VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018

INTERNSHIP REPORT
on
“IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by

Mr. THARUN B S
[4JK19EC061]

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
A Unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust ®
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Recognised by Govt. of Karnataka)
Kottara Chowki, Mangaluru-575006, Karnataka
2022-2023
 A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
A Unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust ®
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Recognised by Govt.of Karnataka)
Kottara Chowki, Mangaluru-575006, Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Internship report entitled “IOT AND EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS” which is been submitted to A J Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Mangaluru in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering is a bonafide report of
the research work carried out by myself. The material content in this internship report has
not been submitted to any university or institution for the award of any degree.

Name and USN Signature with date

Mr. Tharun B S (4JK19EC061)

Place:
Date:
 A J INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
A Unit of Laxmi Memorial Education Trust ®
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Recognised by Govt. of Karnataka)
Kottara Chowki, Mangaluru-575006, Karnataka

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship Work entitled “IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS” carried
out by Mr. Tharun B S student of A J Institute of Engineering and Technology in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the year
2022-2023. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment
have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library.
The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements
in respect of Internship Work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Student Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Coordinator
Mr. Majukiran B Dr. Gnane Swarnadh Satapathi Dr. Shantharama Rai C

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany a successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible, success is the epitome
of hard work and perseverance, but steadfast of all is encouraging guidance.
So, with gratitude I acknowledge all those whose guidance and encouragement
served as beacon of light and crowned the effort with success.
I thank our internship coordinator Mr. Gopalkrishna Bhat kakunje,Technical Lead
at Kakunje Software Private Limited Mangaluru, who has been source of inspiration for
me. He has been especially enthusiastic in giving his valuable guidance and critical reviews.
The selection of this Internship work as well as the timely completion is mainly due
to the interest and persuasion of Dr. Gnane Swarnadh Satapathi, Associate Professor &
HOD, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering. I will remember his
contribution always.
I thank our beloved Principal Dr. Shantharama Rai C, for his constant help and
support throughout.
I am indebted to Management of AJ Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Mangaluru for providing an environment which helped me in completing my internship.
Also, I thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for the help rendered.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents whose encouragement and support was
invaluable.

Name and USN Signature with date

Mr. Tharun B S (4JK19EC061)

I
 ABSTRACT

Smart home automation is a rapidly growing technology that aims to simplify and enhance
the way we live in our homes. It involves integrating various household devices and
systems, such as lighting, heating, security, and entertainment, into a single network that
can be controlled through a central hub or voice assistant. Smart home automation offers
numerous benefits, including convenience, comfort, energy savings, and improved
security. This technology works by connecting smart devices and systems to a central hub,
setting up automation rules, and controlling these devices and systems through voice
commands or a smartphone app. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that smart
home automation will become increasingly popular and accessible to a wider range of
consumers.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv-v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6

1.1 Company Profile 2-3
1.2 Vision 3-4
1.3 Production 4-6
1.4 Other Services
1.5 Research and Development
1.6 Contact

CHAPTER 2 TASK PERFORMED 7-10

2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Regulated Power supply 7
2.2.1 Operation regulated power supply 7
2.2.1.1 Stepdown Transformer 8
2.2.1.2 Rectification 8-10
2.2.1.3 DC Filteration
2.2.1.4 Regulation
2.2.2 Application of regulated power supply
2.3 LCD
2.3.1 Pin description
2.3.2 Pinout Diagram
2.4 Transistor based driver for 12v SPDT
relays
2.5 Description
2.5.1 Working
2.6 Arduino UNO -R3 Architecture

i
 2.6.1 Overview

CHAPTER 3 INTERFACING SENSORS TO ARDUINO 11-25

3.1 Interfacing sensors to Arduino 11-12
3.1.1 IR sensors 12-25
3.1.1.1 IR sensors application
3.1.2 Ultrasonic sensors
3.1.2.1 Ultrasonic sensor application
3.1.3 Accelerometer sensor
3.1.3.1 Accelerometer sensor application
3.1.4 Bluetooth module
3.1.4.1 Bluetooth module application
3.1.5 LDR sensor
3.1.5.1 LDR sensor application
3.1.6 Relay module
3.1.6.1Relay module application
3.1.7 RFID reader
3.1.7.1 RFID reader application

CHAPTER 4 INTERFACES 26-36

4.1 On board interfacing 26-36
4.1.1 LED interfacing
4.1.2 LCD interfacing
4.1.3 IR interfacing
4.1.4 Accelerometer interfacing
4.1.5 Accelerometer controlled with
Bluetooth
4.1.6 Buzzer interfacing
4.1.7 Interfacing Bluetooth as only receiver
4.1.8 RFID interfacing
4.1.8.1 Application of RFID interfacing
4.1.9 LDR Interfacing

ii
 4.1.9.1 Application with LDR, Bluetooth
module, LCD and Relay
4.2 Servo Motor Interfacing
4.2.1 DC Motor interfacing
4.2.2 Wi-fi module interfacing
4.2.2.1 Application with module, Relay and
IR sensor

CHAPTER 5 PROJECT 37
5.1 Smart home automation
5.1.2 AIM
5.1.3 Hardware component required
5.1.4 Software requirement
5.1.5 Introduction
5.1.6 Proposed system
5.1.7 Implementation and working
5.1.7.1 Working
5.1.7.2 Benefits
5.1.8 Results

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
2.1 Components of a typical linear power supply 7
2.2 Full wave bridge rectifier circuit 12
2.3 Bridge rectifier and resultant waveform 12
2.4 Pin description 13
2.5 Pinout diagram 14
2.6 12V RELAY – SPDT (SINGLE POLE DOUBLE 14
THROW) 15
2.7 Schematic representation of the dealy 16
2.8 Arduino uno R3 17
3.1 IR sensor module 18
3.2 19
Ultrasonic sensor module
3.3 Accelerometer sensor module 16
3.4 20
Bluetooth module
3.5 LDR sensor module 18
3.6 Relay module 22
3.7 23
RFID reader
4.1 LED interfacing 24
4.2 LCD interfacing 25
4.3(a) IR interfacing 25
4.3(b) Obstacle detected 27
4.4 Accelerometer interfacing 28
4.5 Buzzer module 28
4.6 Interfacing Bluetooth as only receiver 29
RFID interfacing
4.7 29
LDR interfacing
4.8 30
Application with LDR Bluetooth module
4.9 30
4.10 SERVO motor module 31
4.11 DC motor interfacing 32
4.12 Wi-fi module interfacing 33
5.1 Block diagram of smart home 35
automation
5.2 Working model of smart home 36
automation
 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Company Profile

Tech-Graylogix, established in April 2007, is a professional team of Technologists with
core expertise in providing Consulting Solutions, Products and Services for Industrial and
Commercial applications with Embedded Electronics & Communication. Since 2008,
company also started offering design and development services. This includes a complete
spectrum of activities in product development life cycle that is idea generation, requirement
gathering to prototype making, testing and manufacturing. Company has so far provided
product design services for various sectors which include the Industrial automation,
Instrumentation, Automotive, Consumer and Defence sector.

1.2 Vision

With a vision to be a vendor of choice for Embedded System services, the company
provides Technology Consulting Services in Embedded Electronics, 3D modelling for
Mechanical Designs and also Offers Professional design services which include Hardware
and Embedded Software Development, Functional Verification, Analog and Mixed Signal
Design, Physical Design, CAD Methodology, Customised Product Design. With the highly
committed and innovative technical team and technical leadership, Tech-Graylogix is all
set to serve your needs in Embedded Systems.
In 2010, the company has expanded with an EMS (Electronics Manufacturing Services)
division in its branch office located in R.T Nagar, Bangalore. This unit serves all types of
Electronics Manufacturing Services, Customized PCB Designing and production of various
Electronic Modules, Sensors and development boards. The unit is also known for largest
manufacturer of Industrial grade GSM Modems and GPS Receivers in India.

1.3 Products
Tech-Graylogix offers a wide range of Embedded Products that are very much user-friendly
for the Application development. Our Products include GSM Modems, GPS Receivers,
RFID Readers, types of Interfacing boards and sensors which are tested under multi-level
conditions.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 1

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1.4 Other Services

Website Development
Tech-Graylogix uses all the latest and most established technology to create a website that
is visually appealing and yet fully functional which gives you the hedge over your
competitor for success with assurance by creating simple but not easy website.
Expertise in Tech-Graylogix has the expertise in providing Web solutions and developing
web applications which will help clients gain a competitive edge in the market.
Advancements
Ø Web Marketing
Ø Social Media Marketing
Ø Search Engine Optimization
Ø Web Analytics
Ø E-mail Marketing

Designing
Ø ecommerce Websites
Ø Flash Websites
Ø Web Portals
Ø Custom Static Websites
Ø Dynamic Websites
Ø Forums

Smart Classroom for Institutions

Tech-Graylogix is an authorized solution provider for designing a smart classroom for
institutions. Company is tied up with “Cybernetyx” to provide interactive whiteboard
system (EyeRIS) for smart classrooms.
Interactive Whiteboard System (EyeRIS) Smart Classroom “EyeRIS is the ground-
breaking, feature-rich and portable interactive whiteboard system based on the pioneering
Visual Touch platform from Cybernetics which supports Multitouch, Multiuser and gesture
based interaction on about any surface.”

The term Multitouch refers to the ability not only to detect physical touches and movements
on a screen, but to detect and track multiple touches and movements simultaneously. Touch
events are similar to mouse events, except that you can receive and track more than one of
them at once, and touch events do not support mouse-specific concepts such as hovering.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 2

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

1.5 RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

Research and Development is a key focus area at Tech-Graylogix. Research &
Development activities started in 2008 and have been contributing steadily to the growth
of company’s business and self-reliance in the field of Embedded Electronics and other
chosen areas of professional electronics.
Our R&D Policy is to enhance the company's pre-eminence in Embedded Electronics and
other chosen fields and products through Research & Development. Major R&D objectives
of Tech-Graylogix is development of new products built with cutting-edge technology
modules to meet customer requirements ensuring that the developed products are state-of-
the art, competitive and of the highest quality. Tech-Graylogix has a three-tier R&D: the
first tier being the Strategic Business Unit level, whose role is to generate new business by
developing new products and obtaining customer acceptance, provide product lifecycle
support and upgrades, and develop processes and components as necessary; the second tier
is the Development and Engineering Division which supports the Unit with the supply of
specialised technology modules and the third tier is the Research Laboratories with
Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) division, located at Bangalore, whose role is to
work on critical areas of technology and develop enabling technology modules.
The experienced R&D team of Tech-Graylogix comprises technical experts, senior
engineers, and professional designers. Our main products are the raw materials for the
consumer electronics, including GSM Modem, GPS Receiver, RFID Reader and many
types of sensors and Development Boards. The company has also launched the consumer
end-products in the market including GSM Controller for single and Three Phase Motors,
Automatic Gate controllers, Wireless appliance control system etc.

1.6 Contact
Registered Office:
Tech-Graylogix,
5th floor, Oberle
Towers,

Balmatta, Mangalore –
575002 Ph.: 0824 -
4252123
[email protected] | www.techgraylogix.com
Branch:
1st floor, Toms Plaza,Dinnur Main Road, R.T. Nagar, Bengaluru -32

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 3

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 2
TASKS PERFORMED
2.1 Introduction

The four weeks of internship program included basic introduction about the company’s
development board and interfacing of various sensors and controller units. Before
interfacing all the components internal architecture and working principles were
understood. In the last week of internship Wi-Fi intergraded RGB module is designed with
the help of previous day’s knowledge and hands-on experience.

2.2 Regulated Power Supply

A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC (Alternating

Current) into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. Its
function is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must
be operated within certain power supply limits. The output from the regulated power supply
may be alternating or unidirectional, but is nearly always DC (Direct Current).
Modern regulated supplies mostly use a transformer, silicon diode bridge rectifier, reservoir
capacitor and voltage regulator IC. There are variations on this theme, such as supplies with
multiple voltage lines, variable regulators, power control lines, discrete circuits and so on.
Switched mode regulator supplies also include an inductor.

Fig 2.1: Components of a typical linear power supply

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 4

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.2.1 OPERATION OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

2.2.1.1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the required
voltage level. The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such as to obtain the required
voltage value. The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.

2.2.1.2 RECTIFICATION
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the rectification
process. Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or current into
corresponding direct (dc) quantity. The input to a rectifier is ac whereas its output is
unidirectional pulsating dc. Usually a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is used to
rectify both the half cycles of the ac supply (full wave rectification). Figure below shows a
full wave bridge rectifier.

Fig 2.2: Full wave bridge rectifier circuit

A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the above shown
manner. In the positive half cycle of the supply the voltage induced across the secondary
of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is positive. Therefore point E is poitive with
respect to F. Hence, diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased and diodes D1 and D4 are
forward biased. The diode D3 and D2 will act as open switches (practically there is some
voltage drop) and diodes D1 andD4 will act as closed switches and will start conducting.
Hence a rectified waveform appears at the output of the rectifier as shown in the first

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 5

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

figure. When voltage induced in secondary i.e. VMN is negative than D3 and D2 are
forward biased with the other two reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the

Input of the filter.

2.2.1.3 DC FILTERATION

The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating dc voltage having very high ripple
content. But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free dc waveform. Hence a filter is
used. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input
filter, π type filter. Figure below shows a capacitor filter connected along the output of the
rectifier and the resultant output waveform.

Fig 2.3: Bridge rectifier and resultant waveform

As the instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges till the
waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the
capacitor starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the
regulator in this case). Hence, an almost constant dc value having very less ripple content
is obtained.

2.2.1.4 REGULATION
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or current will
change or fluctuate when there is change in the input from ac mains or due to change in
load current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

temperature changes. This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. A regulator will
maintain the output constant even when changes at the input or any other changes occur.
Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC regulators or a zener diode operated in
the zener region can be used depending on their applications. IC’s like 78XX and 79XX
are used to obtained fixed values of voltages at the output. With IC’s like LM 317 and 723
etc we can adjust the output voltage to a required constant value.

2.2.2 APPLICATION OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

• D.C. variable bench supply (a bench power supply usually refers to a power supply
capable of supplying a variety of output voltages useful for BE (bench testing) electronic
circuits, possibly with continuous variation of the output voltage, or just some preset
voltages; a laboratory (lab) power supply normally implies an accurate bench power
supply, while a balanced or tracking power supply refers to twin supplies for use when
a circuit requires both positive and negative supply rails).
• Mobile Phone power adaptors

• Regulated power supplies in appliances

• Various amplifiers and oscillators

2.3 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY) 16 X 2

Liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated

optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals
do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in colour
or monochrome. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock.

A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices
and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation
of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and
so on.A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given
to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 7

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.

Fig 2.4: Pin description

2.3.1 PIN DESCRIPTION

Pin No Function Name
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 DB0
8 DB1
8-bit data pins
9 DB2
10 DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5
DB6
13
14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led+

Table 2.1: Pin description

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 8

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.3.2 PINOUT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.5: Pinout diagram

2.4 TRANSISTOR BASED DRIVER FOR 12V SPDT RELAYS

Fig 2.6: 12V RELAY – SPDT (SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW)

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 9

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

RELAY:

Fig 2.7: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE

RELAY

C: COMMON
NC: NORMALLY
CONNECT NO:
NORMALLY OPEN

2.5 DESCRIPTION
Above is the circuit of a relay driver using the NPN transistor BC 547. The relay is
connected between the positive rail and the collector of the transistor. When the input signal
passes through the 1 K resistor to the base of the transistor, it conducts and pulls the relay.
IN 4007 diode eliminates back e.m.f when the relay switches off and protects the transistor.
LED indicates the on status of the relay.

2.5.1 WORKING:
The coils of the relay (1,2) are connected to +12V and collector of the transistor
respectively. When Logic high is given as an input to the transistor base through some
resistance, it conducts and provides the ground to pin(2) of the coils to complete the circuit
and switch ON the relay. As Relay switches ON , C and NO will be in contact. When the
input to the transistor base is at Logic Low, the relay will be in OFF state and C will be in
Contact with NC.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 10

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.6 ARDUINO UNO – R3 ARCHITECTURE

2.6.1 OVERVIEW

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB- to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor
pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of
the board has the following new features:1.0 pin out: added SDA and SCL pins that are
near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF
that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will
be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the
Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin that is reserved
for future purposes. Stronger RESET circuit.Atmega 16U2 replaces the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno
is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Ø Microcontroller: ATmega328

Ø Operating Voltage: 5V

Ø Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V

Ø Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Ø Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Ø Analog Input Pins 6

Ø DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

Ø DC Current for 3.3V Pin:50 mA

Ø Flash Memory:32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader

Ø SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 11

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Ø EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Ø Clock Speed 16 MHz

FIG 2.8: ARDUINO UNO R3

Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple I/O board and a
development environment that implements the Processing/Wiring language. Arduino can
be used to develop standalone interactive objects or can be connected to software on your
computer (e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP). The open-source IDE can be downloaded for
free (currently for Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux).

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 12

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3

INTERFACING SENSORS TO ARDUINO

3.1 INTERFACING SENSORS TO ARDUINO

3.1.1 IR SENSOR
Infrared sensors can be passive or active. Passive infrared sensors are basically Infrared
detectors. Passive infrared sensors do not use any infrared source and detects energy
emitted by obstacles in the field of view. They are of two types: quantum and thermal.
Active infrared sensors consist of two elements: infrared source and infrared detector.
Infrared sources include an LED or infrared laser diode. Infrared detectors include
photodiodes or phototransistors. The energy emitted by the infrared source is reflected by
an object and falls on the infrared detector. An infrared light emitting diode (IR LED)
emits light of Infrared range 700 nanometres (nm) to 1 mm. This light is not visible by
naked eyes but can be seen by a camera (that is why these are also used in night vision
cameras). A photo diode gives response in term of change in resistance when light falls on
it. That change is measured in terms of voltage. An IR LED and a Photo diode are used in
a combination for proximity and colour detection. An IR LED (transmitter) emits IR light,
that light gets reflected by the object, the reflected light is received by an IR receiver (Photo
Diode). Amount of reflection and reception varies with the distance. This difference
causes to change in input voltage through IR input. This variation in input voltage is used
for proximity detection.

Fig 3.1: IR sensor module

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 13

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1.1.1 IR SENSOR APPLICATIONS

Ø Night Vision Devices: Infrared technology is implemented in night vision

equipment if there is not enough visible light available to see unaided. Night
vision devices convert ambient photons of light into electrons and then amplify
them using a chemical and electrical process before finally converting them back
into visible light.
Ø Infrared Astronomy: Infrared astronomy is a field of astronomy which studies
astronomical objects that is visible in infrared radiation. By using telescopes and
solid-state detectors, astronomers are able to observe objects in the universe
which are impossible to detect using light in the visible range of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared observatories have been set up in space such
as the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory has been set
up in space. The observatories are not affected by the absorption of infrared light
by water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere.
Ø Infrared Tracking: Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, is a missile
guidance system which operates using the infrared electromagnetic radiation
emitted from a target to track it. These missile systems are often known as 'heat-
seekers' as infrared is radiated strongly by hot bodies such as people, vehicles and
aircraft.
Ø Art History and Restoration: Infrared reflectography is used by art historians in
order to reveal hidden layers in paintings. This reflectography technique is useful
in helping to decide whether a painting is an original version or a copy, and
whether it has been altered by restoration work.
Ø Hyper spectral Imaging: Hyper spectral imaging accumulates and processes
information from across the electromagnetic spectrum and can be used to track
nanoparticles inside large living organisms.

3.1.2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using Ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an
ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors
measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and
reception. An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic sensor
uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model
ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately. This

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 14

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

enables miniaturization of the sensor head. There are two types of ultrasonic sensors
namely,Proximity Detection: An object passing within the pre-set range will be detected
and generate an output signal. The detect point is independent of target size, material or
reflectivity.Ranging Measurement: Precise distance(s) of an object moving to and from the
sensor are measured via time intervals between transmitted and reflected bursts of
ultrasonic sound. Distance change is continuously calculated and outputted.

Fig 3.2: Ultra-Sonic sensor module

3.1.2.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR APPLICATIONS

Ultrasonic sensors are used in object detection. They are widely used for distance
measurement.
Tank Level: Liquid level sensors are integral to process control and inventory management
in many industries. Point level sensors are used to detect a single liquid height at a
predetermined level. These sensors are ideal to use as high or low alarms, and can flag either
overfill conditions, or at the low level, indicate liquid levels below a desired threshold.
Continuous level sensors provide level monitoring of an entire system. They measure liquid
level in a range, rather than at a single point, outputting an analog signal that correlates to
the liquid level inside your tank or vessel.
Production line sensor: Ultrasonic sensors can be applied to the manufacturing process for
automated process control on the factory floor while also being an indispensible tool for
companies to maximize efficiency through precise measurement and control.

3.1.3 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR

An accelerometer is the acceleration (or rate of change of velocity) of a body in its own
instantaneous rest frame, is not the same as coordinate acceleration, being the acceleration
in a fixed coordinate system. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the
Earth will measure acceleration due to Earth's gravity, straight upwards (by definition) of g
≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, accelerometers in free fall (falling toward the centre of the Earth

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 15

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

at a rate of about 9.81 m/s2) will measure zero.

Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science. Highly sensitive
accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery.
Accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens
are always displayed upright. Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation.
Coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration,
particularly gravity, over their separation in space; i.e., gradient of the gravitational field.
This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends on
local density of the Earth which is quite variable,

Fig 3.3: Accelerometer sensor module

3.1.3.1 ACCELEROMETER SENSOR APPLICATIONS

Ø Helmholtz Resonators: This simple experiment uses a 2-liter bottle and an X6-
2 accelerometer to demonstrate Helmholtz's equation for a resonating a cavity.
The test procedure is then applied to a subwoofer speaker to determine the
enclosure resonance frequency and speaker performance.
Ø Counting Freight Trains: An X2-1 high sensitivity accelerometer logger is
used to monitor the traffic on a railway and provide the spectral response of a
passing freight train.
Ø Cruise Ship At Sea: An X2-2 captures the subtle engine noise on a cruise ship.
The vibration is compared between an interior and an exterior cabin.
Ø Monitoring Your Clothes Dryer with the SSP-x Accelerometer: Learn how
to use a Raspberry Pi and the SSP-x to monitor the status of your clothes dryer.
When the dryer is finished, a text message is sent to your smartphone.

Ø Flush Fun: The X2-1 logger was used to detect when water flushed into a toilet.
Actually, this experiment was unexpectedly interesting.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 16

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1.4 BLUETOOTH MODULE

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile
devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial,
scientific and medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area
networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data
cables.

Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than
30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and
consumer electronics. The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer
maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks. A manufacturer must
meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network
of patents applies to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.

Fig 3.4: Bluetooth module

3.1.4.1 BLUETOOTH MODULE APPLICATION

Ø Wireless control and communication between a mobile phone and a hands

free headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
Ø Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth
compatible car stereo system.
Ø Wireless control of and communication with iOS and Android device phones,
tablets and portable wireless speakers.
Ø Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes
called "a Bluetooth".

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 17

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Ø Wireless streaming of audio to headphones with or without

communication capabilities.
Ø Wireless streaming of data collected by Bluetooth-enabled fitness devices to
phone or PC.
Ø Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where little bandwidth
is required.
Ø Wireless communication with PC input and output devices, the most common
being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
Ø Transfer of files, contact details, calendar appointments, and reminders between
devices with OBEX.
Ø Replacement of previous wired RS-232 serial communications in test equipment,
GPS receivers, medical equipment, bar code scanners, and traffic control devices.
Ø For controls where infrared was often used.
Ø For low bandwidth applications where higher USB bandwidth is not required and
cable-free connection desired.
Ø Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth-enabled advertising hoardings to
other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.

3.1.5 LDR SENSOR

A photo resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a component that is sensitive to light.
When light falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR
may change over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level
of light increases. It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photo
resistor to be several Mega ohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in
bright light. With such a wide variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are
many LDR circuits available.

Fig 3.5.: LDR sensor module

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 18

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.1.5.1 LDR SENSOR APPLICATION

There are many applications for Light Dependent Resistors. These include:
Ø Lighting switch: The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically
turn on a light at a certain light level. An example of this could be a street light or
a garden light.
Ø Camera shutter control: LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a
camera. The LDR would be used to measure the light intensity which then adjusts
the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level.

3.1.6 RELAY MODULE

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays
were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

Fig 3.6.: Relay module

3.1.6.1 RELAY MODULE APPLICATION

Ø Relays are being applied at home, industries and even on the street. Electronic
equipment for domestic use parts that require energy in order to function.
Ø An example of it is refrigerator. This appliance has motors and fans. Relays are
responsible in controlling these parts so that refrigerator work and produce cold

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 19

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

temperature. Another application of relays is controlling traffic lights. They can

be operated remotely with the use of a switching component.
Ø Automatic garage door is another occasion where relays are being utilized. The
door’s movement and direction are the ones being controlled.
Ø Relays do not only energize electronic equipment but also make devices to stop
functioning. These capabilities have brought automation and convenience in our
lives. They let electronics run smoothly and safely. Now, we do not have to deal
directly with electronics that contain high voltage which may cause danger if they
suddenly malfunction.

3.1.7 RFID READER

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID is one member in the family of
Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) technologies and is a fast and reliable
means of identifying objects. There are two main components: The Interrogator (RFID
Reader) which transmits and receives the signal and the Transponder (tag) that is attached
to the object. An RFID tag is composed of a miniscule microchip and antenna.
Communication between the RFID Reader and tags occurs wirelessly and generally does
not require a line of sight between the devices. The RFID Reader emits a low-power radio
wave field which is used to power up the tag so as to pass on any information that is
contained on the chip. In addition, readers can be fitted with an additional interface that
converts the radio waves returned from the tag into a form that can then be passed on to
another system, like a computer or any programmable logic controller. Passive tags are
generally smaller, lighter and less expensive than those that are active and can be applied to
objects in harsh environments, are maintenance free and will last for years. These
transponders are only activated when within the response range of an RFID Reader. Active
tags differ in that they incorporate their own power source, whereas the tag is a transmitter
rather than a reflector of radio frequency signals which enables a broader range of
functionality like programmable and read/write capabilities.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 20

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Fig 3.7.: RFID reader

3.1.7.1 RFID APPLICATION

RFID is used for many applications such as: Automated electronic toll stations which can
identify vehicles passing through without having to stop and then debits their account. Identify
and monitor railcars and containers. RFID tags help farmers track their farm animals, and is
used in wpldlife conservation. Also helps to identify our animal companions if they should ever
become lost. Customers can pay for their fuel at the pump with just a wave of their key tag. An
increase in demand has been seen for security applications such as homeland security,
employee identification, gaining entrance and controlling access of vehicles to buildings, gated
communities, corporate campuses and airports.

Some other current uses for RFID include waste management, automating parking and
managing traffic, the dispensing of all types of products, providing ski lift access, the tracking
of library books and more. Major growth in the future of RFID will come from real- time
location systems (RTLS), asset management, baggage handling and cash less payment systems.
Business segments such as retail, logistics, warehousing and manufacturing will greatly benefit
from an increase in supply chain visibility that RFID can create.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 21

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 4
INTERFACES
4.1 On Board Interfacing
Tech Graylogix developed a board keeping in mind that all the latest technologies are in a
single board. This development board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards and other circuits. The
board has a Development Board (Arduino Shield), Arduino Uno Compatible Rev 3 with
USB Cable, ESP8266 (ESP-01), Serial Wi-Fi Transmitter Receiver Module, LCD 16X2,
Infra-Red Sensor with Digital and Analog output,DHT-11 Temperature & Humidity
Sensor, ADXL-335 Accelerometer, HC-05 Bluetooth Transmitter Receiver Module, 2
Channel Relays with driver (On-board), DC Adapter 12V,2A. The kit is pre-programmed
to readily demonstrate all the input and output devices connected to it and offers the easiest
way to develop various embedded applications. Just plug the components onto the
development board and build the custom applications in Arduino Software — IDE with
reference to the pin configurations and sample codes.

Some other current uses for RFID include waste management, automating parking and
managing traffic, the dispensing of all types of products, providing ski lift access, the
tracking of library books and more. Major growth in the future of RFID will come from
real- time location systems (RTLS), asset management, baggage handling and cash less
payment systems. Business segments such as retail, logistics, warehousing and
manufacturing will greatly benefit from an increase in supply chain visibility that RFID can
create.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation. Coordinated accelerometers can
be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their
separation in space; i.e., gradient of the gravitational field. This gravity gradiometry is
useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect and depends on local density of the Earth
which is quite variable
Just plug the components onto the development board and build the custom applications in
Arduino Software — IDE with reference to the pin configurations and sample codes.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 22

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

ARDUINO
MODULES AND SENSOR PINS UNO
PINS
RS 10
LCD 16X2 EN 11
D4 4

D5 5
D6 6

D7 7
DHT-11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor OUTPUT 2
OUTPUT(Digital) 3
Infra-Red sensor (obstacle detector)

OUTPUT(Analog) A3
ADXL-335 Accelerometer A2
OUTPUT-X
(Analog)
A1
OUTPUT-Y
(Analog)
A0
OUTPUT-Z
(Analog)
12
TX
HC-05 Bluetooth Transmitter Receiver Module

13
RX
ESP8266 (ESP-01) Wi-Fi Transmitter Receiver 8(RX)
Module TX

9(TX)
RX
Relay-1(Output) A4
CONTROL PIN
Relay-2(Output) A5
CONTROL PIN
Table 4.1: ARDUINO TO IOT BOARD PIN
CONNECTIONS

4.1.1 LED INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 23

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n

junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The arduino board consists of a onboard LED which is
connected to Pin number 13.

Fig 4.1: LED interfacing

4.1.2 LCD INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
The system consists of an Arduino UNO R3 and a 16*2 LCD which is used to display the
status messages. Here, the connections from Arduino Board with pins RS, Enable, D4,
D5, D6, D7 are connected to the pins 10, 11, 4, 5, 6, 7 respectively of the 16*2 LCD. The
conditions are mentioned in the program for the LCD to display the required message.
The program is then compiled and uploaded to the Arduino Board that executes the
program.

Fig.4.2: LCD Interfacing

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 24

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

4.1.3 IR INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
An IR sensor is interfaced with Arduino to check if an obstacle is present in the
given area. The LCD is used to display if an obstacle is present or not. The IR
sensor transmits light and has a receiver to detect the light that is bounced back if
an obstacle is present. This sensor can be used for most of the indoor applications
where no important ambient light is present. It follows the same principle as in
all Infra – Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to send infra-red light though
IR – LED which reflects any object in front of the sensor.

Fig.4.3:IR interfacing (a) No Obstacle detected

Fig.4.3: (b) Obstacle detected

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 25

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

4.1.4 ACCELEROMETER INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
The accelerometer is connected to the Arduino shield board and interfaced with it to measure
tilt. This sensor can be used to measure tilt in X, Y, Z planes. Whenever there is a change
in orientation of the board to which the sensor is connected, the change in 3 dimensional
planes is measured and the values can be displayed on an LCD. Accelerometers are widely
used in mobile phones for automatic screen rotation. They can also be used to measure
seismic activity, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed with or without
the influence of gravity

Fig.4.4: Accelerometer Interfacing

4.1.5 ACCELEROMETER CONTROLLED WITH BLUETOOTH

Ø DISCRIPTION
Bluetooth Module enables wireless transmits & receive serial data. It is a drop in
replacement for wired serial connections allowing transparent two-way data
communication. It has two operating modes, one is the Data mode in which it sends and
receives data from other bluetooth devices and the other is the AT command mode where
the default device settings can be changed. By connecting the bluetooth HC-05 module to
the bluetooth of the phone, the data can be sent and received to and from the HC-05. The
accelerometer is interfaced with the development board along with bluetooth.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 26

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

4.1.6 BUZZER INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Buzzer
is an integrated structure of electronic transducers, DC power supply, widely used in
computers, printers, copiers, alarms, electronic toys, automotive electronic equipment,
telephones, timers and other electronic products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated
power can be directly connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor
expansion module and the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit design, to
"plug and play."

Fig.4.5 : BUZZER module

4.1.7 INTERFACING BLUETOOTH AS ONLY RECEIVER

Ø DISCRIPTION

To communicate smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, smartphone requires

Bluetooth terminal application for transmitting and receiving data. You can find Bluetooth
terminal applications for android and windows in respective app. store. So, when we want
to communicate through smartphone with HC-05 Bluetooth module, connect this HC-05
module to the PC via serial to USB converter. Before establishing communication between
two Bluetooth devices, 1st we need to pair HC-05 module to smartphone for
communication. After pairing two Bluetooth devices, open terminal software in PC, and
select the port where we have connected USB to serial module. Also select default baud rate
of 9600 bps. In smart phone, open Bluetooth terminal application and connect to paired
device HC-05. It is simple to communicate; we just have to type in the Bluetooth terminal
application of smartphone. Characters will get sent wirelessly to Bluetooth module HC-05.
HC-05 will automatically transmit it serially to the PC, which will appear on terminal. Same

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 27

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

way we can send data from PC to smartphone.

Fig 4.6: INTERFACING BLUETOOTH AS ONLY

RECEIVER

4.1.8 RFID INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. There are two main components: The
Interrogator (RFID Reader) which transmits and receives the signal and the Transponder
(tag) that is attached to the object. An RFID tag is composed of a miniscule microchip and
antenna. RFID tags can be passive or active and come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes,
and forms. Communication between the RFID Reader and tags occurs wirelessly and
generally does not require a line of sight between the devices. An RFID Reader can read
through most anything with the exception of conductive materials like water and metal, but
with modifications and positioning, even these can be overcome. The RFID Reader emits
a low-power radio wave field which is used to power up the tag so as to pass on any
information that is contained on the chip. In addition, readers can be fitted with an
additional interface that converts the radio waves returned from the tag into a form that can
then be passed on to another system, like a computer or any programmable logic controller.
Passive tags are generally smaller, lighter and less expensive than those that are active and
can be applied to objects in harsh environments, are maintenance free and will last for
years. These transponders are only activated when within the response range of an RFID
Reader. Active tags differ in that they incorporate their own power source, whereas the tag
is a transmitter rather than a reflector of radio frequency signals which enables a broader
range of functionality like programmable and read/write capabilities.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 28

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Fig 4.7: RFID INTERFACING

4.1.8.1 APPLICATION OF RFID INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION

The application of RFID interfacing was constructed which is normally used in which is
normally used in organization for logging in and out of employees. The circuit was done such
the RFID reader only takes the input of the particular tag specified by the user. It displays
invalid output along with the buzzer indication for undefined tag numbers.

4.1.9 LDR INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also called a photo resistor or a cadmium sulphide
(CdS) cell. It is also called a photoconductor. It is basically a photocell that works on the
principle of photoconductivity. The passive component is basically a resistor whose
resistance value decreases when the intensity of light decreases. This optoelectronic
device is mostly used in light varying sensor circuit, and light and dark activated switching
circuits. Some of its applications include camera light meters, street lights, clock radios,
light beam alarms, reflective smoke alarms, and outdoor clocks

Fig 4.8: LDR interfacing

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 29

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

4.1.9.1APPLICATION WITH LDR, BLUETOOTH MODULE, LCD

AND RELAY:

Ø DISCRIPTION
A combinational interfacing circuit was constructed with the help of LDR, bluetooth
module, relay and LCD display. The application was to sense the light and display the
environmental condition ie,day or night and switch on and off the relay accordingly.
The bluetooth device was used to display the status on the smart phone. The status
was displayed on the LCD display as well.

Fig 4.9: APPLICATION WITH LDR, BLUETOOTH MODULE, LCD AND

RELAY

4.2 SERVO MOTOR INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION

Servo motors have three wires: power, ground, and signal. The power wire is typically
red, and should be connected to the 5V pin on the Arduino board. The ground wire is
typically black or brown and should be connected to a ground pin on the Arduino board.
The signal pin is typically yellow, orange or white and should be connected to a digital
pin on the Arduino board. Note that servos draw considerable power, so if you need to
drive more than one or two, you'll probably need to power them from a separate supply
(i.e. not the +5V pin on your Arduino). Be sure to connect the grounds of the Arduino
and external power supply together.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 30

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Fig 4.10: SERVO MOTOR MODULE

4.2.1 DC MOTOR INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION

We can control the speed of the DC motor by simply controlling the input voltage to the
motor and the most common method of doing that is by using PWM signal. PWM, or pulse
width modulation is a technique which allows us to adjust the average value of the voltage
that’s going to the electronic device by turning on and off the power at a fast rate. The
L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC
motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5
and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A. The module has two screw terminal blocks for the
motor A and B, and another screw terminal block for the Ground pin, the VCC for motor
and a 5V pin which can either be an input or output. This depends on the voltage used at the
motors VCC. The module has an on-board 5V regulator which is either enabled or disabled
using a jumper. If the motor supply voltage is up to 12V we can enable the 5V regulator
and the 5V pin can be used as output, for example for powering our Arduino board. But if
the motor voltage is greater than 12V we must disconnect the jumper because those voltages
will cause damage to the on-board 5V regulator. In this case the 5V pin will be used as input
as we need connect it to a 5V power supplies in order the IC to work properly.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 31

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Fig 4.11: DC MOTOR INTERFACING

4.2.2 WIFI MODULE INTERFACING

Ø DISCRIPTION

ESP8266 is Wi-Fi enabled system on chip (SoC) module developed by Espressif system. It
is mostly used for development of IoT (Internet of Things) embedded applications. It
employs a 32-bit RISC CPU based on the Tensilica Xtensa L106 running at 80 MHz (or
overclocked to 160 MHz). It has a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB instruction RAM and 96 KB
data RAM. External flash memory can be accessed through SPI.

ESP8266 module is low cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used for end- point
IoT developments. To communicate with the ESP8266 module, microcontroller needs to
use set of AT commands. Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 module using
UART having specified Baud rate. The pin description are as follows

3V3: - 3.3 V Power Pin.

GND: - Ground Pin.
RST: - Active Low Reset Pin. EN: -
Active High Enable Pin.
TX: - Serial Transmit Pin of UART.
RX: - Serial Receive Pin of UART.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 32

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

GPIO0 & GPIO2: - General Purpose I/O Pins. These pins decide what mode (boot or
normal) the module starts up in. It also decides whether the TX/RX pins are used for
Programming the module or for serial I/O purpose.
To program the module using UART, Connect GPIO0 to ground and GPIO2 to VCC or
leave it open. To use UART for normal Serial I/O leave both the pins open (neither VCC
nor Ground).

Fig 4.12: Wi-Fi module interfacing

4.2.2.1 APPLICATION WITH WIFI MODULE, RELAY AND IR SENSOR

Ø DISCRIPTION
A combinational interfacing circuit was constructed with the help of wifi module,
relays and IR sensors. The IR sensors detected the obstacle and displayed the message
on the smartphone screen which was connected to the same wifi network. The relays
were controlled with help of smart phones which used different commands to switch
on and off the relays.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 33

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 5
PROJECT
5.1 Smart Home Automation
5.1.2 Aim: To design a prototype of smart home automation which helps to experience a
simple and comfortable life with home automation and improved security system.

5.1.3 Hardware Components Required:

• IR sensors
• LCD display
• Fire sensors
• DC motors
• HC-05 Bluetooth sensor
• Buzzer
• Light sensors
• Relay
• Development Board
5.1.4 Software Requirement:

• Arduino UNO

5.1.5 Introduction

Smart home automation is the use of technology to control and automate various household
devices and systems, such as lighting, heating, security, and entertainment. The goal of smart
home automation is to create a more convenient, comfortable, and efficient living environment
for homeowners by integrating these devices and systems into a single network that can be
controlled through a central interface, such as a smartphone or voice assistant.
Smart home automation systems typically consist of three main components: sensors,
controllers, and actuators. Sensors detect changes in the environment, such as motion,
temperature, or light, and send this information to the controllers. The controllers then interpret
this data and send commands to the actuators, which perform the desired action, such as turning
on a light or adjusting the temperature.
Smart home automation has the potential to make life easier and more comfortable for
homeowners by simplifying routine tasks and reducing energy consumption. For example,
smart thermostats can automatically adjust the temperature based on the homeowner's

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 34

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

preferences and schedule, while smart lighting systems can turn lights on and off based on
occupancy and time of day. In addition, smart home automation can enhance security by
providing remote access to security cameras and door locks, and alerting homeowners to
potential security breaches.
Overall, smart home automation offers a range of benefits to homeowners, including
convenience, comfort, energy savings, and improved security. As technology continues to
advance, it is likely that smart home automation will become increasingly popular and
accessible to a wider range of consumers.

5.1.6 Proposed System

Fig 5.1: Block diagram of smart home automation system

using IoT

5.1.7 Implementation and Working

5.1.7.1 WORKING:

Ø Here in this project we used 4 sensors; IR sensor, Light sensor, Fire sensor and
Bluetooth Sensor .

Ø Initially we need authorized card to enter the house, when the authorized card is

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 35

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

scanned the house door will automatically open for few seconds.

Ø If any intruder tries to enter the house without authorized card , IR sensor will
detect the intruder and alert message will be sent through Bluetooth sensor to the
owner.

Ø In the house, if there is any kind of fire detected, Fire sensor will turn ON the
buzzer and alert message will be sent through Bluetooth sensor.

Ø In our project, we also included automatic turning ON and OFF of lights using
Light sensor.

5.1.7.2 BENIFITS:
Ø InterConnectivity-Integrating smart home products and systems also provides
invaluable peace of mind.
Ø Remote Monitoring-If connected to a mobile device, laptop, or desktop computer,
smart homes can be managed from any place, at any time through remote
monitoring.
Ø Customization-Smart products can adjust to match a specific user’s customized
preferences or needs.
Ø Increased Safety-Through the interconnectivity of smart home technology, and
real-time surveillance and monitoring.
Ø Energy Management-Smart LED bulbs enable users to turn lights on and off at certain
times for security and convenience.

5.1.8 Result

Fig.5.2: Working Model of Smart Home Automation

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 36

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Smart home automation involves integrating various household devices and systems, such as
lighting, heating, security, and entertainment, into a single network. This requires the use of
smart devices and systems that can communicate with each other through wireless or wired
connections. The next step is to connect all these smart devices and systems to a central hub or
controller. This hub can be a smart speaker, a smartphone, a tablet, or a dedicated smart home
automation controller.
In conclusion, smart home automation is a rapidly growing technology that can transform the
way we live in our homes. By integrating various household devices and systems into a single
network that can be controlled through a central interface, such as a smartphone or voice
assistant, smart home automation can simplify routine tasks, enhance comfort and security, and
reduce energy consumption. As more and more consumers embrace smart home automation, it
is likely that this technology will continue to evolve and improve, offering even more benefits
and possibilities in the future.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 37

 IOT AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 38