Its second function is to control the film from curling inwards
(towards the emulsion surface).

B. Structure of COLOR FILM

1. TOP LAYER – sensitive to blue light only, green and red light passes
through it without exposing the color halide.
2. EMULSION LAYER
a. Blue filter
b. Yellow filter – CAREY LEA silver suspended in gelatin, it is
coated between the top and second layer to absorb any
penetrating blue light but allowing green and red light to pass
through.
c. Green filter – a layer that is orthochromatic, the layer sensitive
to blue light (which cannot reach it) and green, but not to red
light pass on to the bottom of the emulsion layer.
d. Red filter – a panchromatic layer, sensitive to blue (which
can’t reach it) and red. It is also sensitive to green light but to
a slight degree that is insignificant.
3. ANTIHALATION BACKING / COATING
4. FILM BASE – Plastic film base

C. Typology of Films
Exposure is made simultaneously in the three layers. Each layer
responding to only one of the additive primary colors (red, blue and green).
After exposure and during the film processing, the yellow color of the filter
layer is destroyed.

*Classification according to Use

1. BLACK and WHITE FILM – for B and W Photography
2. COLOR FILM – films that have names ending in COLOR; color
negatives for prints
The negative in this type of film is divided into blocks and is
color positive. It is composed of hue dyes. In between the blue and green
hues, yellow gelatin is placed so that the blue rays of light would not affect
the green hue and in between the green and the red dye, magenta gelatin
is placed so that the green rays of light would not affect the red hue dye of
the emulsion.
3. CHROME FILMS – films with names ending in CHROME
a. For color transparency (slides); films that are exposed by
slides, mounted in a cardboard for slide projectors: reversal
type.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

4. X – RAY FILM – films that are sensitive to X- radiations

*Types based on FILM SPEED (according to light sensitivity)

1. FAST FILM – contains numerous numbers of large grains of silver
halides that usually develop in groups; film that are very sensitive to
light. When the available is dim, this type of film is the best choice
because of the low reflection power of the subject against a
background. It is low in contrast but high in brightness. However, the
use of fast speed film is not advisable due to its graininess result.

2. SLOW FILM – film that require longer period of time to completely

expose their emulsion to light; film with fine grains of silver halides.

*Types based on SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY (color sensitivity

Spectral sensitivity – responsiveness of the film emulsion to the
different wavelength of light source.
1. MONOCHROMATIC FILM – film that is sensitive to a single color of
light (for white and black )
a. BLUE SENSITIVE FILM – a film specially treated that makes
it more sensitive to blue rays of light
b. ULTRA-VIOLET SENSITIVE FILM – sensitive to UV rays only

2. PANCHROMATIC FILM – sensitive to ultra-violet rays, and all light

found in the visible spectrum, especially to blue and violet light. It is
suitable for general use in the preparation of black and white
photography because it produces the most natural recording of
colors.

3. ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM – film that is sensitive to UV rays, blue and

green colors, but not to red. Red portions are recorded as dark tones,
while green and blue parts appear as light tones when printed. This
type of film is popular in the market as the KODALITH FILM.

4. INFRARED FILM – a special type of film that is sensitive to infrared

and ultra-violet radiation (radiation beyond the human eye’s
sensitive). It is also sensitive to all the colors found in the visible
spectrum. Although the infrared film is sensitive to blue color, a red
filter can exclude the blue color. The red filter transmits only long
red and infrared radiation. IR film is useful in penetrating haze
because of its longer wavelength. In Investigative Photography, it is
useful in laboratory analysis of questioned documents, in

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

discovering old ( or faded ) tattoos under the skin, and in the

construction of camera types.
5.
D. Film Speed – ( Emulsion Speed )

EMULSION SPEED – the sensitivity of the film to light; the extent to which
emulsion is sensitive to light.

The light sensitivity of the film is also known as the FILM SPEED. Speed of the
film is determined through the numerical film speed labels given by the film
manufacturer.

There are two classical speed ratings that became popular:

1. ASA ( American Standard Association ) rating - This is expressed in
arithmetical value system. The speed in numbers is directly
proportional to the sensitivity of the material. A film with an
arithmetical value of 400 is four times as fast as one with a speed of
100.
2. DIN ( Deutche Industrie Norman ) rating – This is expressed in
logarithmic value system. In this system, an increase of 3 degree
doubles the sensitivity of the film.
• ISO rating ( International Standards Organization ) –
combination of ASA and DIN rating. The higher the ISO
number, the more sensitive the film to light and the pictures
can be taken indoors or in dim light condition.
• ISO 100-200 – film for general purpose
•
One film maybe rated ISO – 100, and another film ISO- 200. This means
that the 200 films are twice as fast (twice more sensitive to light ) than the
ISO-100 film. Hence, it would only require half the amount of light to
produce a satisfactory negative. Each time the film speed is doubled, it is
equal to one f / stop higher. For instance, in the example given, if ISO-100
is exposed at f / 8, then ISO-200 should be exposed at f / 11 to produce
the same negative image quality. Any film above ISO-200 can be
considered grain. The suggested uses of the following film exposure under
varying conditions are:
1. ISO – 25 – slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best
color and sharpness.
2. ISO – 100 to ISO – 200 – for general purpose
a. ISO – 100 – slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low
shutter speed; has fine grains of silver halides; produce sharp
image.
b. ISO – 200 – twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO – 100; has large
grains; produce large sharp image.
3. ISO – 400 – for dim light or with moving subject

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

4. ISO – 1000 and up – for extremely low light conditions or for fast
moving objects

When DX is attached to the film speed, it means that the film

automatically sets the film speed dial ( ASA dial ).

2) SENSITIZED PAPER ( PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER )

The result of photography in its final form is the photograph. The
materials necessary to produce a photograph (POSITIVE PRINT) are a
sensitized paper. It has emulsion that is coated with opaque material like
paper.

A. Structure of Photographic Paper

After the process of producing the negative image is produced from
the negative, which is a true presentation of the relative brightness of all parts
of the object and is now called a print. A print is ordinarily made on paper that
is coated with light sensitive emulsion. This emulsion is similar to the basic
layers of printing paper are:
1. Emulsion Layer – the layer containing minute silver suspended in
gelatin; the layer of chemical needed to reproduce the opposite tone
of the negative print.
2. Baryta Layer – a gelatin layer containing Baryta crystals (barium
oxide particles ) to increase the reflectivity of the paper.
3. Base – made of hardened white paper, which must be chemically pure
to ensure that it will not interfere with the chemical processes to
which the emulsion is subjected. Available either in single or double
weight paper.

B. Types of Photographic Paper

* Based on EMULSION used:
1. SILVER CHLORIDE PAPER – contains silver chloride emulsion;
grained and produce deep black images; used for contact printing. Its
sensitivity to light is low. Generally, the size of the positive print is the
same as the size of the negative used and usually it will give blue-black
tone if properly developed.

2. SILVER BROMIDE PAPER – contains silver bromide emulsion. Light

sensitivity of this type is faster than the silver chloride paper. This
photographic paper is used for projection printing or enlarging
process wherein the negative image is projected or enlarged. If
properly developed, the silver bromide paper will give a black tone.

3. SILVER CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER – contains a combination of silver

chloride emulsion; its emulsion speed lies between that of chloride
and bromide papers; used both for contact and projection printing.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

The sensitivity of this paper is either slow or fast. The slow emulsion
is used for contract printing while the fast emulsion is used for
projection printing.

4. VARIABLE CONTRAST PAPER – combines the contrast ranges in one

paper, it uses a special Chlorobromide emulsion that produces
varying contrast responses upon exposure to different colored light.

The manufacturer of the films according to their own ideas classifies the
contrast range of photographic paper. They produce different
photographic papers intended for the specific contrast of the negatives to
be printed. Generally, this contrast range is classified into four: They are
the following:
1. Low Contrast
2. Normal and Medium Contrast
3. Hard Contrast
4. Very Hard or Extra Hard Contrast

The low contrast paper is usually suitable to a very contrast negative to

produce a normal print or photograph. On the other hand, the high or hard
contrast is suitable to a very low contrast paper is suitable to a very low
contrast negative to compensate for lack of brilliance and produce a
normal print or photographs.

* According to Physical Characteristics

Photographic paper is made with different characteristics. They are
the combination of thickness and finish. Photographic papers are supplied
according to weight or thickness of the base, surface, color and contrast.
1. WEIGHT
a. Light Weight – are used when the thickness of the paper is not a
consideration and high degree of flexibility is necessary. Intended for
purposes, which involve folding.

b. Single Weight – are paper used for small print or print which need to
be mounted on solid and fine details are necessary in the production.
Used only for ordinary photographic purposes.

c. Double Weight – generally used for large prints because they stand up
better under rough treatment.

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Telefax # (078) 396-1347

2. SURFACE TEXTURE
a. Glossy Papers – are preferred where fine detail and brilliant images
are required.
b. Semi – mate Papers – are with decided textures which obscure fine
details
c. Rough Papers – used for large prints or where breadth rather than
detail is necessary.

3. COLOR
a. White – are preferred for cold effect
b. Cream – are preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscapes or
when warmth effect is desired.
c. Buff Papers – are preferred for tone prints.

The choice of photographic paper for printing will depend upon the
purpose of the photographs to be made. Black and White object are usually
printed in a white-based photographic paper. Reproduction of photographs
would give satisfactory results if printed in glossy white-based photographic
paper. For portrait photograph, a cream based photographic paper is
recommended. For law enforcement photography, the smooth photographic
paper is necessary so that the detail of the image appear and appreciated by
the viewer.

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Performance Tasks

PT 1

Identification:

1. It comprises of a random scattering of light sensitive

silver halides suspended in a layer of animal gelatin
which is coated onto acetate support or base?

2. Emulsion layer is composed of what compounds?

3. The Structure of WHITE and BLACK FILM is composed of how
many parts?
4. It is a film that require longer period of time to completely
expose their emulsion to light?
5. It is a film that sensitive to ultra-violet rays, and all light
found in the visible spectrum, especially to blue and violet
light. It is suitable for general use in the preparation of black
and white photography?
6. It refers to the sensitivity of the film to light; the extent to
which emulsion is sensitive to light.
7. ASA is stands for?
8. What is the ISO setting utilized for general purpose?
9. It is a film that is sensitive to UV rays, blue and green colors,
but not to red?
10. It is a part of a film which absorb light that may penetrate the
emulsion thus making the image sharper since it suppresses
double image. It prevents halo formation in the photograph?

PT 2
Essay

Distinguish film from photographic paper?

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

COURSE FACILITATOR: ROLAND N. RESURRECCION

 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

COURSE FACILITATOR: ROLAND N. RESURRECCION

 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 2)

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 F. L. VARGAS COLLEGE, INC.
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines
Telefax # (078) 396-1347

Learning Resources

Books

Delizo, D. B. G. (2019). Criminalistics: Textbook and review materials. Crimzone Enterprises.

Manlusoc, A.C. Yang, B.T. and Bolante, R. B. (2011). Forensic photography.: Wiseman Publishing
Inc.
Robinson E. (2016) Crime scene photography. Academic Press
Marsh, N. (2014) Forensic Photography: a practitioner's guide. John Wiley & Sons, LTD

Internet Resources

Nola Taylor Redd (2022, February 1). How fast does light travel? | The speed of light.
https://www.space.com/15830-light-speed.html
Ryan (n.d.). (2022, February 1). Theories of light. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/light/
Theories,html
Shaw Academy.(2022, February). The importance of light in photography.
https://blog.shawacademy.com/light-in-photography/

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