The vision of the New National Curriculum is “every child is

prepared for life”. The weight of the short phrase is immense. The
vision can be accomplished with the help of everyone, including
teachers, parents, school community, society, media and everyone
Exploring
Mathematics 8A
surrounded, as the emphasis of the New National Curriculum is
not only given on cognitive development, but also the spiritual and
behavioural development.

In the National Curriculum, out of eight main key learning areas,

Mathematics is one main area which intends to bring a change

Exploring Mathematics 8A
in the whole process of Mathematics teaching and learning. The
change is to be brought by obligating main pillars of the National
Curriculum, incorporating shared values, key competencies and
skills. At the same time, changing pedagogy from teacher centered
to learner centered education. In addition, using assessment for
learning as an assessment approach in the teaching and learning
process.

Contact us at:
• Delhi: +91 11 43743700 • Bengaluru: +91 80 25531005/7
• Chennai: +91 44 42146807 • Kolkata: +91 33 22259976
• Mumbai: +91 22 27709172 • Thiruvananthapuram: +91 471 4064404
• Hyderabad: +91 40 23244458

Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-1-316-63987-0

Website: www.cambridgeindia.org

www.facebook.com/cambridgeindia MVR 73 9 781316 63987 0

Exploring MathematicsAA
ExploringMathematics

8
77
A joint
A joint
publication
publication
of National
of National
Institute
Institute
of Education,
of Education,
Maldives
Maldives
, ,
andand
Cambridge
CambridgeUniversity
University
Press,
Press,
India
India

© Cambridge University Press

 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India

ISBN 978-1-108-74101-9 eBook

© Cambridge University Press

This bookisisintended
This book intended to help
to help mathematics
mathematics teaching
teaching and learning
and learning in
in schools,
schools, based
based on Mathematics
on Mathematics syllabus
syllabus in the
in the New New National
National Curriculum.
Curriculum.
The learning process of Mathematics involves more than the
acquisition of basic process
The learning concepts.ofIt Mathematics
also involves constructing meaning
involves more thanor
knowledge
the basedofon
acquisition experiences,
basic concepts. prior knowledge,
It also andconstructing
involves understanding
and applying
meaning mathematicalbased
or knowledge processes. Hence, the content
on experiences, of this book
prior knowledge,
is based
and on Mathematics
understanding andsyllabus
applying in mathematical
the National Curriculum,
processes. which is
designed to foster an understanding of the underlying mathematical
Hence, the content of this book is based on Mathematics
thinking, the general strategies of problem solving and aesthetics of
syllabus in the National Curriculum, which is designed to foster
mathematics as an important and powerful tool in everyday life. The book
an understanding of the underlying mathematical thinking,
contains two out of total five main strands, which are divided into
the general strategies of problem solving and aesthetics of
sub-strands followed by topics.
mathematics as an important and powerful tool in everyday life.
We hope this book will serve as an added support in the teaching
7KHERRNFRQWDLQVWZRRXWRIWRWDOILYHPDLQVWUDQGVZKLFKDUH
and learning process in order to achieve the goals of Mathematics in the
GLYLGHGLQWR sub-strands followed by topics.
National Curriculum.
Weextend
We hope this book will
our sincere serve
thanks to as an added
Cambridge supportPress
University in thefor
teaching
partneringand
with learning
us in this process in order to achieve the goals of
endeavour.
Mathematics in the National Curriculum.
We are beholden to the members of the NIE Curriculum Team for the
Werendered.
support extend our sincere thanks to Cambridge University Press
for partnering with us in this endeavour.
Ali Adam
We are beholden to the members of the NIE Curriculum Team
Education Development Officer Coordinator
for the support rendered.
Aishath Shiunee
Ali Adam Development Officer Coordinator
Education
(GXFDWLRQ'HYHORSPHQW2I¿FHU&RRUGLQDWRU
Aishath Shiunee
(GXFDWLRQ'HYHORSPHQW2I¿FHU&RRUGLQDWRU

© Cambridge University Press

 Strand: Numbers
1. Introduction to Calculator1
2. Number Types 9
3. Indices23
4. Standard Form37
5. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages 45
6. Estimation63
7. Ratio and Proportion 75
8. Money93

Strand: Measurement
9. Conversion of Units  107
10. Perimeter, Area and Volume 119
11. Time and Temperature 145

© Cambridge University Press

 Introduction
1 to Calculator

3 how to use calculator efficiently,

3 arithmetic operations on integers, fractions and decimals.

• V
 arious mathematical operations can be applied on integers in the form of ( y), ( y),
( y), ( y), etc. where and y are integers.
• A fraction is a number which can be written in the form of , where both and y are
y
natural numbers and the number is called numerator and y is called the denominator of
the fraction .
y
• In the decimal numbers, there are two parts – one is the whole number part and the ­other
is the decimal part.

Using technology and media

A scientific calculator is used mainly to solve problems in physics,
engineering, mathematics and science. Its special characteristics
make the calculations much easier. Some of these are arithmetics,
trigonometric functions, exponents and roots, scientific notation
and easy access to constants and Pi. The high-end models of
calculators have features of statistics and probability, solving
equations, fractions, complex and binary numbers so on.

© Cambridge University Press

 Casio fx100S
This calculator has keys for performing various types of operations.
This calculator can be used to perform arithmetic, statistical, scientific,
engineering, and other complex calculations.

Note that the first key on the calculator is a blank key with ‘SHIFT’ written
above it in orange colour. Most of the keys have something written above
them in the same orange colour. This means that the orange colour
functions marked above various keys can be used by pressing ‘SHIFT’
key before them.

Start Using a Calculator

Switch ON the calculator using the key seen Caution: Do not forget to
almost in the middle at the right. switch OFF the calculator
when not in use to prevent
Swich OFF the calculator when finished working
drainage of batteries.
using the key seen at the top right corner of the
calculator.

Using Calculator Efficiently

Before you start using a calculator, here are some important tips that
you should keep in mind while using the calculator. These tips will help
you to save time while doing calculations in examination. Also, these
reduce the risk of making errors while doing calculations.
• Always press key before starting a new calculation.
• Always look at the display to ensure that correct digits have been
entered.
• Press key at the end of every calculation.
• P
 ress key only once, pressing it twice may repeat the last calculation and the result
will be incorrect.
• M
 ake sure you are in correct mode for doing arithmetic operations. Press key and
then press .
• M
 ake sure your calculator is in Normal Mode. If your display shows ‘FIX’ or ‘SCI’, then
press key three times and then press and then to come back in Normal mode.
• Make sure you are in Degree Mode. If your display shows ‘RAD’ or ‘GRAD’, then press
key two times and then press to come in degree mode.

© Cambridge University Press

Simple Arithmetic Operations — Integers
The number keys from 0 to 9 are used to enter digits.
If a single digit is entered incorrectly, use the
Backspace key ( ) to delete or remove the incorrect
digit.
When an incorrect number is entered during calculation,
use the Cancel key ( ) to cancel or remove the
number entered.
The arithmetic operations are done by using addition
( ), subtraction ( ), multiplication ( ) and division
( ) keys. Display

The key is used to add negative sign while converting a

positive integer into a negative integer and vice versa.

Arithmetic Operations Using BODMAS Rule

BODMAS

Brackets of Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction

The calculator always uses BODMAS rule for performing calculations. Brackets are used
to perform calculations which need to be performed first. The calculator can be used
to perform calculations like (428 415) ( 623 24) with the help of memory keys or
paranthesis (or brackets).
The memory keys of a calculator are:
key is used to add a value to the memory of the calculator.

keys are used to deduct a value from the memory of the calculator.
key is used to recall or see the value stored in the memory of the calculator.

keys are used to clear or erase the value stored in the memory of the calculator.

© Cambridge University Press

 The problem (428 415) ( 623 24) can be solved using memory buttons:

Keys pressed Result Explanation

4 2 8 4 1 5 177620 Calculated Product 1

M 177620 Added to Memory

6 2 3 2 4 14952 Calculated Product 2

SHIFT M 14952 Subtracted from Memory

MR 192572 Result of Memory Recalled

SHIFT AC 192572 Memory Cleared

The problem (428 415) ( 623 24) can be solved using paranthesis:

Keys pressed ( 4 2 8 4 1 5 ) (6 2 3 2 4)

Result 192572

Explanation The digits are entered in the same order as text is written except the
integer key which is pressed after entering the integer.

Simple Arithmetic Operations — Fractions

Types of fractions:
a
• = Simple fraction
b
b 1 1
• a = Mixed number
c 2 2
Calculator can be used to perform arithmetic operations of
fractions.
2
A simple fraction like can be entered by using the fraction key
5
( ) as: 2 5
3
A mixed fraction like 8 can be entered by using the fraction key
7
as : 8 3 7
25
An improper fraction like can be converted into mixed fraction by using the fraction key
15
( ) as: 25 ( ) 15

© Cambridge University Press

The reciprocal key ( ) is used to calculate reciprocal of a number. For example, a
the  reciprocal of 4 is 1 . This can be found with the help of calculator by pressing b
4
1
4 . The display will show the result as 0.25 (which is the value of ).
4

The arithmetic operations on fractions are solved in the same way as done with
intergers.

BODMAS Rule — Fractions

5 3 5
The problem 3 8 can be solved using paranthesis like this:
9 4 8

Keys pressed 3 5 9 ( 8 3 4 5 8 )

Result 5 59 72

59
Explanation This is read as 5
72

Exercise 1.1
Using a calculator, solve these problems.
5 13 1 16 12
a. f. 2
24 17 11 9 99

2 7 1 1 14 2
b. g. 6 3
5 9 5 3 5 7

2 5 11 1
c. 8 13 12 1
5 9 h.
19 3
5 3
d. 1 2 1 1
7 8 i.
4 8
2 3 18
e. 100 1 8 j. 7
5 7 5

© Cambridge University Press

 Simple Arithmetic Operations — Decimals
Arithmetic operations can be performed between
Decimal
two decimal numbers or a decimal number and an
part
integer. Whole
number 4.65
Example Solve the following mathematical part

problems involving decimals with the

help of calculator:

a. 26.38 1.4 b. 12.001 − 8 c. 13.23 × 28.02 d. 22.5 0.015

BODMAS rule — decimal numbers

The problem 100 (13.02 23.28) can be solved using paranthesis as under:

Keys pressed 1 0 0 ( 1 3 . 0 2 2 3 . 2 8 )

Result 63.7

Exercise 1.2
Using a calculator, solve these problems.
a. 5867.23 84.6575 • SHIFT key is used to use various
b. 4.234 ( 94.7) functions written above the key.
• Always press ‘AC’ key before starting
c. 296 ( 63.4)
a new calculation.
d. 91.202 ( 2.002) • The calculator should be used
efficiently to save time and reduce
e. (18.4 3.61) (2.89 8.48)
chances of error.
f. ( 150 320) ( 800 84.7) • Ensure that you are working in
Normal mode of calculator while doing
g. 2.12 (8.4 0.96)
arithmetic operations on integers,
h. (16.5 16.08) (8.4 0.36) decimals and fractions.
• Memory keys are used to exchange
i. (1.978 20.14) (197.9 2.007)
results with the memory of the
calculator.

© Cambridge University Press

 Using calculator, solve these problems.
a. 456.033 17.6005
b. 903 ( 3001)
c. 6758903.4 3949402
d. 80018 (385 47 100)
e. (600.03 47.3) (4859.44 1034)

20167 13389
f.
602 415

2629 6508
g. 6 9
86 909

2532 431 74 651

h. 3 1 3 5
51 17 13 33

918
i. ( 19)
17

42 73
j. 2106 6 4
6 9

Mathematician in Focus
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) was France’s most celebrated
mathematician and physicist. In 1642, at the age of 18,
Pascal invented and built the first mechanical calculator
as a means of helping his father perform tedious tax
accounting. Pascal’s father was the tax collector for the
township of Rouen.

 he device was called Pascal’s calculator or the

T
Pascaline or the Arithmetique. Pascal continued to make
improvements to his design through the next decade and
built fifty Pascaline machines in total. A calculator designed by Pascal

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 2 Number Types

Factors and multiples of numbers

Prime and composite numbers
HCF and LCM and methods of finding HCF and LCM of numbers
Natural numbers, counting numbers, whole numbers and integers
Rational numbers and irrational numbers
Square numbers, cube numbers, square roots and cube roots.

All negative numbers, natural numbers and zero together are called integers.
Numbers that have only two factors, 1 and the number itself are called prime numbers.
When a number is multiplied by itself, the product obtained is called its square.
When a number is multiplied by itself thrice, the product obtained is called its cube.
The absolute value of an integer is its numerical value regardless of its sign. The absolute
value of an integer is always positive.

Making meaning
Numbers are used in our everyday life. It is the basic foundation of
mathematics. Understanding the types of numbers make us focus on
the patterning, calculating, quantifying, labeling and other everyday
activities. It also helps to make a pathway to study mathematics further.

© Cambridge University Press

 Number Types
Let us first summrise different types of numbers that you have already learnt in the previous
class.
Number Type Definition Examples
Natural Natural numbers are counting numbers, the numbers 1, 2, 3, . . ., 10 . . .
numbers which we use to count. The smallest natural number is 1.
Whole numbers When 0 is included in the list of natural numbers, the 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., 8, 9,
numbers are known as whole numbers. The smallest ...
whole number is 0.
Integers Integers are whole numbers, 0 and negative of whole - 6, - 5, - 3, 0, 6, 9,
numbers. ...
Square The number we get after multiplying an integer by itself 4 (22), 9 (32), 16 (42),
numbers is called a square number. 25 (52), . . .
Cube numbers When a number is multiplied by itself three times, the 8 (23), 27 (33), 64 (43),
number we get is called a cube number. 125 (53), . . .
Prime numbers The numbers which are divisible by 1 and itself only are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . .
called prime numbers.

Multiples
When a number is multiplied by the natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, . . .), the products obtained
are called the multiples of that number.

Example Eggs come by dozen and a dozen is 12. To find the multiple of 12, count
each set of 12.

12 (12 1) eggs 24 (12 2) eggs 36 (12 3) eggs

48 (12 4) eggs 60 (12 5) eggs 72 (12 6) eggs

So, the multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, . . .etc.

10

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Write the 6th multiple of 8.

Answer The 6th multiple of 8 is 6 × 8 = 48 Every number is a multiple of itself.

Every number is a multiple of 1.
Example Is 58 a multiple of 7?
Multiples are infinite in number.
Answer 58 is not a multiple of 7, as 58 is Multiple of any number is equal to or
not completely divisible by 7. greater than the given number.

Factors

The factors of a number are all the numbers that divide it exactly, without leaving a remainder.
All the numbers 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18 are called factors of 18. If you divide18 by these
numbers, no remainder will be left.

Finding Factors
There are several methods
to find the factors of a given
Every factor of a number is an exact divisor of the number.
number. Factors can be known
The smallest factor of every number is 1.
by the method of multiplication
The greatest factor of every number is the number itself.
and division. Let us learn these
The factor of a number is equal to or less than the number.
methods one by one.

Example Find all the factors of 24.

Solution Multiplication Method Division Method
24
1 = 24
1 x 24 2 = 12
2 x 12 24 ÷
3 = 8
3 x 8
4 x 6 4 = 6

So, the factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.

Difference between multiples and factors
Factors Multiples

18 18

1 x 18 1 x 18
2 x 9 2 x 18
3 x 6 3 x 18

11

© Cambridge University Press

 Can you list all the multiples of 18? What is your conclusion about the
differences between multiples and factors?

Common Factors and Common Multiples

Definition

Common Factors are those factors which are same in two numbers.

Let us find the common factors of 15 and 18. 15 18

Factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, 15.
Factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 2
5 1 6
Hence 1, 3 are common factors of 15 and 18.
15 3 9
Find some common multiples of 6 and 8. 18
List the multiples of
Common factors of 15 and 18
6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, ...

8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, ...

So, the first two common multiples of 6 and 8 are 24 and 48.

Materials required: A set of number cards with numbers up to 8 or 9 digits

Method: Keep the set of number cards upside down. All students must pick up one card
from the set.
Find all the factors of the number you got using the divisibility rules up to 11. Write these
factors on the back of your card. For example, 452097654 is divisible by 2, 3 and 6.
Now, show your answers to the teacher.

12

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 2.1

1. Find all the factors of the given numbers.

a. 35 b. 42 c. 56 d. 80 e. 96
f. 44 g. 100 h. 75 i. 45 j. 54

2. Find all the prime factors of the given numbers.

a. 36 b. 70 c. 64 d. 95 e. 25
f. 100 g. 120 h. 250 i. 112 j. 135

3. Find the first five multiples of the following.

a. 24 b. 13 c. 22 d. 16 e. 12
f. 21 g. 64 h. 36 i. 108 j. 145
k. 11 l. 25 m. 15 n. 100 o. 204

4. State whether the following are prime or composite numbers.

a. 12 b. 71 c. 15 d. 20 e. 31
f. 29 g. 97 h. 56 i. 67 j. 58
k. 83 l. 45 m. 57 n. 41 o. 35

HCF (Highest Common Factor)

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more given numbers is the greatest of their
common factors. It is also called GCD (Greatest Common Divisor).
HCF can be calculated by the following two methods.
Example 1  hadeeja plants 50 banana
K
trees and 30 lemon trees.
She wants the same number
and type of trees per row.
What is the maximum
number of trees she can
plant per row?
Answer Maximum number (Highest)
Same number (Common)
Trees per row (Factor)

13

© Cambridge University Press

 HCF

Prime factorisation Long division

Step 1: Factorise the numbers first.   Step 1: Divide the greater number by
the smaller number.
Step 2: Write the numbers as product of   Step 2: Divide the smaller number or the
their prime factors. divisor by the remainder.
Step 3: From the prime factorisation, take   Step 3: If the remainder is 0, then the
the factors common to both the numbers divisor is the HCF.
and multiply them to get HCF.

Example 2 2 50 2 30 1
30 50
5 25 5 15
30
5 5 3 3
20
1 1
1
50 = 2 × 5 × 5 20 30
20
30 = 2 × 3 × 5
10
HCF = 2 × 5 = 10
2
10 20
20
0
HCF =10

LCM (Least Common Multiple)

The LCM of two or more numbers is the lowest (or least) of their common multiples. We can
find out the least common multiple for any set of numbers.
Example 1 Ismail exercises every 12 days and Basheer
exercises every 8 days. Ismail and Basheer both
exercised today. How many days will it be until
they exercise together again?
 his problem can be solved using Least Common
T
Multiple because we are trying to figure out when the soonest (LEAST) time
will be that as the event of exercising continues (MULTIPLE), it will occur at
the same time (COMMON).

14

© Cambridge University Press

Methods of Finding LCM

LCM

Division Factor Prime Writing

method tree factorisation multiples

Example 2 Division Method Factor Tree

2 8, 12 8 12
2 4,  6
2 2,  3 2 4 2 6
3 1,  3
2 2 2 3
1,  1

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
Prime Factorisation Writing multiples
2 8 2 12   8:   8, 16, 24
2 4 2 6 12: 12,  24
2 3
8=2×2×2 Least Common Multiple = 24
12 = 2 × 2 × 3
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
= 24
Ismail and Basheer will exercise together again in 24 days.

Relationship between HCF and LCM of two Natural Numbers

The product of HCF and LCM is the product of the two numbers.
Example Show that the product of 36 and 48 is equal to the product of their LCM and
HCF.
HCF LCM
Answer
36, 48 = 12 36, 48 = 144

Product of HCF and LCM = 12 x 144 = 1728

  36 x 48 = 1728
Hence, the product of any two numbers is equal to the product of their LCM and HCF.

15

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 2.2

1. Find HCF of the following numbers.

a. 21, 105 b. 50, 25 c. 14, 19 d. 85, 102
e. 54, 72 f. 22, 44 g. 12, 16 h. 132, 680

2. Find the LCM of the following numbers.

a. 135, 126, 255 b. 36, 144, 100 c. 100, 1000, 210, 185
d. 28, 42, 35, 33 e. 48, 72, 96, 132 f. 25, 30, 40, 75

3. The HCF of two numbers is 4 and their LCM is 168. If the first number is 12, find the
other number.

4. The LCM of two prime numbers is 85. If one number is 5, find the other number.

5. The HCF of two numbers is 6. If the numbers are 24 and 42, find their LCM.

6. Find out the greatest number which will divide 33 and 168 leaving the remainder 3
in both cases.
(Hint: The remainder should be taken away before the greatest number is found out.)

7. Find out the lowest number which when divided separately by 14, 24, 42, will in
each case leave 5 as remainder.

8. Find out the greatest number by which 1709 and 2007 can be divided leaving the
remainders 7 and 9 respectively.

9. Find out the lowest number which is exactly divisible by 36, 45, 63 and 80.

10. Find out the HCF and LCM of 135, 126, 60 and 255.

11. 3 bells ring at intervals of 5 minutes, 12 minutes and 15 minutes respectively. They
ring simultaneously at 10 am. At what time will they ring again simultaneously?

12. 294 notebooks, 252 pens and 210 pencils are distributed equally among some
students with none left over. What is the biggest possible number of students?

13. A group of children in orphanage are given 72 bedsheets, 144 dresses, and 216
handkerchiefs. What is the largest possible number of children in orphanage?

16

© Cambridge University Press

Rational Numbers
Consider the following situations and answer the
questions.
1. If 3 persons have to eat a 6-sliced watermelon,
how many slices will each person get?
2. Adam went for a football match in which
players for school’s football team were to be
chosen. He waited from 10:15 am to 12:45 pm
for his turn to play. For how many hours did he
wait?

3. In a water jug with measurement marks, water was filled

1
till 1
2 litres marks. After few minutes, the water level went
3
down to litres. Write the change in water level in numbers.
4 1
In the above three situations, the answers are 2 slices, 2 hours
1 2
and litres down.
2

First Second Third

answer answer answer

1 _ 1
2 ‘T
 he word ‘rational’ includes the word
2 2 2
Integer Fraction Rational number ‘ratio’. So, rational number = Ratio of
2 numbers.

So, rational numbers include fractions (i.e., positive numbers) and negative of fractions (i.e.,
negative numbers).

17

© Cambridge University Press

 Definition
A rational number is the ratio of 2 numbers (either positive or negative).

Need for Rational Numbers

Set of numbers that
We have already studied about counting numbers can be expressed as
Set of whole
a quotient of two Rational
that are known as natural numbers. We know integers
23
Numbers 53
4
numbers and
their opposites
9
that the limitation of natural numbers led to the 2
Integers
16
4.6

development of a new set of numbers called –0.2 Whole

Numbers 0
whole numbers. When whole numbers failed to
Natural or
serve the purpose, another set of numbers called Set of natural
Counting
Numbers
integers was developed. The integers too had a numbers and
the number zero
1,2,3,4,5,... Set of numbers
starting with 1
limitation that the division of two integers did not and counting
up by ones

always give an integer as the result.

What are the differences between natural numbers and integers?

Therefore, there was a need for further development in the number system so that it is
always possible to divide any given number by another number different from zero (as
division by zero is not defined).
Example Find the value of : a. 2 – 4 = 0 and b. 2 – 3 = 0

Answer a. 2 – 4 = 0
2 =0+4
2 4
= =2 An integer
2 2

Here, 2 is an integer
b. 2 – 3 = 0
2 =0+3
2 3
=
2 2
3
= Improper fraction or a rational number
2
c. Now consider a point Pꞌ which represents number −3 on the number line. Let zero be
represented by O on this number line. Let us divide OP and OPꞌ into eight parts with
3 3
points A, B, C, . . . and Aꞌ, Bꞌ, Cꞌ, . . . . Then, A represents and Aꞌ represents − .
8 8
18

© Cambridge University Press

 3
However, this number − is neither an integer nor a fraction. Therefore, there was a
8 3
need to develop a new system of numbers that includes the numbers of type − .
8
–3 3
Pꞌ 8 8 P

–3 Gꞌ Fꞌ Eꞌ Dꞌ Cꞌ Bꞌ Aꞌ 0 A B C D E F G 3

Rational Numbers
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
Consider the fractions , , , , , , , , , ,........ Let us create new numbers
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4
by replacing the numerator or denominator in each fraction by its negative.
Example 2 2
• Corresponding to the fraction , we get – ;
3 3
50 50
• Corresponding to the fraction , we get – .
3 3
All the numbers created in this manner together with the original fractions are called rational
numbers. Therefore,

Definition
A rational number is a number of the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.

Mixed numbers can also be represented as rational numbers. (Recall that mixed fractions
can be written as improper fractions.)
3 17 2 –5
Example 2 = –1 =
7 7 3 3

All natural numbers are rational numbers.

All whole numbers are rational numbers.
All integers are rational numbers.
All fractions are rational numbers. We can also say that fractions are positive rational
numbers.
There are some rational numbers that are neither integers nor fractions.
Some decimal numbers are also rational numbers.

19

© Cambridge University Press

 Representation of a Rational Number on the Number Line

Just like integers we can represent rational numbers on a number line. The negative
rational numbers are represented on the left side of zero and the positive rational numbers
on the right side of zero.
–1 1
1 1
Consider the rational number . To represent
B O A 2 2
on a number line, we take a point O to represent
–1 1
–1 2 2 1 zero. Now, we mark point A and B such that point A
B Q O P A represents 1 and point B represents –1.
We divide the line segment OA into two equal parts,
1
say OP and PA. Then, P represents . Now if we
2
–1
We can represent every rational want to represent on the same number line, then
2
number on the number line. Every we divide the line segment OB into two equal parts
point on the number line can be –1
represented by a rational number. say BQ and QO. Now, Q represents .
2

State True or False. 2

e. lies between 2 and 3.
3
a. 0 is a rational number. –5 –5
f. and are equivalent rational
3 –5
–45
b. The rational number lies on the left numbers.
89
of zero on rational number line. 6
g. is a rational number in its
–3 –7
c. is an integer. standard form.
3
3 5
d. is smaller than
4 6

EXERCISE 2.3

1. Write the following rational numbers in the standard from.

–15 –25 47 –44
a. b. c. d.
18 50 18 –77

20

© Cambridge University Press

2. Represent the following rational numbers on the number line.
7 –2 4 –9 –6
a. b. c. d. e.
8 3 15 10 –15
(Hint: If the rational number is not in the standard form, then convert it into standard
form before representing it on the number line.)
3. Write a rational number whose numerator is –6 × 5 and denominator is –11 × –7.

4. Identify the positive rational number and negative rational numbers from the
following.
3 –18 –621
a. b. c.
4 19 –705
5. Classify the following rational numbers as fractions, integers or natural numbers.
20 6 –40
a. b. c.
1 7 8
6. Is 0 a positive rational number?
7. Express 17 and –50 as rational number.
p
(Hint: Write these numbers in the form of where q ≠ 0.)
q

After studying rational numbers, Ali a standard VII student could observe the following
and make correct mathematical statements.
3
1. His height has grown up by +1 inches in the last one year.
4
2. His pocket money has increased by MVR 50 (as last week he was given MVR 400
and this week he was given MVR 450 )
1
3. When we keep water in the freezer, the temperature goes down from 27°C to –5 °C,
1 1
so change in temperature of water is –32 °C
2
4. His younger brother got 19 marks in Unit Test 1 and 17.5 marks in Unit Test 2. So,
change in his performance is –1.5.

Now, it is time for you to identify the rational numbers around you and conclude the
changes using operations and properties of rational number. Share the rational numbers
you identified with your colleagues.

21

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 3 Indices

to represent a number in base and index form,

general rules on indices,
laws of exponents on integers,
laws of exponents on fractions.

1. Multiplication is nothing but the repeated addition of the same number.

2. When a number is multiplied by itself twice, the product is known as the square of the
number and it is represented as (number)2. For example, a a a2.
3. When a number is multiplied by itself thrice, the product is known as the cube of the
number and it is represented as (number)3. For example, a a a a3.

Making meaning
Indices allow us to express really large numbers in a simplified
form. For example, the distance from the Earth to the Moon is
1 105km.

23

© Cambridge University Press

 Introduction to Indices
In many situations, we come across numbers that are very large or very small.
For example, the age of the universe is approximated to be 8000 000 000 years, the mass
of the Earth is approximately 5980 000 000 000 000 000 000 metric tons and one angstrom
is equal to one ten-billionth of a metre. Such numbers are generally approximate (due
to complexity of their measurement). Therefore, these are represented by some number
followed by certain number of zeroes.

Age of the Universe is approximately Mass of the Earth is approximately 5980 000
8000 000 000 years 000 000 000 000 000 metric tons
Such numbers are usually written using indices. For example,

Description Normal form Exponential form

Age of the universe 8000 000 000 8 109
Mass of the Earth 5980 000 000 000 000 000 000 598 1019
1 1 10-10m
1 angstrom m
10 000 000 000

Index Form Notation

Repeated Addition example: 5 5 5 5 ........... 5 15 75

Repeated Multiplication example: 5 5 5 5 5 5 .................5 515

Here 515 is read as ‘5 raised to the power 15’ and means 5 is multiplied by itself 15 times.
Indices provide a shorter way to write long repeated multiplications
and, thus, writing out all the “times” symbols are not required.
25 Index / Power
Example 1 125. We know that, 125 5 5 5.
Base
Therefore, 125 53 53 is the exponential form or index
notation of 125.
In the exponential form ab, a is called the base and b is called the exponent
or power.

24

© Cambridge University Press

 Indices on a Calculator

The ( ) key on your calculator is used to calculate yth power of .

The ( ) key on your calculator is used to calculate 2nd power of or simply,

square or raised to the power of 2.

EXERCISE 3.1

1. Using a calculator, find the values of these.

a. 172 b. 211 c. 15 1
d. 1 47

e. 4.94 f. 232 g. 1312 h. 28.142

6 2
i. 10 3
j. 1 5 19
k. l.
54 6 10
5 7 4 8
7 10 1.2 2
m. n. o. p.
8 15 1.3 5
9
7.01 r. (28.4) 3 s. 8 2
t. 80
q.
4.1

2. Write the following in index notation.

a. 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
b. ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3) ( 4.3)
23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
c.
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
d. 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
e. 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66
3. Calculate the values using a calculator.
8 6 4

a. 4 b.
7.5 c. 10
2.1 6.6 11
5 2 3
d. 17 e. –13 f. 1.3
0.8 2.3 1.2
6 7

g. 14 h. 5.02 i. (182.1)4
13 4.21

25

© Cambridge University Press

 Laws of Indices

Definition

To manipulate expressions involving indices we use rules known as the laws of indices.

Law I: For any non-zero integer a, am an am n, where m and n are whole

numbers.

Verification Law I

10 6 103 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

6 times 10 ( 10 6 ) 3 times 10 ( 103 )

109
10 6 3

Similarly, 22 25 24 22 5 4
211

And, ( y )m ( y )n ( y )m n

Law II: F
 or any non-zero integer a, am an am n, where m and n are whole
numbers.

Verification Law II

8 2 78
7 7
72
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7
7 6 78 2

Similarly, 912 97 95
And, ( y )m ( y )n ( y )m n

Law III: F
 or any two non-zero integers a and b, am bm (ab) m, where m is
a whole number.

26

© Cambridge University Press

Verification Law III

26 3 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

(2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3) (2 3)

6 times (2 3)
(2 3)6
(6)6

Similarly, 55 35 75 (5 3 7)5
And, ( y )m (y z)m (z )m {( y ) (y z) (z )} m

Law IV: For any two integers a and b and whole number m,
m
am m m a
a b
bm b

Verification Law IV
54
54 64
64
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
5
4 times
6
4
5
6
2
2 82 7 8
Similarly, 7
42 4
m

And, ( y )m y
( y z)m y z
So, same index on different bases in division is raised commonly on them.

27

© Cambridge University Press

 Law V: For any non-zero integer a,
( )
m n m n
, where m and n are whole numbers.

Verification Law V

(9 2 )5 5 times 9 2
92 92 92 92 92
92 2 2 2 2
(As per Law I)
10
9

Similarly, (4 4 )5 (4)20 (22 )20 240

And, (( y )m )n ( y )m n

Law VI: Index zero on any base will give result as 1.

0
1

Verification Law VI

0 4 10 4 4
10 10 10
10 4
10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10
1
1
So, 100 1

Similarly, 360 1
And, ( y )0 1
So, for all base with index zero the result will be one.

Law VII: For any non-zero integer a, a m= 1 , where m is a positive integer.

am

28

© Cambridge University Press

Verification Law VII

am 50 0 1
5 2
50 2
am n
a 1
an 52 52

1
Similarly, 42 3

423
1
And, ( y) m
( y )m
So, for all base with negative index the result will be reciprocal of the number with
positive index.

Example 1 Solve these by applying various laws of indices.

a. 64 62 (6)4 2
66 46656
4 6 4 ( 6) 2
b. 1 1 1 1
22 4
2 2 2 2
c. 327 324 327– 4 323 32768
4
1 1
d. 12 2
12 6
12 2– 6
12 –4

12 20736
e. (5 2 )5 55 2
510 9765625
6
2 –3 2 –3 –6 1 1
f. (–3 ) (–3) (–3)
3 729

Example 2 Solve using laws of indices

a. 32 52 (3 5)2 15 2 225
5
b. 125 12
45 1024
35 3
c. 64 6 –4 64 (–4)
6 4– 4 60 1
As we have seen in these examples, application of laws of indices makes the calculation
simpler and easier to solve.

EXERCISE 3.2
Using laws of indices, find the values of these.
1. 42 32 2. 123 122 3. 154 152
18 24
4. 15 2 5. 2 3
2 7
6.
18 22
32

29

© Cambridge University Press

 3

7. (12 ) 3 2
8. (2 3
3) 3 2
9. 44
34

10. 32 34 35 11. (7 4)0 12. (3 )2 (3 )3

13. ( 2y )7 14. (5 2)3 15. (6 1)3 (6 2)3

( 2 y )2 (7 4)3

Did You Know?

Names of Larger Numbers
• 102 - Hundred • 1021 - Sextillion
• 103 - Thousand • 1024 - Septillion
• 106 - Million • 1027 - Octillion
• 109 - Billion • 1030 - Nonillion
• 1012 - Trillion • 10100 - Googol
• 1015 - Quadrillion

Let’s apply the rules of indices and solve

some complex calculations involving
application of more than 1 law of indices.

Example 1 Solve using law of indices.

a. (12)7 (12)7 127

(12)7 3

(43 33 ) (4 3)3 123

124 20736
24 5
b. 243 243 24 5 2
243 24 7
243 7

24 2
4 1 1
24
24 4 331776
c. (103 10 1) 2
(103 1) 2
10 2 X 2
10 –4
1 1
10 4 10000

30

© Cambridge University Press

Example 2 Solve using law of indices.

(16)7 (16)7 (24 )7 228

a.
(212 28 ) (2)12 8 220 220
228– 20 28 256

27 5 (33 ) 5
b. 27 3
27 3

3 20 3 20
(33 ) 3
3 15 20 3 9 5

4
3
1 1
3 4
81
0.0123456790123457
Example 3 Solve using law of indices.

a. ( 2 y 2 )3 ( 2)3 ( )3 ( y 2 )3 8 3y 6

b. 28 a 4 b 6 28 a4 b6
28 4 a 4 3 b 6 2

4 2 a3 b 2 (22 )2 a3 b2
24 a1b 4 16ab 4

EXERCISE 3.3
Solve these problems.
2 3 4
1. (3 ) 3 2. 123 12 2
3. 154 152
37
4. 15
2
5. 2 3
2 7
6. 18 24
32 18 22
3
7. (12 3)2 8. (23 33)2 9. 44
34
3 7
10. 32 34 3 5
11. t t 12. 20 30 40
(t 2 )3
13. 80 90 100

31

© Cambridge University Press

 Fractional Indices
The rules and laws of indices remain same even if the index is a fraction.
p r p r
q s q s

p r p r
q s q s

p p p Index
q
y q
( y) q
a Exponent
b b a
p
p p
q
q q
y
y
r
p s pr
q qs

In addition to these, two more rules that are applicable to fractional indices are:
1
n n

m
1 m 1 m
n m
( )
m n n n n

Let’s apply these rules to solve some simple

calculations involving fractional indices.

Example 1 Solve using laws of indices.

1 1 1 1 2 3 5
a. 8 3
8 2
8 3 2
8 6
8 6

1 1
1
b. 12 4
12 4
3 4
1
4
4 4

1
c. 49 2
49 7
3 1 1
3 2
d. 4 2
(4 ) 64 2
64 8

32

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 3.4
Solve these problems.
1 1 2 1 1
4. 64
1. 12 2
15 2
2. 15 5 3. 81 2
16 2
3
24
15 2

1
6. 185 3
3
5. (2 3 y ) (2 8
3y ) 2
1 7. 12 2

18 5

3 3 7 0
3
4
8. 4 4
9. k 2
k 2
10. ( 2) 5
5
34 2 2
(k )

Finding Indices
Sometimes, we need to find the missing indices. These indices can easily be found by
applying the laws of indices.

m n

Remember the laws of indices?

In some cases, we have to find missing values. Such examples are discussed below.

Example Find

a. 3 81 3 3 3 3 3
4
3 81 3 3 3 33 3 3 n
form is called base index from where is a
3 3 4
4 base and n is index.
4 0
1 and 1
n
p
n
p n and n 1
q qn
m n m n
and m n m n

m m
m
ym ( y )m and m
ym
ym y
( )
m n m n

m n
m n

33

© Cambridge University Press

 b. 2 8 2 2 2 2
7 343 7 7 7 7

2 8 2 2 2 2 2 23
7 343 7 7 7 7 7 73
3
2 23 2 2
7 73 7 7

2 2
3 3
7 7
3

18 6 2 18 6 2
c. 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
18 18 6 6 2 2 18 18
6 6 2 2 24 2
11 11
18 18 6 161 2 2 11 11
18 618 6 2 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
55 55 55 55 55 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
24 24 2 2
11 1124 242 2
24 2
1 1 1 1 24
55 55 12
5 5 5 5 2
2424 2 2
2424 2 2
2424
12
24
1224
22 1212
2 2

EXERCISE 3.5
Solve these problems.
4 6 5
a. ( 5) 1
( 5)5 ( 3)7 b. 1 1 1
35 35 35
c. 4 4096 d. ( 10) 100000000
5 15625

e. 9 6561 f. 1 1
81 3
g. (s t )2 (s t ) 3

34

© Cambridge University Press

1. State which of these pairs of numbers is greater.

a. 23 or 32 c. 25 or 35
b. 64 or 122 d. 34 or 92
2. Solve the following.

a. 23 32 b. ( 1)25 ( 1)28
c. 1102 23 d. 012 322
2
2 24
e.
2 3
3. Find the value of these if 3, y 5 and z 7.
3
a. y 2z 1
b. ( 3 yz 0 )2
4. Find the value of m.

1 4 2m 1
a. 28 26 2m b. 54 94 m4 c. 64
4 16
5. By what number should 2 5 be multiplied so that the product is 2?
1 5
4 5
6. If , then find .
5 4
2
4
3
1
7. Simplify
6

Why are indices important?

Indices are used to express quantities which are either very large or very small.
• The areas and volumes always take the form of m2, cm2, and m3, cm3.
• Very small units like nanometer (nm) are actually very small decimal number
(0.000000001). Representing it in the form of 10 9 makes it easy to remember.

35

© Cambridge University Press

 • Computer memories are represented in very large units like Terabyte (TB), a very
large number (1000000000000). Representing it in the form of 1012 makes it easy to
remember.

Mathematician in Focus
Sir Michael Atiyah (1929 – ), formerly a professor at both
Oxford and Cambridge, is one of the foremost mathematicians
of the 20th century, and continues to be an important force
in the 21st. He is best known for ‘index theorems’. He was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1962 and awarded the
Fields Medal in 1966.

36

© Cambridge University Press

 Standard
4 Form

standard form of numbers,

to represent a number in the standard form,
rules of applying standard form to decimal form,
conversion from decimal form to standard form,
comparison of numbers in the standard form,
arithmetic operations on numbers in the standard form.

Decimal numbers have two parts: whole number part and decimal part.
Indices are the powers raised on some number to calculate exponential values.
When a decimal number is multiplied by 10, the decimal point gets shifted one place to
the right; when a decimal number is multiplied by 100, the decimal point gets shifted 2
places to the right, and so on.

Using Media and Technology:

Scientific Notation of a Calculator
Scientific Notation is used for expressing large quantities, such as
speed of light or very small quantities, such as the surface area of
an atom. By using the scientific notation, it saves time needed to
write out all the numbers preventing a mistake in miscounting that
can occur when you are trying to keep track of a large number or
a very small number.

37

© Cambridge University Press

 Introduction to Standard Form 13230000000000000
458900000000000
Look at the following examples:
• Mass of earth is 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000kg!
• Age of the universe is 8000 000 000 years.
• Angstrom is a unit of length equal to one hundred-millionth
1
of a centimeter or m
10 000 000 000

Can you read these numbers?

These very large numbers are difficult to read, understand Exponent or Power
A 10n
and compare. To make these numbers easy to read,
Base
understand and compare, we write them in the standard form.
Coefficient
Representing a large or a small number in the standard form
makes them easy and convenient to be used while working and doing long calculations.

Age of the Universe is approximately Mass of the Earth is approximately

8000 000 000 years 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

In standard form, a number is always written as: A n.

A is always between 1 and 10, n tells
how many places to move the decimal point.
So, the numbers written in the examples above will be written in the standard form as follows:

Description Normal form Standard form

Age of the universe (in years) 8000 000 000 8 109
Mass of the Earth (in kg) 5980 000 000 000 000 000 000 5.98 1021
1
1 angstrom m 1 10-10m
10 000 000 000

38

© Cambridge University Press

Writing a Number in the Standard Form
Example 1 Write 15 000 000 in the standard form.

Answer 15 000 000 = 1.5 10 000 000

This can be written as:
1.5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
= 1.5 107
Example 2 Write each of the following in standard form.
a. 0.004   b. 0.000 000 34

1 2 3
Answer a.
0. 0 0 4

4.0
=4 10–3

b.   0.000 000 34 = 3.4 107 You will need to use the 10x,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exp or EE button on your calculator.
These are known as the exponent keys and
0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 = 3.4 10–7 they all work in the same way, even though
they might look different on
different calculators.

Did You Know?

• In the human brain, there are about 100 000 000 000
neurons, and over the human lifespan 1000 000 000 000 000
neural connections are made.
• We all know about the internet search engine
www.google.com. Do you know the origin of the word
google? A google is a very large number whose value is
10100. That means it is 1 followed by 100 zeroes. There is
one more large number known as googolplex. Googolplex
is 10googol or 1010100. So, it is 1 followed by 10100.

39

© Cambridge University Press

 Example 3 Express the following numbers in the standard form.
1234 5
a. 0.000035 = 3.5 10–5

b. 4,050,000
5 4 3 2 1 = 4.05 106
1 .0 .a
5–01 5.3 =65534030200

601 50.4 = 000,050,4 .b

1 23456

EXERCISE 4.1
1. Write the following numbers in standard form.
a. 2736.300 b. 56420000 c. 0.000000000173
d. 7800000000000 e. 0.000023 f. 131200000
g. 99000000000 h. 1020 i. 0.000000087
j. 0.00100 k. 100 l. 66868000000

2. Given below are some facts about the universe which involves very large
numbers. write these numbers in standard form.
a. The distance between the Earth and the Moon is about 400000000metres.
b. The mass of Earth is about 5973600000000000000000000kg.
c. The distance of the Earth from the Sun is approximately 144,000,000,000metres.
d. The circumference of Earth is approximately 40000000metres.
e. The distance travelled by light in one year is 5,870,000,000,000metres.

3. All the matter is made up of atoms and molecules. Atoms are further made
up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Express the following numbers in
standard form.
a. The charge on an electron is 0.00000000000000000016Coulomb.
b. The mass of a proton is 0.0000000000000000000000000016726 kg
c. The mass of electron is 0.00000000000000000000000000000091093822 kg

Conversion from standard form to ordinary numbers

Converting a standard form to its equivalent number is equally important as converting a
number to its standard form. Sometimes the actual digits are required to show the result.

40

© Cambridge University Press

 3,700

Convert
FROM
Standard form

3.7 103

3.128 103 3,128 3.9 10 1 .39

6.4 104 64,000 6.12 10 5 .0000612

Example Write the numbers in standard form.

a. 7.63 × 104
b. 9.01 × 10−3

Answer

a. 7.63 × 104 = 7.63 × 10 000 = 76 300

b. 9.01 × 10−3 = 9.01 ÷ 1 000 = 0.00901

Comparison of Numbers in the Standard Form

The masses of the planets of the solar system are given in
the standard form in the table on the next page.
Look at the coefficient and the exponential part. Here,
­exponential part is the same. So, to compare the masses of
the planets, compare the coefficients.

Order in terms of
Planets of the solar system Mass
mass
Mercury

0.330 x 1024kg 8

Venus

4.87 x 1024kg 6

41

© Cambridge University Press

 Order in terms of
Planets of the solar system Mass
mass
Earth

5.97 x 1024kg 5

Mars

0.642 x1024kg 7

Jupiter

1898 x 1024kg 1

Saturn

569 x 1024kg 2

Uranus

86.8 x 1024kg 4

Neptune

102 x 1024kg 3

Example 1 Compare 5.59 1013 and 8.53 109.

Answer Compare the indices of 10n as they are not the same.
13 > 9
So, the number (5.59 1013 ) (8.53 109 )
11 10
Example 2 Compare 9.728 10 and 9.278 10 .

Answer Compare the indices of 10n as they are not the same.

11 10
11 10
So, the number (9.728 10 ) (9.278 10 )

42

© Cambridge University Press

 12 12
Example 3 Compare 4.728 10 and 4.78 10 .

Answer Here the indices are the same (both 12)

Now compare the coefficients.
4.728 < 4.78
12 12
So, the number (4.728 10 ) (4.78 10 )

EXERCISE 4.2
1. Convert the following numbers in the standard form to the decimal form.
a. 1.653 105 b. 2.34 10 2
c. 4.10912 103

d. 2.998 10 5
e. 2 10 2
f. 1.6323 100

g. 5.9201 10 2
h. 4.652 107 i. 9.9999 10 6

2. Compare the following numbers in their standard form.

a. 1.23 105 and 3.45 10 4 b. 5.43 10 3 and 2.1321 10 1

c. 9.99 1012 and 9.999 1012 d. 1.59123 10 4 and 2.73 10 7

Example Solve the following problems with the help

of a calculator. Ensure that your
calculator is in SCI
a. 1.35 10 2 2.3 10 4
mode while solving
= 1.350002300 1002 these problems

b. 6.123 103 – 5.4 10 2

= 5.583000000 1003

c. 1.32 10 2
2.1 103
= 2.772000000 1001
d. 9.87 1012 5.2 109
= 1.898076923 1003

43

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 4.3
1. Practice to input these numbers in the standard form in the calculator.
5
a. 2.11 10 4 b. 2.11 10 4 c. 2.8 10

d. 1.642 108 e. 3.541 10 6

f. 6.457 10 21

2. Convert these numbers in standard form.

a. 7800000000 b. 0.000023 c. 0.00100

d. 0.000000016 e. 5973600 f. 684200314

g. 875002 h. 0.0020001455 i. 0.4561

3. Convert these numbers in the decimal form.

a. 5.964 103 b. 2.301254 10 4 c. 1.125 10 7

d. 8.947 10 4 e. 2.231328 10 6 f. 2.313 10 2

1
g. 8.75002 10 h. 5.9736 10 2 i. 1 10 2

Mathematician in Focus
The concept of scientific notation was developed by
Archimedes (287–212 BC), the Greek scientist and
mathematician. In ancient Greece, M was used to denote 1000.
He started writing Roman numbers in lowercase above M to
develop the concept of exponents (Mv 10005 ).

44

© Cambridge University Press

 Fractions,
5 Decimals and
Percentages

Comparison and ordering of fractions

Conversion of fractions to lowest form and equivalent form.
Arithmetic operations on fractions using calculator
Basic calculation on decimals.
Basic calculations on percentages.

• Fraction represents p/q form as the parts of whole.

3 7 9
• Like fractions have same denominators , , , etc.,
4 4 4
• If two or more fractions show the same part of the whole they are called
3 1
equivalent fractions. e.g., ,
6 2

• A fraction is said to be in its simplest form, if its numerator and

denominator have no common factor (except 1).

3 6 5
• Unlike fractions have different denominators , , , etc.
9 7 2
• Comparison of fractions can be done by comparing numerators having same
denominators.
• Adding and subtracting simple fractions are calculated by taking LCM and making the
denominators same.

45

© Cambridge University Press

 Practising Islam
Payment of Zakat-al-Mal: If the nisab is due, the Hijri year is
passed, the zakathable amount is:
In ratio, 1:40
1
In fraction,
40
In percentages, 2.5%
In decimals, 0.025 multiplied by the wealth of the person

Introduction
Numbers – Represent a complete or whole item in its own.
• Ordering one breadstick, i.e. 1
• Buying 12 chocolates
One whole piece of Garlic
• 11 players in a football team
bread loaf
Fractions – Represent parts of a whole. The highlighted texts are
the fractions.
• A breadstick is divided into 6 pieces. Eating 4
4
pieces of breadstick out of total 6 pieces, i.e.
6 1
of an apple
1
4

• Eating 1 chocolate out of 12 chocolates, i.e. 1 of an apple

12
2

• Two players out of 11 were shown red card, 3

4 of an apple
2
i.e.
11 Here is a
whole apple
So we conclude, fractions are considered as a part
of a whole (may be one item or group of items). 1
3 -
-
4 1
1
-
1 2
1 -
4

1 1
2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

46

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 5.1
1. Draw figures to represent the following fractions:
7 3 5 13 9 1
, , , , ,
12 7 10 20 30 4
2. Write the following as fractions:
a. Seven parts of total 13 equal parts d. Four-tenths
b. One-half e. 5 parts of 12
c. Three-quarters

Different types of fractions

Proper Fractions – If the numerator of a fraction is less than the denominator, it is called a
proper fraction. For example:
3 7 1 11 9
, , , ,
6 10 2 20 12
Improper Fractions – If the numerator of a fraction is greater than the denominator, it is
called an improper fraction. For example:
7 10 25 9 6
, , , ,
5 3 10 2 1
6
Any natural number (say 6) can be represented as an improper fraction (as ).
1
Mixed numbers – A combination of a natural number and a proper fraction is called a
mixed number. For example: The following are the examples of mixed fraction:
2 1 5 1 6
1 , 3 , 2 , 4 ,1 .
5 3 10 2 1
Equivalent fractions – When the result of different fractions evaluates to the same value,
30 6 9 15 27
they are known as equivalent fractions. The following fractions , , , , give
3 50 10 15 25 45
result as .
5

47

© Cambridge University Press

 Fractions at a glance

5
2

(Five-halves of circle
1
shaded)
4
Improper fraction
(One-fourth glass of water) 1
Proper fraction 2
3
3 2 (Two and one-third glass of water)
6 4 Mixed fraction

Equivalent fractions

Example Are the fraction , , and

equivalent? Explain why or
why not.
a c
Let and be two fractions.
Answer To find equivalent fractions, b d
multiply the numerator If a d b c, then both the fractions
AND denominator by the same will be equal.

non-zero whole number.

Part A:

Part B:

Yes, , and are equivalent, since the numerator and denominator

of each fraction was multiplied by the same nonzero number.

You can make equivalent fractions by multiplying or dividing both numerator and
denominator by the same amount.
You only multiply or divide, never add or subtract, to get an equivalent fraction.

Example Reduce these fractions to their

lowest term.
44 264
a. b. Multiplication or Division on both numerator
52 420 and denominator of a fraction by the same
Answer a. HCF of numerator 44 and number will just change the pairs of fractions
denominator 52 is 4. Therefore, but will not affect the result.
44 4 11
.
52 4 13
48

© Cambridge University Press

 44 11
So, can be reduced to its simplest form as .
52 13
b. HCF of numerator 264 and denominator 420 is 12. Therefore,
264 12 22
420 12 35

EXERCISE 5.2
1. Categorize the following fractions (simple, proper, mixed and improper
fractions):
3 3 12 2 9 88
, 4 , , 6 , ,
31 6 7 5 13 83

2. Compare the following pair of fractions and check whether they are equivalent
or not:

a.
36 40 b.
14 49
, ,
54 60 8 28

c. 21 35 d.
3 12 21
, , ,
27 45 7 28 49
55 22 f. 7 17 41
e. , , ,
77 33 8 12 45

3. Reduce these fractions to their lowest form.

a. 156 b. 324 c. 891
169 1654 198

4. Mariyam is a very good chess player. In a tournament of chess, she won 6 games,
lost 3 games and tied 2 games. What fraction of games did she win?

5. Saniyya went Pizza Hut with her friends Zaheer and Zeba on her birthday and
6 24 12
ordered pizzas. Saniyya ate , Zaheer ate and Zeeba ate . Find out whether
8 32 16
they had eaten equal portions or not.

49

© Cambridge University Press

 6. Abdul Raheem wants the fraction of blocks in the model B to be equivalent to
the fraction of pink blocks in model A. How many blocks in Model B need to
be pink to make that happen?
Model A

Model B

Arranging the fractions

Just like integers, fractions can also be arranged in ascending and descending orders.
To do this, we need to convert these fractions in a form with a common denominator as
discussed in the previous section. After this, the fractions are arranged in ascending or
descending order on the basis of the value of the numerator.

Example Arrange these fractions in ascending order.

5 8 13 17
, , ,
6 15 18 24

Answer The LCM of the denominators 15, 24, 18 and 6 is 360.

Ascending order
The equivalent fractions are:
5 5 60 300
6 6 60 360
8 8 24 192
15 15 24 360 5

13 13 20 260 4
3 r
18 18 20 360 or
de
2 ing
17 17 15 255 sc
end
1 A
24 24 15 360
These equivalent fractions can be arranged in ascending order as
8 17 13 5
, , ,
15 24 18 6

50

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Arrange the following fractions in descending order:
3 5 2 1
, , ,
10 8 5 3
Descending order
Answer L.C.M of the denominators 10, 8, 5 and 3 is 120. Then,
3 3 12 36
10 10 12 120
5 5 15 75
8 8 15 120 6
2 2 24 48 5
De 4
5 5 24 120
sc
en
din
g
3
or
1 1 40 40 de
r
2
1
3 3 40 120
These equivalent fractions can be arranged in descending order as
5 2 1 3
8 5 3 10

EXERCISE 5.3
1. In each of these pairs of fractions, state which is greater.
5 2 2 3 c.
2 7
a. , b. , ,
8 5 11 7 9 15

15 18 3 1 9 165
d. , e. 4 ,7 f. 2 ,
13 7 5 3 11 13
2. Arrange these fractions in ascending order.

a. 2 3 8 b. 7 19 9 17 c.
9 3 5 20
, , , , , , , ,
9 2 21 25 40 10 12 14 8 7 21

d. 2 5 3 e. 2 7 5 4
1 ,5 , 1 , , ,2
3 6 8 3 12 8 15
3. Arrange these fractions in descending order.

a. 7 19 1 b.
7 3 1 c.
1 5 3
, , , , 8 ,3 ,7
2 4 2 9 4 36 2 8 4

d. 2 4 2 e.
1 3 5 9 11
5 ,2 ,2 , , , ,
3 5 9 2 5 7 11 15

51

© Cambridge University Press

 Arithmetic Operations of Fractions

5 4 5 7 4 8
Example a. ( LCM of 8 and 7 is 56)
8 7 8 7 7 8
35 32
56 56
35 32 67 11
1
56 56 56

5 4 5 7 4 8
b. ( LCM of 8 and 7 is 56)
8 7 8 7 7 8
35 32
56 56
35 32 3
56 56

c. 5 4 5 4 20
8 7 8 7 56
5
14

d. 5 4 5 7
8 7 8 4
5 7
8 4
35
32
3
1
32

52

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Solve the problems involving mixed fractions.

a.     4 5 2
4
8 7
5 4 (4 8 5) (2 7 4)
Answer 4 2
8 7 8 7
37 18
8 7
37 7 18 8
( LCM of 8 and 7 is 56)
8 7 7 8
259 144
56 56
115 3
2
56 56
5 4
b. 4 2
8 7
5 4 (4 8 5) (2 7 4)
Answer 4 2
8 7 8 7
37 18
8 7
1/4
666 333
56 28 1/4 1/4
25
11
28

BODMAS rule on fractions

5 3 5
Example Solve 3 8 :
9 4 8

5 3 5 32 35 5
Answer 3 8
9 4 8 9 4 8
32 35 2 5
9 4 2 8
32 70 5
9 8 8
32 75
9 8
32 8 75 9
( LCM of 9 and 8 is 72.)
9 8 8 9
256 675
72 72
419 53
72
59 © Cambridge University Press
 9 8
32 8 75 9
( LCM of 9 and 8 is 72.)
9 8 8 9
256 675
72 72
419
72
59
5
72
2 3 6
Example Solve 9 8 15 :
7 4 7
2 3 6 65 35 6
Answer 9 8 15 15
7 4 7 7 4 7
65 105
15
7 14
65 105 15 14
7 14 1 14
65 105 210
7 14 14
65 105
7 14
65 2 105
7 2 14
130 105
14 14
235 11
16
14 14
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Solve these problems. Show all your working.
5 13 5 17 12 7
a. 2 b.
8 7 23 11 15 9
2 7 5 5 3 4 21
c. 3 11 d. 1 2
17 13 24 7 8 7 25
8 120 31 62 f.    
44 56 47 83
e.
15 64 41 82 23 35 21 47

g. 37 22 45 41 121 44 19 20
7 h.
31 93 19 31 3 9 21 42

i.     33 31 47 3 j.    
56 23 31 7
54 44 14 5 41 22 32 22

54

© Cambridge University Press

Decimals
Definition

Decimal represents the incomplete portion of a complete whole.

Fractions also represent the incomplete portion of a whole. So, fractions and decimals
basically are two different methods of denoting the same numbers. These, therefore, can be
mutually converted into each other.
Fraction

Decimal
0 0.5 1
1 =
1
2 0.5
2

7
We know that is same as 0.7. The portion shaded in blue colour
10
7
represents in terms of fraction and 0.7 in terms of decimal.
10

Example Solve the following:

a. 26.89 32.453 b. 26.89 32.453
c. 26.89 32.453 d. 32.450 16.225

Answer a. 26.89 32.453

Converting the given decimals into like decimals, then
26.890 32.453
26.890
32.453
59.343

b. 26.89 32.453
Converting the given decimals into like decimals, then
26.890 32.453
32.453
26.890
5.560

Thus, 26.890 32.453 = 5.560

55

© Cambridge University Press

 c. 26.89 32.453
2889 32453 = 87266117
Therefore,
   26.89     32.453         = 872.66117
(2 decimal places)     (3 decimal places)     (2+3 = 5 decimal places)
Thus, 26.89 32.453 = 872.66117

d. 32.450 16.225

32.450 32450
2.0
16.225 16225

Types of Decimals
Terminating decimals: A terminating decimal is a decimal that ends. It is a decimal with
a finite number of digits.
17
Example Express in the decimal form.
8
Answer 2.125
2.125
8 8 1717
– 16
10
–8
20
– 16
40
– 40
0
17
Thus, 2.125 is a terminating (non-repeating) decimal.
8
Non-terminating decimals: A decimal number that continues infinitely or without an end. It
is a decimal with an infinite number of digits. It is also known as recurring decimals.

56

© Cambridge University Press

 5
Example
Express in the decimal form.
3

Answer 1.666
3 5
–3
20
– 18
20
– 18
20
– 18
2
5
Thus, = 1.666.... or 1.6 is a non-terminating recurring (repeating)
3
decimal. It is also represented by putting a bar on the repeated part.

EXERCISE 5.5
1. Solve these problems.
a. 1.01 10.1 .101 11.01 10.011 b. (2.864 5.43) 18.96
c. 23.1001 (3.451 2.87) d. 310.197 45.9809
3
e. 0.055 123 f.     12.62 1.23
4
g. 11.5 0.3 h. 812.670.3
i. 812.67 12.89 32.1 1.25
2. Convert these fractions into decimals.

a. 34 b. 3 5 2
2 3 2
3 5 6 9
12 35.2 1 1 1 1 1
c. d.
1.56 2 3 4 5 6

57

© Cambridge University Press

 Percentages
1
Percentages are fractions and decimals expressed in group of 100.
3
A percentage number is followed by % sign.
7 7
To represent as percentage, we multiply 100 70%. 33.3%
10 10
0.33

Percentages can be calculated on calculator by pressing Shift and keys.

Relation between fractions, decimals and percentages

Example Convert the following fractions into decimals and percentages.

15 11 3
a. b. 3 3
16 12 4

1 7 1 3 2
c. 5 d. 1 1 2
7 72 2 5 3

15
Answer a. 0.9375 (decimal form)
16
 
15 15
100 % 93.75% (percentage form)
16 16
1 7 36 7 1
b. 5 0.5 (decimal form)
7 72 7 72 2
1
and 100 % 50% (percentage form)
2
1 3 1 3 8 5 3 1 3
c. 1 1 1 0.75 (decimal form )
2 5 4 2 5 4 2 2 4
3
and 100 % 75% (percentage form )
4

EXERCISE 5.6
1. Express these as percentages.

a. 1 b. 5
2 40
c. 0.45 d. 80% of 420
e. 65% of (85 95) f. 130 (50% of 130)
g. (78 12)% of 25

58

© Cambridge University Press

Word problems involving decimals, fractions and percentages
2 1
Example If 1 foot of a craft cardboard costs MVR 20 , how much does a 6 feet
3 2
cardboard will cost?

2 62
Solution Cost of 1 foot of cardboard MVR 20 MVR
3 3
1 62 13 806
Cost of 6 feet cardboard MVR MVR 134.33
2 3 2 6

41 21
Example Ahmed read pages of a storybook on ­Saturday and ­pages of
200 50
the ­same book on Sunday. How many pages were left to read? And what

­percent of book still left to read?

41
Answer On Saturday, Ahmed read pages of story book
100
21
On Sunday, Ahmed read pages of story book
50

41 21 83
Total number of pages read on both days = + =
100 50 100

83 100 83 17
No. of pages still left to read = 1
100 100 100

17
And in percentage = 100 % 17%
100

EXERCISE 5.7
3 2
1. A rectangular plot has dimensions 109 yard 61 yard. Calculate the area and the
4 3
9
perimeter of the plot in yards and in metres. (1 yard metres approx.)
10
3 3 1
2. A certain piece of metal alloy weighs 1 kg. If its th part is steel, th part is
4 5 5
aluminium and rest is iron, how much will the iron weigh?

59

© Cambridge University Press

 5
3. 7 children are sitting in a row. Each child is metres apart. Find the total distance
6
of the row from the first child to the last child.

4. The total salary of Yusuf is MVR 50000 per month. He spends 1 of his salary on
8
food, 1 on rent and 1 on entertainment and books. Find the amount of money
6 6
spent on every part individually and how much is left with him.

5. Find the area of the circle and the triangle shown in the figure. The sides
3
of triangle are equal measuring 3 cm. Also, the radius of circle is equal
4
22 2
to one side of triangle. (Area of circle r ).
7
7
6. During a morning walk a person walks m/s. Calculate the distance covered if the
5
total walking time is 3 hr.
4
7. A student memorise a lesson in 2 hr. How much time will it take to memorise 2 of
3 3
book if the book has 10 chapters?

8. At a school annual day event, 1 students are wearing white dress, 2 are wearing
7 7
pink dress, 3 are in green dress and the remaining are wearing school uniform. If
7
2 students are attending the event out of total 840 students. Find the number of
3
students in every part defined above and what percentage of students did not attend
the annual day event?

Decimals, fractions and percentages are a regular part of our life. When we share some-
thing with our friends and family, it is a part of the whole. So, it can be called a fraction,
decimal or percentage of the whole that we have got.

60

© Cambridge University Press

The slices of pizzas and breadsticks are
fractions of the whole. Pastries are fraction Decimals, Percentages, and Fractions

of a whole cake. 1

1 12
.083 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 8.3% 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Decimals have helped us in calculating 1

1 10
.10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
very small as well as very large numbers. 10 10% 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

The scientific notation could not have been 1

1
8 .125 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 12.5%
used to express extremely large and small
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1
1 .167
numbers without using decimals.
6 1 1 1 1 1 1
6 16.7% 6 6 6 6 6 6

1
1 .20
Percentages are commonly used to ­express
5 1 1 1 1 1
5 20% 5 5 5 5 5

statistics like population, national income, 1

1
4 .25 1 1 1 1

etc. At individual level, your marks in an 4 25% 4 4 4 4

examination are expressed in the form of 1 .333

1
3 1 1 1
3 33.3% 3 3 3

­percentages. 1 .50
1 1 1
2
2 50% 2 2

1
1 1 1
100%

•  repare a model using different craft and concrete materials depicting

P
the fraction levels of a whole, decimal equivalent of the fractions, and the
percentage calculated afterwards to have a clear concept of different parts of
a whole and its presentation.
• Collect samples of object around you which are commonly used in fractions.

61

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 6 Estimation

estimation and its use,

to round off whole numbers,
to round off decimal numbers,
to make estimates of numbers,
to make estimates of quantities and lengths,
approximations to the specified number of significant figures.

Estimation involves approximation.

The estimated value is found by rounding up or down.
When the digit to the right of the rounding place is 5 or more, round up.
When the digit to the right of the rounding place is 5 or less, round down.

Making meaning
Estimation is used in real life all the time. Estimation helps you
focus on what is really going on. It is always important for you
to be able to estimate how many things you can see, how long
something is or how big something is, how much you spend,
how much time you need to do something. These are all basic
practical life skills which should be developed in order to form
an excellent foundation on which problem solving and logical-
reasoning skills can be based in real life.

63

© Cambridge University Press

 Estimation
Estimate means
• to make a guess or roughly calculate something without involving any actual
calculations,
• to guess a value with approximate calculation of the extent of something (number,
quantity, length etc).
14 12
apples? pencils?

Definition

Estimation is guessing the outcome on the basis of quick calculation of some data.

Estimation is used in various situations of practical life. For

example:
• When a trader sees coconuts on a tall coconut tree, a
rough idea on number of coconuts can be drawn, say 45
coconuts.

• Number of people attending an event, say 15,000 people

attended the concert.

• Number of fruits in a bunch of palm fruit is often

approximated by buyers and sellers.

All these observations are just roughly guessed without performing any calculation or
without actual counting. Estimations are done to give rough results which are close to the
actual value of result.

64

© Cambridge University Press

 Estimation requires the knowledge of rounding-off.

To make good estimates, one should know the rounding-off techniques.

Rounding-off the Numbers

Example Round-off the number to the nearest tens:

21107

Answer Look for the digit at the units place. It is 7, which is greater than 5.

Digit at units place 7 is replaced by 0 and digit at tens place 0 is increased

by 1, that is 0 1 1.
So, 21107 is rounded-off to nearest Tens as 21110.

Example Round-off the number to the nearest hundreds:

21170

Answer Tens Place 7 is replaced with 0

Ones Place 0
Hundreds Place 1 is increased by 1 to get 2.
So, 21170 is rounded-off to nearest Hundreds as 21200.

Example Round-off the number to the nearest thousands:

421170

Answer Hundreds Place 1 is replaced by 0

Tens Place 7 is replaced by 0

Ones Place 0
Thousands Place 1 will remain the same
So, 421170 is rounded-off to nearest Hundreds as 421000.

65

© Cambridge University Press

 To round-off a number to its ten-thousands and
above, look at the digit at the thousands’ place. If it is
less than 5, all the digits to the right of ten thousands’
place are made 0. If the digit is greater than or equal
to 5, the digit at the ten-thousands’ place is increased
by 1 and all the digits to the right are made 0.

Example Round-off the number 28022014 to the nearest ten-thousands.

Answer Look for the digit at the thousands place. It is 2, which is less than 5.

So, digits at the thousands place (2), hundreds place (0), tens place (1) and
units place (4), are replaced by 0 and digit at ten-thousands place, 2 will
remain the same.
So, 28022014 is rounded-off to the nearest ten-thousands as 28020000.

EXERCISE 6.1
1. Round-off the following numbers to their nearest tens.
a. 4763 b. 65062 c. 109
d. 980 e. 541219 f. 82201
g. 30196 h. 2028 i. 4444
j. 7057 k. 3104 l. 668687
2. Round-off the following numbers to their nearest hundreds.
a. 14637 b. 565626 c. 432092
d. 807879 e. 812190 f. 66666
g. 701516 h. 82201 i. 83921
j. 93057 k. 356400 l. 727173
3. Round-off the following numbers to their nearest thousands.
a. 36714 b. 965062 c. 11103
d. 787980 e. 541219 f. 222551
g. 230496 h. 797678 i. 888888
j. 7300357 k. 301456 l. 668687

66

© Cambridge University Press

Rounding-off the Decimal Numbers
The decimal numbers can be rounded Place value
• to their nearest whole number (without decimal) – by
comparing the digit at tenths place with 5.

Thousands
Ten Thousands
Hundred Thousands
Millions

Tens
Units
Hundreds

tenths
hundredths
thousandths
ten thousandths
If tenths digit 5 make the digit at tenths place 0
and Increase the digit at units place by 1.
If tenths digit 5 make the digit at tenths place 0
and the digit at Ones place will remain same.

Round
Round up
down

1,600 1,625 1,650 1,679 1,700

Round
up

Example     Round-off the decimal-number 10.93822 to nearest

a. whole number b. tenths

c. hundredths d. thousandths.

Answer The decimal number can be rounded as:

a. whole number 10.93822 to nearest whole number (without decimal)

11
b. tenths 10.93822 to the nearest tenths (one decimal place)
10.9
c. hundredths 10.93822 to nearest Hundredths (Two decimal places)
10.94
d. thousandths 10.93822 to nearest thousandths (three decimal places)
10.938

67

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 6.2
1. Find the numbers after rounding-off the following decimal numbers to their
nearest whole numbers and nearest tenths.
a. 47.73 b. 65.062 c. 10.9
d. 98.20 e. 541.49 f. 82.5
g. 30.196 h. 202.8 i. 77.333
j. 0.69 k. 9999.9 l. 5.51
2. Round-off the following decimal numbers to their nearest hundredths and
thousandths and compare the two answers thus obtained.
a. 4.07631 b. 11.65066 c. 991.99189
d. 64.52737 e. 5.41219 f. 0.82201
g. 30.196 h. 20.2817 i. 44.4444

What is the difference between estimation and rounding?

Let us understand how to estimate the result of mathematical calculations and operations.

Example Estimate the answers in the following cases:

a. 1984 421

Answer 1984 can be rounded-off to the nearest thousands as 2000.

432 can be rounded-off to nearest hundreds as 400

So, the estimated result can be obtained as
1,984 421 2,000 400 2,400

Comparing with the actual answer 1,984 421 2,405

2,416 can be rounded-off to nearest hundred as 2,400
b. 1984 421

Answer Similarly, the estimated result for 1,984 421 2,000 400 1,600
The actual answer is 1,984 421 1,563 1,600 (rounded-off to nearest
thousands)

68

© Cambridge University Press

c. 1984 421

Answer The estimated result for 1,984 421 2,000 400 800,000
The actual answer is 1,984 421 835,264 800,000 (round-off to nearest
Ten-Thousands)

d. 1984 421

Answer The estimated result for 1,984 421 2,000 400 5

The actual answer is 1,984 421 4.712589 5 (round-off to nearest whole
number)

Estimate the result and compare with the actual answer.

a. 2,364 689 g. 126 384

b. 861 412 h. 68 81

c. 1,282 1,731 i. 151 149

d. 861 412 j. 4,576 2,121

e. 2,364 689 k. 9,837 3,621

f. 1,731 1,282 l. 1,210 189

Estimating Quantities
In our daily life, we need to estimate quantities
because calculation of every physical quantity is
sometimes not easy. For example, it is not easy
to calculate thickness of a single sheet of paper
or to find the total number of candies in a jar.
Estimation on quantities is useful when:
• adequate measuring instrument is not available – to measure the height of a room.
• actual calculations are not possible – exact distance between the Earth and the Sun.

69

© Cambridge University Press

 • exact measurement does not matter and estimation will serve the purpose – number
of spectators in a match.
Estimation techniques of measurement:
• Using benchmarks or reference points
• Estimate parts and then add to get wholes
• By analysis (visual or mental)

Example 1 Estimate the length of a room, if the room has 2 windows each having an
estimated length of 1m and approximately 1m distance on either ends or 1m
between the windows.

Answer Estimated Length of room lengths of windows distance on either sides

distance between windows
(1m 1m) (1m 1m) 1m
5m

Example 2 The cost of 1 dozen bananas is MVR 11. Find the approximate cost of two
bananas rounded-off to whole number and hundredth place.

Answer Cost of 12 bananas MVR 11

11
Cost of 1 banana MVR
12
11 11
Cost of 2 bananas MVR 2 1.83333...(Non-terminating)
12 6
So, the approximate cost of 2 bananas is MVR 1.83333…
Rounding-Off MVR 1.83333 to whole number will give MVR 2.

EXERCISE 6.3
Estimate the quantities as directed in the questions:
a. A packet of biscuits contain 30 biscuits and weighs 140g. How
much does a single biscuit weigh? Round-off the answer to the
tenths place.
b. A book consisting of 150 sheets of paper has a thickness of
1.75cm. What is the approximate thickness (in cm) of a single
sheet rounded-off to the thousandths place?

70

© Cambridge University Press

 c. A box containing 2 dozen coconuts weighs 38.632kg. If the weight
of the box is 2kg, find the approximate weight of a single coconut
rounded-off to the nearest tenths and hundredths?
d. The length of a rectangular field is 1.658km and width is 0.682km.
Find its area and perimeter rounded-off to nearest whole number.
22
e. We know that . Find its approximate value to the nearest
7
ten-thousandths.

Significant Figures
Did You Know?
Another method of giving an approximated answer is to The word significant
round off using significant figures. means: having
Example 1 368249, the 3 is the most significant digit, meaning.
because it tells us that the number is
3 hundred thousand and something. It follows
that the 6 is the next most significant, and so on.

Example 2 0.0000058763, the 5 is the most significant digit, because it tells us that the
number is 5 millionths and something. The 8 is the next most significant,
and so on.

The rules for rounding up are the same as before:

• If the next number is 5 or more, we round up.
• If the next number is 4 or less, we do not round up.

Example

Round up
Number Answer Reason
to (s.f.)
368249 1 400000 3 is the first significant figure, and the digit after it is
more than 5, so we round up.
0.00245 1 0.002 2 is the first significant figure and the digit after this is
less than 5, so we do not round up.

71

© Cambridge University Press

 Round up
Number Answer Reason
to (s.f.)
0.0000058763 2 0.0000059 The 2 most significant figures are 5 and 8. The digit
after 8 is 7, so we have to round up 8 to 9.
0.000030456 2 0.000030 The 2 first significant figures are 3 and 0. The digit after
0 is 4, so we have to round down.
7.994 2 8.0 The 2 first significant figures are 7 and 9. The digit after 9
is 9 again, so we have to round up, 7.99 rounds up to 8.00.

EXERCISE 6.4
1. List the significant digits in these numbers.
a. 243000 b. 1205700 c. 23.0057
d. 0.0008945 e. .0089321000 f. 46.57082
2. Round off these numbers to 4 significant digits.
a. 243000 b. 1205700 c. 23.0057
d. 0.0008945 e. .0089321000 f. 46.57082

1. Round-off the following numbers as indicated:

a. 186.345 to the nearest hundredths
b. 7895602 to the nearest ten-thousands
c. 56.3452 to the nearest whole number
2. Estimate the result and compare with the actual answer:
a. 4396 903
b. 5626 272
c. 9542 103
3. A jar of candies weighs 520g. The mass of the empty jar is 20g. Find the
approximate mass of each candy, if the jar has 130 candies.

4. A pack of 3 biscuits has a mass of 16.55g. Find the mass of each biscuit to the
nearest tenths.

72

© Cambridge University Press

5. List the significant digits in these numbers.
a. 340000 b. 6710.00700 c. 0.00009900
6. Round off these numbers to 3 significant digits:
a. 4830800
b. 30250700
c. 69.50700

It is actually fun to do estimating because it keeps your mind active. As you walk around
see how good you are at estimating answers before they come up.
• At the supermarket try to add up everything yourself,
and then compare it to the final bill.
• Estimate how long it will take you to get home.
• When shopping, see which is the better bargain by
estimating the price per quantity and so on!

73

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 Ratio and
7
Proportion

3 ratio and proportions

3 comparison of ratios as fractions and percentages
3 direct and inverse proportions
3 rate as a special ratio
3 conversion of units of rates
3 direct and inverse proportion graphs

3 A ratio is a comparison of one quantity with respect to another quantity.

3 We can simplify a ratio by reducing the terms into their lowest forms.
3 E
 quivalent ratios are the ratios formed by multiplying or dividing the terms of the ratio by
the same number.
3 If a : b c : d , then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion
3 If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a d b c.
3 We use ratios to scale the drawings up or down.

Living a Healthy Life

Water makes up about 60 percent of our total body weight. In
ratio, 60 percent is 3 is to 5. Therefore, 3 is to 5 of our body
weight is water. Just like muscle mass and body fat percentages,
our total body water ratio is an important measure of good health.

75

© Cambridge University Press

 Ratio
In our day-to-day lives, we compare things in terms of weight, length, measurement, etc.
Comparison of quantities can be done either by ‘finding the difference’ between them or by ‘finding
the ratio’. Finding the ratio means that we compare two quantities of the same kind by division.
For example, if an English textbook has 100 pages and a Mathematics textbook has
300 pages then, to find the ratio, we divide the number of pages of the English and
100 1
Mathematics textbooks, i.e.
300 3

A Maths book An English book

Therefore, the ratio of the number of pages of English textbook to the number of pages of
Mathematics textbook is 1 : 3.

   Example If the length and breadth

of a notebook is 40cm and
25cm respectively, then the • Two quantities can be compared if
ratio of length to breadth is they are of same kind (or unit).
40 8 • Ratio can be written as a fraction.
8 : 5 which is read
25 5
as ‘8 is to 5’.
   Example Find the ratio of 5kg and 400g.

Answer Since, both the given terms are in different units, they
have to be converted to the same unit. It is always easier
to convert a higher unit to a lower unit. By changing 5 kilograms to grams,
we get

5000 : 400 (since 100 is their HCF, divide both by 100)

50 : 4 25 : 2
Therefore, their ratio is 25 : 2.

Definition

Ratio is a means by which we compare quantities.

76

© Cambridge University Press

Comparison of Ratios as Fractions
As we already know, two fractions can
be compared by finding the LCM of the
denominators and converting them to • Ratio can also be written as a fraction.
their like fractions. Similarly, in order to • Ratios with fractional terms cannot be compared.
compare two ratios, we express them as
fractions first and then follow the same
method as in case of fractions.

Example 1 Following is the performance of a football team in the matches it played:

Year Win Losses

Last year 8 2
This year 4 2

In which year was the record better? How can you say so?

Answer

Last year, Wins : Losses = 8 : 2 = 4 : 1

This year, Wins : Losses = 4 : 2 = 2 : 1
4 2
Obviously, 4 : 1 > 2 : 1 (In fractional form, )
1 1
Hence, we can say that the team performed better last year.

Example 2 Compare 3 : 4 and 5 : 7.

Answer Given below are the steps to be followed to compare two ratios.

3 5
Step 1: First write them as fractions, i.e.,,
4 7
Step 2: N
 ow, find the LCM of the denominators and convert them to like
fractions. Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the
same number so that the value of the fraction remains unchanged.
3 7 21 5 4 20
and
4 7 28 7 4 28

21 20 3 5
Step 3: Since, so, .
28 28 4 7

77

© Cambridge University Press

 Comparison of Ratios as Percentages

Report Card Report Card

Name: Aminath Name: Aisha

Total marks: 400 Total marks: 360

Marks obtained: 320 Marks obtained: 300

Percentage: 80 Percentage: 83.3

Aminath has done better You cannot decide who has done
as she has got 320 better by just comparing the total
marks whereas Aisha got marks as total marks are not the
only 300. same. Don’t you see the percentages
Aminath has done better as
given on the report cards?
she has got 320 marks whereas
Aisha got only 300.

Aminath’s percentage was 80 and Aisha’s was 83.3. So, this shows Aisha has done better.

Ratios to Percentages
Sometimes, parts are given to us in the form of ratios and we need to convert those to
percentages. Consider the following example:
Example If MVR 250 is to be divided amongst Ahmed, Yakub and Akram, so that
Ahmed gets two parts, Yakub three parts and Akram five parts. How much
money will each get? What will it be in percentages?

Answer The parts which the three boys are getting can be written in terms of ratio
as 2: 3 : 5. Total of the parts is 2 3 5 10.

Amounts received by each Percentage of money of each

2 2
MVR 250 MVR 50 Ahmed gets 100% 20%
10 10
3 3
MVR 250 MVR 75 Yakub gets 100% 30%
10 10
5 5
MVR 250 MVR 125 Akram gets 100% 50%
10 10

78

© Cambridge University Press

 Exercise 7.1
1. Find the ratio between the given quantities in their lowest terms.
a. 30,42 b. 45, 60 c. 69, 93
d. 213, 330 e. 248, 440 f. 4 weeks, 49 days
1
g. 2 l, 200 ml h. i. 40 mins, 2 hrs
2
2. Express the following ratios in their lowest terms.
a. 40 : 25 b. 3 c.
5 6 d. 1 3
:2 : 2 :1
4 8 10 4 4
e. 18 : 90 f. 105 : 220 g. 26 : 39 h. 7 : 40

i. 120 : 160 j. 360 : 930 1 8

k. l. 1 1
: 1 :4
4 20 2 2
3. Divide the following quantities in the given ratio.
a. MVR 500 in the ratio 4 : 1 b. MVR 2500 in the ratio 2 : 3
c. MVR 369 in the ratio 4 : 5 d. MVR 4500 in the ratio 7 : 8
e. 240km in the ratio of 12 : 48 f. 385 marbles in the ratio of 21 : 34
4. A man earns MVR 14,000 per month. He saves
MVR 5000 and gives the rest to his two sons to
be shared in the ratio 4 : 5. How much does each
son get?

5. A lorry driver charges MVR 1800 to cary 60 tonnes

of weight. How much will he charge for carrying 80
tonns at the same rate?

6. Two numbers are in the ratio 9 : 7. If one numer is 324,

what is the other number?

7. The ratio copper and zinc in an alloy is 5 : 7. If the weight

of copper is 33.5 g, what is the weight of zinc?

8. The weight of Mr Nazeer is 7 times that of his son.

What is the ratio of their weights?

9. 107400 people voted in an election for three parties.

A, B and C in the ratio 3 : 4 : 1. How many votes did
each party get?

79

© Cambridge University Press

 Proportion
Definition

If two ratios are equal, they are said to be in proportion. The symbol ‘: :’ or ‘=’ is used
to equate the two ratios.

Example 1 Rahim sells 2kg of apples for MVR 60 and Javed sells 4kg of apples for
MVR 120. Whose apples are more expensive?

Solution Ratio of the weight of apples = 2kg : 4kg = 1 : 2

Ratio of their cost = MVR 60 : MVR 120 = 6 : 12 = 1 : 2

So, the ratio of weight of apples = ratio of their cost.
Since both the ratios are equal, hence, we say that
they are in proportion.
They are selling apples at the same rate.

Example 2   Find out if the ratios 5 : 6 and 15 : 18 are in proportion.

Solution We are given the ratios 5 : 6 and 15 : 18.

Product of their extreme terms 18 5 90

Product of their mean terms 15 6 90
The products of both the terms are 90.
Therefore, 5 : 6 : : 15 : 18.

Exercise 7.2
1. Find out if the following numbers are in proportion.
a. 2, 5, 10, 20 b. 3, 6, 21, 42 c. 4, 3, 15, 12
d. 5, 20, 7, 40 e. 7, 9, 56, 81 f. 11, 22, 22, 44
g. 15, 20, 30, 40 h. 1, 2, 2, 4 i. 18, 36, 144, 288

80

© Cambridge University Press

 2. State which of the following are in proportion.
a. 3kg : 60g 250ml : 50ml
b. 75 minutes : 3 hours 60 seconds :144 seconds
c. 5 hours : 50 minutes 42kg : 7kg
3. Write the missing numbers to make the following proportionate.
7 21 2 16 4
a.
4 b. c. d.
24 40 13 26
20 40
3 9 6 12
e. 5 f. g. h. 2
27 12 18 12
11 55
7 1 5 60 8 16 9
i. j. k. l.
2 2 19 5 15

Direct and Inverse Proportion

Examples of variations can be found in our everyday life. Variation means change in one
quantity with respect to change in another quantity. Some examples of variations are:

If a mobile phone If the storing capacity If the number of If the speed of a

is used more, its of a pen drive coaches of a train car increases, time
battery lasts less. increases, more increases, the number required to cover
photographs and of passengers the same distance
songs can be stored travelling by the train decreases.
in it. also increases.

Here some variations are direct, while some are inverse.

Direct Proportion
In the direct proportion method, between two related quantities, if one quantity increases
(or decreases), then the other quantity also increases (or decreases). Let us consider an
example.

81

© Cambridge University Press

 If the cost of 1 CD is MVR 50, then the cost of
2 CDs is MVR 100 (i.e., 2 50), If and y are in direct proportion
3 CDs is MVR 150 (i.e., 3 50) and so on. (i.e. and y vary directly), then
Here, as the number of CDs increases, the constant. In symbolic form,
cost also increases. This is an example of y
are write y
direct variation.
For example, consider the following table.

Number of
1 2 3 5 10 50 100
registers
Cost in MVR 25 50 75 125 250 1250 2500

If we assume the number of registers as and cost of registers as y, then

compare the ratios for various values of and corresponding values
y
1 2 3
of y, i.e. , , , and so on.
25 50 75
1
Here, every time we get the same value . If and y vary directly, then
25
Thus ratio does not change and remains constant k . This ‘k’ is called
y y
constant, i.e. k. the constant of variation.
y
Direct variation is also known as direct proportion.

What is constant of proportion?

Application of Direct Variation

We use direct variation in a number of day-to-day problems.

Example The cost of a dozen bananas is MVR 60. How

many bananas can be bought for MVR 95?

Solution Let the number of bananas that can be bought

for MVR 95 be p. Then the given information can be
written as follows:

(Number of bananas) 12 p
y (Cost in MVR) 60 95

82

© Cambridge University Press

 As the number of bananas increases, their cost also increases in the
same ratio. Hence, and y vary directly.
y

k Here, k is constant of proportionality.

y
12
k
60

1
k
5
Since and y are in proportion,
p 1 1
k p 95 19
95 5 5
19 bananas can be bought for MVR 95.

Inverse Proportion
In the inverse proportion, the quantities vary inversely, i.e. if one quantity increases, then
the other quantity decreases in the same ratio and vice versa.
Suppose you purchase 16 chocolates on your birthday to distribute
equally among 4 of your best friends. How many chocolates will
each of your friend get? Each of the 4 friends will get (16 4 ) 4
chocolates.
Now suppose that you distribute these 16 chocolates equally among
8 of your friends, then each friend will get (16 8 )
2 chocolates. Here as we increase the number of
friends, the number of chocolates received by each
friend decreases. Thus, there exists an inverse
relationship between the number of friends and the
number of chocolates received by each friend.
Note that the product of the number of
chocolates and number of friends is a constant
(4 4 16, 8 2 16, etc.).
If we represent number of
friends as and number
of chocolates as y, then • If a and b vary inversely, then a b k (where k is any constant)
as increases y • Product of two quantities, i.e. k is called constant of variation.
decreases and as • Inverse variation is also called inverse proportion.

83

© Cambridge University Press

 decreases y increases. We say that varies inversely with y and y varies inversely with .
Thus, two quantities and y are said to vary in inverse proportion, if there exists a
relation of the type y k between them, k being a constant. If y1, y 2 are the values of y
corresponding to the values 1
and 2
of , then y
1 1 2
y2 k.
Example A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination by travelling at the speed of 60km/h.
How long will it take when the car travels at the speed of 80km/h?

Solution As the speed increases, time required to travel the same distance
decreases. So, it is a case of inverse proportion.

Let the time required be t.

Let S be speed, t be time, k be constant value.
1
S
t
k
S=
t
k
60 =
2
k = 60 2

= 120
120
S=
t
80 120
1 t
80t 120
80 t 120
80 80
t 1.5 hrs
1
1 hrs
2

84

© Cambridge University Press

1. Check whether the following are in 2. Which of the following show
direct variation or not. direct variation?

a. y a. Weight of an object ( ) and

1 4 the force required to
2 8 move it (y)
3 12 b. Pressure on a gas at constant
4 20 temperature ( ) and its
volume (y)
b. y
c. Number of men ( ) to complete a
15 5
job and the time taken (y)
3 25
d. Salary of an employee ( ) and
1 75
the number of hours of
30 10
work (y)
c. y
30 5
48 6
72 12
54 9

Exercise 7.3
1. Which of the following are in direct proportion?
a. Number of burgers and their cost
b. Number of pages of a book and the height of the book
c. Work done by a number of labourers and the time taken by them to finish the work
d. Speed of a racing car and the time taken by it to reach the finishing line
e. Number of students and fees collected in a school
f. Area of land and its price
g. Population of a state and area of land per person

85

© Cambridge University Press

 2. Check if and y are in direct proportion
a. b.
1 2 3 4 5 10 1 3 5 7 9 11
y 8 16 24 32 40 80 y 2 4 6 8 10 12

3. Find the values of and y if p and q vary directly.

a. b.
p 24 18 12 3 p 2 10 15 21
q 8 y 4 2 1 q 10 50 125 75 y

4. Which of the following are in inverse proportion?

a. Time taken and speed of the car
b. Time taken and distance travelled by a car
c. Number of persons and time taken to complete a job
d. Distance travelled in a journey and cost of petrol paid for the journey
e. Number of pens purchased and price paid for them

5. Find the values of m, n, p and q in the following tables if and y vary inversely.
a. 1 2 3 4 5 q
y 1200 600 m p n 200

6. 6 men can do a piece of work in 5 days. In how many days

will 10 men do it?

7. 630 chocolates were packed equally in 21 boxes. If 18

chocolates had to be packed in each box, find the number of
boxes required.

8. If 40 workers can do a job in 15 hours, how many workers

working at the same rate will be required to do the same job
in 8 hours?

9. A sprinter jogs and covers 5 rounds of the race track taking

12 minutes per round. Find the time he should take to cover
each round if he wants to complete 6 rounds, assuming the
time for which he jogs remains the same.

Direct and inverse proportion graphs

When two quantities are in direct proportion, as one increases the other does too.
We can display this relationship in a graph. Two quantities that are in direct proportion will
always produce a straight-line graph that passes through the origin.
86

© Cambridge University Press

Example 1 A babysitter’s earnings are
directly proportional to the If the constant of proportionality
number of working hours. is positive, the graph will have
a positive gradient. If the
If they are paid MVR 9 for each
constant is negative, the graph
hour of work, we can write this
will have a negative gradient.
as a formula:
Earnings MVR 9 hours worked
To plot this, we need three
points, we can use a table of
values to help us:
Hours 0 1 2
Earnings

When hours 0, earnings MVR 9 0 MVR 0

When hours 1, earnings MVR 9 1 MVR 9
When hours 2, earnings MVR 9 2 MVR 18

Hours 0 1 2
Earnings 0 9 18

Giving the points (0, 0 ), (1, 9) and (2,18 ).

Once you’ve plotted these points, draw a line through all three extending it.
When two quantities are in inverse proportion, as one increases the
other decreases.
When we graph this relationship, we get a curved graph.

70
Earnings (MVR)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours worked

87

© Cambridge University Press

 Example 2

y is inversely proportional to and when 2, y 10.

Draw a graph by completing the table of values:
1 2 4 5
y 10

Answer 1. As y is inversely proportional to we can write:

k
y

2. Substitute in the known values and rearranging, finds the value of :

k
10
2
10 2 k
k 20
3. Now complete the table of values:
1 2 4 5
y 20 10 5 4
20
When 1, y 20
1
20
When 4, y 5
4
20
When 5, y 4
5
4. Plot these points and join them together.

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

88

© Cambridge University Press

 Take a squared paper and arrange 48 counters on it in different number of rows as
shown below.

4 Rows, 12 columns
6 Rows, 8 columns

Number of (R1) (R2) (R3) (R4) (R5)

Rows (R) 2 3 4 6 8
Number of (C1) (C2) (C3) (C4) (C5)
Columns (C) ... ... 12 18 ...

What do you observe? As R increases, C decreases.

(i) Is R1 : R2 = C2 : C1? (ii) Is R3 : R4 = C4 : C3?
(iii) Are R and C inversely proportional to each other?
Try this activity with 36 counters.

Rate – A Special Ratio

A rate is a special ratio in which the two terms are in different units. A rate is a ratio that
compares two different kinds of numbers, such as kilometres per hour or dollars per
pound. Miles per hour or feet per second are both rates of speed. Unit price is a particular
rate that compares a price to some unit of measure.
For example, suppose eggs are on sale for MVR 12 per dozen. The unit price is divided
by 12, or MVR 2 per egg.

Number of heart beats per Unit price of an egg is total price divided by
minute is called heart rate number of eggs

89

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Hamid rode his bike for
2 hours and traveled
24kilometres. What is his
• A ratio has no units while a rate has a unit.
rate of speed?
• The word "per" is a clue that you are
dealing with rate.
Answer Rate is distance divided
• The word "per" can be replaced by "/" in
by time. So, problems.
Rate 24km 2hours 12km/hr
Rate 24km 2hours 12km/hr

We can change the rate from one unit to another.

Example  hange the rate from kilometres per hour to
C
metres per second: 72km/hr.

Answer     1km 1000m

1hr 3600s

72 1000m
So, 72km/hr
3600s
72000/3600m/s
20m/s

Exercise 7.4
1. A plane takes 4 hours to travel 3400km. Find the speed of the
plane in km/h.

2. A worker receives MVR 324 for 8 hours work. Find his rate of
wages in MVR/h.

3. James runs 100m in 12seconds. What is his running speed

in m/min?

4. The annual rent of a flat is MVR 132 000. Find the rent of the
flat in MVR/month.

5. A printer prints 58 pages in 7 minutes 15 seconds. Find the

printing speed in pages/min.

6. 60 euros (EUR) can be exchanged for 1024 MVR. Find the

exchange rate in MVR/EUR.

90

© Cambridge University Press

7. The petrol consumption rate of a car is 0.08L/min. How much
petrol is needed for the car to travel 110km?

8. The petrol consumption rate of a car is 14km/L. How much

petrol is needed for the car to travel 35km?

9. A factory produces MP3 players at a rate of 320 units/h. Find

the number of MP3 players produced in 3.5 hours.

10. A water pipe discharges water into an empty tank at a rate of

9.8L/min. If the capacity of the tank is 705.6L, find the time
needed to fill up the tank.

Did You Know?

The golden ratio (symbol is the Greek letter “phi”) is a
special number approximately equal to 1.618.
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if
their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger
of the two quantities.
Many buildings and artworks have the Golden Ratio in them, such as the
Parthenon in Greece, but it is not really known if it was designed that way.

Look at the map of Maldives. The scale is 1 : 100km. So,

1cm on the map represents 100km. Now find distance
between different Atolls of Maldives and sketch a chart.

91

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 8 Money

Maldivian currency (MVR),

conversion and calculation of currency using exchange rate,
comparison of simple interest and compound interest,
depreciation, tax and commission (Practical Finance), and
household finance.

Amount spend on various household items daily, monthly or yearly comes under
household finance.
The value of currency differs from country to country.

Practicing islam
In Quran, it is stated that:
“The example of those who spend their wealth in the way of God
is like a seed [of grain] which grows seven spikes; in each spike is a
hundred grains. And God multiplies [His reward] for whom He wills.
And God is all-Encompassing and Knowing.” [Al Baqara - 261]

93

© Cambridge University Press

 When we spend our wealth in the Islamic way, Allah (SWT) replaces it
with something better and greater. The more we give sadaqah the more we
increase our eeman and thus, expect Allah’s rewards both in this world and
in the life hereafter. So wherever possible, we have to spend towards those
who are in need of it.

The Currency – MVR

Laari (L) is the coin denomination of MVR and are available as coins of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50.

The denomination of MVR available as coins are 1 and 2, and as notes are 5, 10, 20, 50,
100, 500 and 1000.

Household Finance
Household finance refers to how households use financial
instruments to attain their objectives. This includes money
earned (income) as well as expenses incurred on daily,
monthly and annual basis.
Income can be in the form of
• daily wages – income earned per day for work.
• monthly salaries – income received after working for a
whole month.
• annual returns – income earned per year.

94

© Cambridge University Press

Expenses can be on:
• Daily basis such as grocery, conveyance, entertainment, etc.
• Monthly basis such as house rent, mobile bills, school fee, etc.
• Annual basis such as insurance premium, income tax, etc.
New roof Movies

ent
inm
Ho
me

erta
Groceries Life
nc e

Ent
Foo insurance
d Insura

Me
Car dica
l
g

Oil change Medication

Chi
thin

ldre
Clo

Daycare
Business
attire

Example 1 Fathih receives a monthly salary of MVR 26,500. He spends MVR 10,500
on house rent, MVR 2,300 on medical expenses, MVR 2,600 on electricity
bill and MVR 1,670 on college fee monthly. How much amount he is left with
for other expenses and savings?

Answer Total monthly income of Fathih MVR is 26,500.

Amount spent by Fathih 10,500 2,300 2,600 1,670

MVR 17,070
Amount left for other expenses 26,500 – 17,070
MVR 9,430

Example 2 Fatima saves MVR 3,300 for first six alternate months and MVR 3,600 for
other six alternate months. How much money will she have at the end of the
year?

Answer MVR saved in 1st six months 3,300 6

19,800
MVR saved in other six months 3,600 6
21,600
Money saved in the year 19,800 21,600
MVR 41, 400

95

© Cambridge University Press

 Exercise 8.1
1. Find the money spent by Rashid if he purchased the following items:

S.No. Item type MVR spent

1 Trouser-shirt pair 1,050
2 Food 540
3 Beverage 90
4 Conveyance 160
5 Sun Shades 620
Also find the money left with him if he took MVR 3,000 with him.
2. Hamza had MVR 835 in his pocket. While eating in
a restaurant, he ordered a fish curry for MVR 30, a plate of
rice for MVR 15 and a bottle of fruit juice for MVR 39. How
much money was left with him?

3. A dhoni rower had a dhoni which can seat 7 passengers. In

a day, he took 4 rounds of rowing between two islands. What
is his total income in a day if he charges MVR 55 from each
person assuming that his boat is always full?

4. Kaashir wanted to buy dates and nuts. A packet of dates

cost MVR 79 and 2 packets of nuts cost MVR 370. As he
wanted to buy both, the quantities may vary, he compared
the price of 2 packets of dates and 1 packet of nuts. Find
which combination will better save his money and by how
much?

5. A parcel can be sent by a freighter at a cost of MVR

20 per kg. The same parcel can be sent by cargo boat at
a cost of MVR 280 per parcel. If the weight of the parcel is
13kg, which option is cheaper to choose?

96

© Cambridge University Press

Currency and Exchange Rate
Every country in the world has its own currency and one country’s MVR
currency cannot be used in another country directly. To use a
country’s currency in another country, we have to exchange the
currency at the prevailing exchange rate.
So, it is important to learn how currencies are converted and exchanged.
Definition

Exchange rates are the rates at which one currency can be

exchanged for another currency.

Some exchange rates as in July 2016 are given in the table below:
Currencies Currency, Country Symbol Rates
MVR 1 to INR Indian National Rupee, INDIA 4.38
MVR 1 to LKR Lankan Rupee, SRI LANKA 9.58
USD 1 to MVR U.S. Dollar, USA $ 15.42
Great Britain Pound,
GBP 1 to MVR £ 19.83
ENGLAND
EUR 1 TO MVR Euro, EUROPIAN UNION € 17.02

Example 1 Shaheen, who is working in London, came to her hometown Male’. She
took £ 10,000 (GBP) with her. She spent £ 5.50 on conveyance to reach
home. How much money in MVR was initially with her, how much was
given by her as conveyance and how much money she is left with?

Answer 1 GBP MVR 19.83

So, Shaheen initially had GBP 10,000 MVR 10,000 19.83
MVR 1,98,300
She spent as conveyance GBP 5.50 MVR 5.50 19.83
MVR 109.07
Money left with her is MVR 198,378 – MVR 109.07 MVR 198,268.93

Did You Know?

The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the
eurozone, which consists of 19 of the 28 member states of the
European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.

97

© Cambridge University Press

 Example 2 Muhsin signed a contract with Akbar to pay MVR 22,831.05 or INR 100,000
for the legal services of Akbar. What is the exchange rate at which the
contract was signed?

Answer According to the contract, MVR 22,831.05 INR 100,000

So, MVR 1 INR 100,000 / 22,831.05
INR 4.380
The exchange rate at which contract has been signed is MVR 1 INR 4.380

Exercise 8.2
1. Using the exchange rates given in table earlier, covert the following in
equivalent EUR and LKR.
a. MVR 1,000 b. MVR 2,589.50 c. MVR 15,490
d. MVR 7,432.50 e. MVR 100,380
2. Using the exchange rates given in table earlier, covert the following in
equivalent MVR.
a. USD 1,863.89 b. INR 23,013.75 c. GBP 28002
d. EUR 1312.87 e. LKR 9770.32
3. Shakil placed an order for 15,000 bales of cotton at USD 6.85 per bale. How much
MVR does he need to make the payment?

4. Ahmed sent MVR 50,000 to his relative in Sri Lanka. The relative received the
money as LKR 470,000. What was the exchange rate charged by the bank?

5. Yusuf planned for a vacation in Europe. He booked accommodation in various hotels

paying EUR 8641 in total. He also made online reservations for Air Tickets for MVR
16,687. If EUR 1 is equivalent to MVR 17.0381, then how much money was spent by him?

6. Shabana enrolled in Cambridge University and paid the fees of GBP 1,000. The
bank charged MVR 19,915.86 from her account. Calculate the exchange rate.

7. There was a sale in Male in a Home décor shop offering 17% discount on all home
décor items. Rahim and Heena bought 10 pieces of cloth for MVR 230. Find the
price paid by them for whole purchasing in MVR as well as in USD?

98

© Cambridge University Press

interest

What is interest? Discuss the concept in the class.

The money deposited or borrowed called the PRINCIPAL, P.

T is the TIME or number of years for which the money is deposited or borrowed.
The interest is calculated at a RATE per cent decided by the bank every year.
This is R% p.a. (per annum or per year)
PRINCIPAL (P ) INTEREST (I ) AMOUNT (A)
OR
P I A

There are two types of interests.

1. Simple Interest (SI)
2. Compound Interest (CI)

simple interest

Simple interest is calculated only on the Did You Know?

principal amount of a loan. The formula The important part of the word
to calculate simple interst is given below. “Interest” is Inter- meaning
between (we see inter- in words
P R T
SI and A P SI like interior and interval), because
100
the interest happens between the
start and end of the loan.

where
SI = Simple Interest P = Principal R = Rate T = Time A = Amount
This formula can be rearranged as:

SI 100 SI 100 SI 100

P R T
R T P T P R

99

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Shehnaaz borrowed a sum of MVR 5,000 from her company for 3 years at
the rate of 8% per annum. What is the amount she is required to pay after
3 years?

Answer Here, P MVR 5,000

R 8%
T 3 years
P R T 5,000 8 3
S.I. 1,200
100 100
A P SI 5,000 1,200 6,200

So, Simple Interest is MVR 1,200 and Amount to be repaid is MVR 6,200.

Exercise 8.3
1. Complete the table.

S.No Principal Rate Time Simple Interest Amount

a. 60,000 6.5% 10 years - -
b. 8,000 8% 7 months - -
c. - 9% 6 years 27,000 -
d. 30,000 - 4 years 7,200 -
e. 12,000 11% - - 17,280

2. Aarif deposited a sum of MVR 3,500 with a bank which gives a simple interest at the
rate of 7.5% per annum. How much amount will he get after 2 years?

3. On a certain sum, the simple interest paid after 4 years is MVR 900 at 5% per
annum. Find the principal amount.

4. At what rate of interest per annum will the simple interest on MVR 11,300 be MVR
3,390 in 3 years 7 months?
1
5. In how much time will MVR 6,450 at 8 % will be MVR 1,612.50?
3

Compound Interest
When every year interest is calculated by adding previous year’s interest to the principal in
the beginning of the year, it is called compound interest (interest on interest).
The amount is calculated using the formula:

100

© Cambridge University Press

 n
R
Amount P 1
100

And Compound Interest is calculated as

Compound Interest Amount – Principal

Example 1 Anwar opened a fixed deposit account of MVR 50,000 with a bank at the
rate of 7.5% compounded annually for 5 years. What is the amount he will
get on maturity of fixed deposit?

Answer Here, P MVR 50,000

R 7.5 %
T 5 years
n 5
R 7.5
Amount P 1 50,000 1 71,781.47
100 100
So, Anwar will get MVR 71,781 (approx.) on the maturity of fixed deposit.

Example 2 Calculate the compound interest on MVR 15,000 for a period of 4 years at
the rate of 6 % per annum, if the interest is compounded half yearly.

Answer Since interest is compounded half yearly, it is calculated every six months, or
twice in a year. So the total period of 4 years becomes 4 2 8 half years.
1
Also, interest is paid at the rate of 6 % per annum or 6 3 % per half year.
2
Here, P MVR 15,000
R 6 % per annum = 3 % per half year
T 4 years = 8 half years
n 8
R 3
Amount P 1 15,000 1 19,001.55
100 100
Compound Interest CI A P 19,001.55 15,000 4,001.55
So, Compound Interest is MVR 4,001.55.

What is the difference between simple interest and compound interest?

101

© Cambridge University Press

 Exercise 8.4
1. Calculate the amount and compound interest in the following cases:
a. P 12,600 R 5% T 2 years b. P 12,000 R 5% T 3 years

c. P 64,000 R 7.5% T 3 years d. P 18,000 R 9% T 2.5 years

2. Find the compound interest compounded half yearly on a sum of MVR 10,000 at the
rate of 20% per annum for 36 months.

3. Find the amount if principal MVR 12,000 after 4 years compounded annually, the
rate of interest being 6% pa for first two years and 5% pa for next 2 years.

4. Imraan lent out MVR 20,000 for 4 years at 10% pa compounded annually. How
much more he can earn if the interest is compounded
a. half yearly b. quarterly.

Practical Finance
Depreciation
Depreciation is the decrease in value of assets due
to passage of time and normal wear and tear of the
asset.
For example, when a new boat is purchased, its
value after few months is not the same as the
original price of the boat. This decrease in value is
called depreciation.
It is calculated by a small change in formula used
for calculating amount in case of compound interest.
n
R
D C 1
100

Where, D is the depreciated value of asset

C is the cost of asset
R is the rate of depreciation
n is the number of years for which it is used
Depreciation C – D

102

© Cambridge University Press

 Example A machinery is purchased at a price of MVR 15,000. What will be its value
after 3 years if the rate of depreciation on the machinery is 15% per annum?

Answer Here, C MVR 15,000

R 15%
T 3 years
n 3
R 15
D C 1 15,000 1 9,211.88
100 100
Depreciation C D 15,000 9,211.88 5,788.12

So, the depreciated value of the machinery in 3 years is MVR 9,211.88 and
depreciation is MVR 5,788.12.

Tax

The government provides various facilities to citizens. To

finance these facilities, government needs money. This
money is arranged by imposing different types of taxes.
One such type of tax is Goods and Service Tax (GST). The
current applicable rate on normal goods is 6% in the Maldives.
GST Value of Goods / Services Rate of GST
Total Amount to be paid Value of Goods / Services GST

Example The cost of a 1 dozen milk packets is MVR 120. If the rate of GST is 6%,
what is the amount to be paid by Suhail to buy 1
dozen milk packets?

Answer Here, GST Value of milk Rate of GST

6
120 7.20
100
So, total amount to be paid by
Suhail MVR 120 MVR 7.20 MVR 127.20 for 1 dozen milk packets.

Commission

Definition

Commission is a fee paid for services, usually a percentage of the total.

103

© Cambridge University Press

 Look at the following examples:
• A class sold magazine subscriptions as a fund raising event so
they could go on a class trip. They earned a 30% commission on
their total sales.
• A real estate agent works on a commission of 5%.
• A vendor sold 189 T-shirts at MVR 45 each. He was paid a 15%
commission for his efforts.
• A salesman earns a monthly salary of MVR 5500 plus a 9%
commission on all sales above MVR 6,000.

Commission Amount Rate of commission

Example Khadeeja is offered a sales commission at the rate of 4% on the total

value of sales achieved by her during a year. In 2015, she had achieved a
sales target of MVR 200,000. What is the amount of sales commission earned
by Khadeeja?

Answer Sales commission Sales value Rate of commission

4
200,000 8,000
100
So, Khadeeja is entitled to a sales commission of MVR 8,000.

EXERCISE 8.5
1. Calculate the amount of depreciation on the following assets:
a. Cost of asset MVR 200,000    Rate of depreciation 12%   Years 5
b. Cost of asset MVR 15,000     Rate of depreciation 5%   Years 4
c. Cost of asset MVR 1,000,000 Rate of depreciation 9.5% Years 6
d. Cost of asset MVR 45,000   Rate of depreciation 7.5%    Years 3

2. Calculate the amount of GST at 6% on the sale of goods or services having

value of:
a. MVR 24,000 b. MVR 168,200
c. MVR 200 d. MVR 9,950

104

© Cambridge University Press

3. Calculate the amount of commission payable to agents in these cases:
a. Deal amount MVR 10,000    Rate of commission 4%
b. Deal amount MVR 15,860    Rate of commission 7%
c. Deal amount MVR 100,200   Rate of commission 3.5%
d. Deal amount MVR 8,600    Rate of commission 8.5%

1. Express the following as MVR:

a. 600 Laari b. 11,500 Laari
2. Express the following as Laari:
a. MVR 51 b. MVR 14.25
3. Find out the total amount spent and total amount left in the following:
a. If Mohamed buys 3 kg watermelon for MVR 20.50 and 2 kg guava for
MVR 42.75 when he took MVR 100 with him to the market.
b. S
 akina has MVR 2,500 in her purse of which she spent MVR 395.50 on ­Children
clothes, MVR 478.25 on Men’s clothes and MVR 505.50 on her clothes.
4. Find the simple interest in the following:
a. When P 20,450, R 4.5% and T 2.5 years
b. When P 40,500, R 6.5% and T 4.5 years

In which case the simple interest is greater and by how

much?
5. Find the compound interest in the following:
a. When P 20,450, R 4.5% and T 2.5 years
b. When P 40,500, R 6.5% and T 4.5 years
In which case the Compound interest is less and by how
much?
6. Find the commission on MVR 9,500 if the rate of
­commission is 1.5%.
7. Find the GST on 10kg tuna fish if cost of 1kg tuna fish is
MVR 50?

105

© Cambridge University Press

 1. 150 Laari MVR  5. The GST on MVR 1,500 is 

2. The simple interest at 4% on MVR 6. The commission on deal amount

100 for 2 years is  MVR 7000 at 7% is 

3. If 25% of a number is 15, then the 7. The depreciation of an object when

number is  depreciated value is 4,000 and cost is
10,000 is 
4. The compound Interest on MVR 3,000
at 10% rate for 1 year is 

Did You Know?

Some historians have found that Republic of Maldives
had been an important trade junction in the Indian
Ocean since 2000 The cowrie-shells, that had
been used in ancient Asian and African civilizations as
common currency denomination, had also originated
in Maldives. This is the reason why Maldives is also
referred to as the ‘Money Isles’.

Mathematician in Focus
The famous Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli
(1655–1705) did notable works on various aspects of
mathematics. His one such discovery was the mathematical
constant ‘e’, which proved useful in higher calculation of simple
and compound interest.

106

© Cambridge University Press

 Conversion of
9
Units

relationship between different units of measurement of the same quantity

choosing the appropriate unit
conversion between different units of time
conversion between different units of temperature
conversion between different units of speed

Length of an object is defined as the distance from one end of the object to the
other end.
Mass is commonly measured by how much something weighs.
The standard unit of mass are milligrams (mg), grams (g), kilograms (kg),
tonnes, ounces and pounds.
Capacity is the amount that a container can hold.
The units used for measuring capacity of an object depends on whether the
quantity to be measured is big or small.

Practising Islam
In Quran, it is stated that,
“Give full measure, when you measure, and weigh with accurate scales.
That is fair, and better in the end” [Al Isra-35].
This verse emphasizes honesty and integrity in every task. We are asked to be dutiful
in making measurements in relation to our daily economic activities and interactions.
Islam always set forth to do good, practice equity and to exercise moral qualities

107

© Cambridge University Press

 Measurement
Read the following sentences:
1. The total distance between Malé and Maafushi
is 26km.
2. The current men’s world record in 100m race is
set by Jamaica’s Usain Bolt.
3. To stitch a shirt for your father, 215cm cloth is
needed.
Here you can see 3 different units of length. Are
these units same or different? Are these related to
each other? Can we convert one unit to another?
Just like length, for measuring weights and volumes
we use different units like grams and kilograms, litres
and millilitres, so on.

Conversion of Units of Length

1km 1,000m
1
1m 100cm 1cm m 1,000 100 10
100
1 1 km m cm mm
1cm 100mm 1mm cm m
10 1,000
1,000 100 10

A few tools for mearsuring length

108

© Cambridge University Press

Conversion of Units of Weight

Weight is measured in terms of a common

unit which has the base unit as grams (g).
All other units like tones (t), kilograms (kg),
milligrams (mg) are multiples or factors
An electronic balance for
of grams. measuring mass

1kg 1000g 1,000 1,000 1,000

6
1t 1000kg 1t 1,000,000g 10 g
tonne kg g mg
1
1g 1000mg 1mg g
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Conversion of Units of Volume

Liquids are measured in terms of their
volume or capacity. It is the measure of
liquid’s quantity contained in a container.
It is expressed in terms of a common base
unit called litres (ℓ).
A household measuring jug for
1kℓ = 1000ℓ measuring volume

1,000 1,000 1,000

Similarly, all other units like mega-litres (Mℓ),
M k m
kilo-litres (kℓ), millilitres (mℓ) are multiples or
factors of litres. 1,000 1,000 1,000

1Mℓ = 1000kℓ → 1Mℓ = 1,000,000ℓ = 106ℓ

1
1ℓ = 1000mℓ → 1mℓ = ℓ
1000

Conversion of Units of Speed

Speed is defined as distance traveled per unit of time.

The formula to calculate speed is: Speed Distance .

Time

The most common units of speed are meters per second (m/s), kilometers per hour (km/h),
miles per hour (m/h) and so on.

109

© Cambridge University Press

 How to convert km/hr into m/sec?

km km 1 1000 m 1000 5
1 m/sec m/sec
hr hr 60 60 sec 3600 18
So, we say that to convert km/hr into m/sec,
5
we multiply by .
18 The top speed of this Formula 1 car is
360km/h.
How to convert m/sec to km/hr?

m 1m 1 /1000 km 60 60 18
km/ hr km/hr
sec 1 sec 1 / 60 60 hr 1000 5

18
So, we say that to convert m/sec into km/hr, we multiply by
5
Similarly, you can try with other units.

Example The speed of a bicycle is 90 km/hr. What is its speed in m/sec?

Answer Speed of bicycle = 90 km/hr

To convert the speed into m/sec, we multiply by 5 .

18
Therefore, speed of bicycle = 90 × 5 m/sec = 25 m/sec
18

EXERCISE 9.1
1. Convert the following as indicated:
a. 63,400mm into m b. 120m into cm
c. 2km into mm d. 88,340m into km
e. 68,340kg into tonne f. 5,440mg into g
g. 98,980,700g into tonne h. 8Mℓ to mℓ
i. 23ℓ 200mℓ into mℓ j. 13 tonne 21kg into g

Choosing an appropriate unit

What is easier to remember? Average radius of earth is 6,371km or 6,371,000m or
6,371,000,000mm? Sure, it is 6,371km. When thickness of a wooden board is to be
calculated, it is convenient to say 5mm, than 0.005m or 0.000005km thickness.

110

© Cambridge University Press

Radius of the earth is measured in kilometres. Thickness of the wooden board mearsured in
millimetres.

It is very important to understand and use appropriate unit for

expressing physical quantities.
• The distance between cities, states and countries are
84.1cm
expressed in km.
• The distance between objects, length of cloths, etc. are
expressed in m.
• Height of human beings, waist size, paper size, etc. are 59.4cm

expressed in cm.
• Thicknesses, margins, etc. are expressed in mm.
• The capacity of a water tank can be expressed in mℓ and kℓ.
• The capacity of water bottles and jugs are expressed in
liters ℓ.
• The capacity of glasses is expressed in mℓ.
• The weight of human beings, groceries and cereals are
expressed in kg.
• Biscuits and spices are expressed in grams.
• Gold and precious stones are expressed in mg.

Discuss about other situations where different units are used to

measure quantities.

111

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 9.2
Write in your notebook, which units are most appropriate to express the
measurement of the following.

a. Weight of a tuna fish

b. Weight of a dhoni
c. Your weight
d. Your height
e. Capacity of a coffee mug
f. Weight of freighter
g. Capacity of watering can
h. Distance between Malé and Hulhumalé
i. Capacity of a perfume bottle

Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object. By touching, we can say whether an object is cold,
cool, warm or hot. But, the temperature tells us how much
an object is cold, cool, warm or hot.
There are three scales on which the temperature is
measured and expressed. These are Celsius, Fahrenheit
and Kelvin. Each of the scale has been named after its
developer.
Celsius scale – The Celsius scale was developed
by Anders Celsius. The temperature is expressed by
adding C (read as degree Celsius) to indicate that the
temperature has been recorded on Celsius scale.
Fahrenheit scale – The Fahrenheit scale was developed by G. D. Fahrenheit. The
temperature is expressed by adding F (read as degree Fahrenheit) to indicate that the
temperature has been recorded on Fahrenheit scale.
Kelvin scale – The Kelvin scale was developed by Lord William Kelvin. The temperature is
expressed by adding K (read as Kelvins) to indicate that the temperature has been recorded
on Kelvin scale.

112

© Cambridge University Press

 Anders Celsius G. D. Fahrenheit Lord William Kelvin

Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are more commonly used to express temperature. The Celsius
scale is generally used to indicate weather or the temperature around us. On the other hand,
the Fahrenheit scale is generally used to indicate the temperature of human body.
The Table given below shows the upper and lower fixed points as well as temperature of a
normal human body on different scales.
Object On Celsius scale On Fahrenheit scale On Kelvin scale
Melting point of ice 0 C 32 F 272 K
Boiling point of
100 C 212 F 372 K
water
Normal human body 37 C 98.6 F 309 K

Conversion between different scales of temperature

For converting temperature expressed on a different scale, following equations can be used:
9
To convert, C to F F C 32
5
5
F to C C (F 32)
9

C to K K C 272

K to C C K 272

Example Convert as indicated.

a. 42 F to C
5
Answer As, C (F 32)
9
5
42 F (42 32) C
9
5
10 C
9
5.56 C

113

© Cambridge University Press

 b. 32 C to K

Answer As, K C 272

32 C 32 272 K
304 K

EXERCISE 9.3
1. Complete the table by filling the equivalent readings in different temperature
scales.

S. No. Temperature
(in C ) (in F ) (in K )
a. 39 - -
b. - 42 -
c. 168 - -
d. - 89 -
e. - - 325
f. - 62 -
g. 25 - -
h. - - 128

2. Raza told to his teacher that Nawaz

is suffering from fever with a
temperature of 36.5°C. What will be
the reading on the Fahrenheit scale?
From the temperature, can you tell if
the condition of the Nawaz is serious
or not?

3. A particular brand of oven has a

temperature range of 180–190 C.
Express this range in degree
Fahrenheit.

114

© Cambridge University Press

Conversion of Units of Time
Time is measured in terms of a common unit which has the base unit as seconds (s).

60 60 24 7

seconds minutes hours days weeks

60 60 24 7

1 minute (min) 60 s
1 hour (hr) 60 min 3,600 s
1day 24 hr
1 week 7 days
1 year 365 days

Different types of clocks

Example Convert as indicated.

a. 8,600 s into hr and min

Answer As 3,600 s 1 hr
1
8,600 s 8,600 hr
3,600
2 hr 1,400 s
1,400
2 hr min
60
2 hr 23 min 20 s

b. 3 weeks into hours

Answer As, 1 week 7 days and, 1 day 24hr

3 weeks 3 7 days
3 7 24 hr
504 hr

115

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 9.4
1. Convert as indicated.
a. 246 days into hours
b. 2 years into hours
c. 1,463,200,000 s into years
d. 123 hours into days
e. 23 hr 45 min into s
2. Saira celebrates her birthday on July 23, 1979. Express
her age on July 1, 2016 in days.

3. It takes 5,600 minutes for a motor to fill a water tank.

If expressed in hours, how long will it take the motor
to fill the water tank.

1. 60 minutes ______ seconds 5. The average human body

2. 3 hr _______ minutes temperature is ______ C or

______ F.
3. 1000 m ________ cm
6. 40 C ______ F
4. _______ litre 2 Mℓ

1. Convert the following as indicated:

a. 8.5 t to g b. 32 F to C
c. 28 hrs to min d. 23.13 Mℓ to mℓ
2. Which length is longer: 200m or 1330mm?
3. Which is colder: 0 C or 0 F ?
4. Which one has more capacity: 1 kℓ or 1 10
1 3
Mℓ .
5. Which time has more magnitude when converted to same unit: 245 hr or
24500 min?

116

© Cambridge University Press

6. Two boats are approaching an island, boat A covers 50 km in
1 hour and boat B covers 5 m in one second. Whish boat will
reach the island first?
7. Suleiman wants to board the first flight out from Ibrahim Nasir
International Airport. Flight A is leaving in 85410 seconds
and Flight B is leaving in 24 minutes. Which flight should he
board?
8. A roller coaster ride has a condition that the person riding
must have a height of 145cm. Razia is 1m 28cm tall. Is she
eligible for ride or not?
9. The two fishes of length 60cm and 3600mm are available
with a fisherman. Which fish is longer?
10. Mumtaz and her sister Shabana are together carrying weight
of 32,958 g. If Mumtaz is carrying 23kg 942g, how much
weight is carried by Shabana?
11. The average winter temperature at North pole is 24 F.
What will be the equivalent reading on Celsius and
Kelvin scale?

Mathematician in Focus
William Thomson (1824–1907), also known as Lord Kelvin
was a British mathematician and physicist who invented the
Kelvin temperature scale. It is one of the three best-known
scales used to measure temperature, along with Fahrenheit
and Celsius. He also invented a device that led to the success
of the telegraph cable and many nautical instruments.
His research into the nature of heat helped him form the
second law of thermodynamics.

117

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 Perimeter, Area
10
and Volume

perimeter and area of triangles, rectangles, squares, parallelograms, trapeziums, circles

and semi-circles,
perimeters and area of compound figures,
arc length, sector, circumference and radius of a circle,
volume of cubes, cuboids and prisms.

Perimeter of a square 4 side

Perimeter of a rectangle 2 (length breadth) or 2(l b)
Perimeter of a triangle Sum of three sides
Perimeter of a parallelogram 2 (sum of two adjacent sides)
Circumference of a circle 2 r or d
Area of a square side 2
Area of a rectangle length breadth
1 1
Area of a triangle area of parallelogram base height
2 2
Area of a parallelogram base height
Area of a circle r2

Making meaning
Measurement is used in every aspect of real life. It is used
in paintings, designing, cooking, gardening, daily economic
activities, building, modelling and so on.

119

© Cambridge University Press

 Perimeter
Zeeba and Sara walked around two playgrounds situated in their localities. Zeeba took 2 rounds
of ground A, while Sara took 3 rounds of ground B as shown. To know who covered more
distance, we need to find the sum of boundaries of each ground or perimeter of the grounds.

7m 2m

6m
B
7m
A

Perimeter of ground A 4 7m 28m . It means, in 1 round, Zeeba covered 28m

distance and, therefore, in 2 rounds she covered 2 28m 56m.
The perimeter of ground B 2 (2 6) 16m. In 3 rounds, Sara covered
3 16m 48m distance.
Since 56m 48m, Zeeba walked more distance.

Area
Area is the measure of surface enclosed by a figure. Waheed has a bread slice X, while
Fathima has a bread slice Y. To know whose slice is bigger, we need to find the slice which
covers more surfaces, i.e. whose area is more.

2cm
5cm

6cm
Perimeter is the measure of the
Slice Y outer boundary of a figure, while
area is the measure of the region
5cm
Slice X enclosed by the figure. The unit
of perimeter is same as length
The area of slice X equals 5cm 5cm 25cm2 unit, while the unit of area is
and area of Y 2cm 6cm 12cm2 . ‘square units’.

120

© Cambridge University Press

The formulae for calculating area and perimeter of plane figures are listed below in a table:
Figure Perimeter Area

D a C Perimeter AB BC CD DA Area Side Side

4 side a 2

a a 4 a ( side a) Or
1 2
Area diagonal
A a B 2
Square
Square

Perimeter AB BC CD DA Area Length width

D I C
l w l w l w
w w 2(l w)
A I B
( AB CD l and BC AD w)
Rectangle
Rectangle

Perimeter AB BC CA 1
C Area base height
2
Height 1
b h
A Base B 2
Triangle
Triangle

D C Perimeter AB BC CD DA Area base height

Height 2(AB BC) b h

A Base B ( AB CD and BC DA)

Parallelogram

Circumference 2 r or d Area r2
fer
rcum ence
Ci
(r radius and d diameter)

Radius
Center

Circle
Circle

121

© Cambridge University Press

 Two distinct plane figures having same perimeter does not mean that they have same
area. The given figure shows perimeter of two painting as 4m, but area of each is different.

0.5m

1.2m
1.5m

0.8m

Perimeter (1.5 0.5 1.5 0.5)m Perimeter (0.8 1.2 0.8 1.2)m
4m 4m
Area 1.5m 0.5m Area 1.2m 0.8m
0.75m2 0.96m2

Example Find the area of parallelogram ABCD A 6cm B

Answer We know that diagonal of a parallelogram 8cm

3cm 3cm
divides it into two congruent triangles
4cm
which have equal area
D 6cm C
area of ADC area of ABC

Area of parallelogram area of ADC area of ABC

Area of parallelogram
ADC area of ADC
ADC ( area
areaofof ABC
2area of ofABC
area ABC area of ADC)
Area of parallelogram
2ADC
area of area
ADCof (2area
ABC
areaofofofADC
area ADC
ABC ( area of ofABC
area ABC
ADC) area of ADC)
1
2 area ofADC ( 22 area
area of 1 of base
ABC area (ofheight
ADC area
ADC)of ABC area of ADC)
1 2 A parallelogram has two different bases.
2 base 2height base height
1 2 21 height Any of these two bases can be chosen to
2 base height base
2 base height
2 base height base 2 height 2 find the area. The perpendicular drawn
8 4 32cm
on the chosen base should be considered
base height
8 4 32cm2 8base 4 height 32cm2
as height to find the area. Sometimes the
8 4 32cm2 8 4 32cm2 word “altitude’ is used in place of height of
a figure.

122

© Cambridge University Press

Perimeter and Area of a Trapezium
Definition

A trapezium is a quadrilateral whose one pair of opposite sides is parallel.

A x B
In the figure given alongside, ABCD is a trapezium having AB || DC.
Here, AB and DC, the two parallel sides are called base of the
trapezium ABCD and h is the height of the trapezium ABCD. t h y

1
Area of trapezium AB DC h or
2 D z C
1
Sum of parallel sides distance between them
2
perimeter of trapezium Sum of all sides
y z t
Example Find the area and perimeter of trapezium shown in the figure

6cm

16cm 10cm 12cm

20cm
1
Answer Area of the trapezium Sum of parallel sides
2
Distance between them
1 1
(6 20) 10 26 10
2 2
130cm2
Perimeter of the trapezium sum of all slides 16 6 12 20
54cm

A rhombus is a particular D R
parallelogram whose sides are
equal. If you join the midpoints of S Q
a rectangle or a square, then the
shape obtained is a rhombus.
P B
1
Area of a rhombus Product of diagonals
2

123

© Cambridge University Press

 Perimeter and Area of Compound Figures
Definition

A compound figure or a composite figure consists of two or more simple shapes.

To find the perimeter of a compound or a composite figure, add the lengths of all the sides
of the figure, but do not add the lengths of the overlapping sides.
While calculating area, split the compound figure into plane figures, find area of each
shape involved in it and then add them to get the resultant area.

Example A car travels along the path as shown below. Find the distance travelled by
the car and also the area of the composite figure

3km 5k
m
1km 3km

5km

8km

Answer Labeling the given figure, we get

E
3km 5k
m
1km 3km
G C
F D
5km

A 8km B

Perimeter of given figure: AB BC CD DE EF FG GA

Now, GA BC opposite sides of rectangle ABCG
Now EFD is a right angle triangle.
FD AB – CD – GF 8 – 3 – 1 4km
ED 5km
Perimeter 8 5 3 5 3 1 5 30km
the car travels 30km.
Area of given figure:
Area of rectangle ABCG Area of EFD

Area of rectangle ABCG 8 5 40km2

124

© Cambridge University Press

 1
Area of EFD 4 3 6km2
2
Area of given figure : 40 6 46km2

Exercise 10.1

1. Afreen has a square plot with the measurement as shown. She wants to construct
a house in the middle of the plot. A garden is developed around the house. Find the
perimeter of the house and the cost of developing a garden around the house at the
rate of MVR 27 per m2.

20m

25m House
15m

Garden

25m

2. Find the cost of painting the wall which has a window,

at the rate of MVR 15 per m2.
2m
7m
3. The area of a trapezium is 110cm2 . The difference 10m
between parallel sides is 8cm and distance between them
is 8cm. Find the sum of two parallel sides.
12m
4. Find the area of grass needed for the lawn shown in the
figure, if the lawn has a circular pond in the centre.

4m

1m 6cm
6m
6cm

6cm
10m 9cm
5. Find the area of composite figure shown in the figure.
6cm
15cm

125

© Cambridge University Press

 6. A nursery school playground is 160m long and 80m wide. In it 80m × 80m is kept
for swings and in the remaining portion, there is 1.5m wide path parallel to its width
and parallel to its remaining length as shown. The remaining area is covered by
grass. Find the area covered by grass.

1.5m

1.5m Swings 80m

80m 80m

7. A rectangular shaped swimming pool with dimensions 30m × 20m has 5m wide
cemented path along its length and 8m wide path along its width. Find the cost of
cementing the path at the rate of MVR 200 per m2.

30 m

8m
20 m

5m

8. Find the altitude of a parallelogram if its area is 132cm2 and base is 11cm long.

9. Find the perimeter of following composite shapes.

a. 18m
b.
2m

5m
14m
9m
4m 7m

4m
20m 9m

126

© Cambridge University Press

Circle and its Related Terms A
Major arc

Arc: It is a part of the circumference (outer boundary) of a circle.

The longer one is called the major arc while shorter one is called
minor arc. O
C B

Minor arc D

Sector: A sector of a circle is a part of the area (inner Minor Arc

B
region) of a circle between two radii (plural of radius) or
it is a region between an arc and two radii. Minor Sector
A

O
O
Major Sector
Major Arc

A sector subtend an angle of (the angle at the centre between ngth

rc le B
two radii) at centre, then A

A r
Length of an arc of the sector 2 r
360
In case of finding the area of a sector, we actually find the area of a central angle
fractional part of an entire circle. The fraction is computed by ­finding
the ratio of the central angle of the sector with respect to entire
­central angle, i.e. 360 .

Thus, area of a sector r2

360

Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle of 40 and radius of
Example
circle being 7cm.

40°

Answer 40 22
Area of sector r2 72
360 360 7
1
22 7 17.11cm2
9

127

© Cambridge University Press

 This can be calculated using calculator as:
Keys pressed AC 40 360 Shift 7

The displayed result is 17.1111. Thus the area of required sector is 17.11cm2.

Chord: A chord is a straight line which joins the ends of an arc

in a circle.
A
Chord AB

B
In the figure, the segment AB is the chord.

Properties of a Chord

A chord has many important properties. Let us look at each property in detail.
a. A radius that is perpendicular to a chord divides the chord into two equal parts
and vice versa.
This property states that if a line is drawn from the centre of a circle, it intersects the chord
at the mid-point forming a perpendicular bisector.

Example Draw a circle with centre O and chord AB. Draw a radius OC perpendicular
to the chord AB such that it intersects AB at point D. Prove that AD BD.

Answer  raw the segments OA and OB to make the triangles,

D
OAD and OBD. According to the Pythagoras theorem,
1. OA2 OD2 AD2
O
2. OB2 OD2 BD2
We know that the radii of the same circle are always
A B
equal. D

C
So, OA OB and OA2 OB2

AD2 BD2
AD BD
Hence, a radius that is perpendicular to a chord divides the chord into two equal parts.

b. Perpendicular bisectors of two chords intersect at the centre

This property states that the perpendicular bisectors of a chord must pass through the ­centre
of the circle, or, the centre of the circle lies on the perpendicular bisector of the chord.

128

© Cambridge University Press

 Example Draw a circle with centre O and chords AB and CD. P is the mid-point of AB
and Q is the midpoint of CD. Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of
chords AB and CD pass through the centre of the circle.

Answer Segment OP bisects the chord at P such that angle OPA OPB 90
Draw the segments OA and OB to make triangles OPA and OPB.
C
In triangles OPA and OPB,
Q
1. AP PB
O D
2. OP OP

3. Angle OPA OPB 90 A

P
B

Thus, according to the Side- Angle-Side theorem,

OPA OPB.

OA OB.

Therefore, OA and OB are the radii of the circle.

Hence, O is the centre of the circle.

Similarly, we can prove that the point O of the perpendicular bisector OQ for chord CD is
the centre of the circle.

Hence, the lines OP and OQ intersect at the centre of the circle.

Thus, perpendicular bisectors of two chords intersect each other at the centre.

c. Two chords that are equidistant from the centre are equal in length and vice
versa.

This property states that two chords that have equal perpendicular bisectors are of equal
length.

Example Consider a circle with centre O and chords AB and CD. Chords AB and CD
are equidistant from the centre. Prove that AB CD.

Answer Draw the perpendicular bisectors, OP and OQ, to the chords. Join AO
and OC.
According to the first property, a perpendicular from the centre of the circle
divides the chord into two equal parts.

Thus, AP BP and CQ DQ.

129

© Cambridge University Press

 Thus, A C

1
AP AB
2
1
CQ CD.
2 P O Q

In APO and CQO,

OP OQ (Given)
B D
Angle AOP Angle COQ (right angles)
AO CO (radii of the same circle)

According to the Right-angled – Hypotenuse – Side rule, if the hypotenuse and one side in
the first triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and corresponding side in the second triangle,
then the third side is also equal.

Hence, AP CQ.
1 1
As AP AB and CQ CD,
2 2
CD AB.

Thus, two chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length and vice
versa.

d. Chords of the same length cut arcs of the same length

This property states that if there are two congruent or equal chords in the same circle or in
two congruent circles, their corresponding arcs would also be equal.

Example Consider a circle with centre O and chords AB and CD. Chord AB Chord
CD. Prove that arc AB arc CD.
C D

Answer Draw the triangles OAB and OCD.

O
In OAB and OCD,
OA OB OC OD (radii of the circle)
A B
AB CD (given)
Therefore, by the Side – Side – Side rule,
OAB OCD.
Since the triangles are congruent,
Angle AOB angle COD.

In a circle, if the central angles intercepting the arcs are equal, the arcs are also equal.
Hence, arc AB arc CD.
Thus, chords of the same length cut arcs of the same length.

130

© Cambridge University Press

Tangent: A ‘tangent’ is a line that intersects the circumference of a circle at a single point.
This point of intersection is known as the ‘point of tangency.’ A circle can only have one
­tangent through any single point.
A
Tangent

C Point of
Tangency

In the above figure, AB is a tangent that intersects the circle at point C, which is the point of
tangency.

Let us take a simple example. Hold a one-Rufiya coin in an upright position on any table
surface. You will see that the coin touches the table at only one point. Thus, the table can
be considered as a tangent to the coin and the point at which the coin touches the table is
the point of tangency.

Relation between tangent and radius of a circle

A tangent to a circle is always perpendicular to the radius drawn at the point of

­contact.

Let us look at this property with the help of an example.

A

D
E

T
O

Let AB be a line segment that passes through a point T on the circle such that it is
­perpendicular to the radius OT of the circle. Let D be another point on AB. Join the points
O and D so that a right angled triangle OTA is formed.

According to Pythagoras theorem,

OD2 OT2 DT2

So, OD OT.

131

© Cambridge University Press

 This proves that point D is located outside the circle. So, the line segment AB touches
the circle only at T. Hence, it is a tangent. This also proves that all other points on AB are
located outside the circle.

Fill in the blanks.

Dimensions Perimeter Area
Square Side .......... 20cm ………………
Rectangle l 7cm, b 5cm ……………… ………………
Triangle b 2.6cm ………………
Altitude 0.8cm
Circle r 44cm ………………

Semicircle r ……………… 77cm2

Base 8.4cm ………………
Parallelogram
Height 2.5cm

Exercise 10.2
1. Find the area of shaded part of the circles.

a. b. c.

10m 120
45 O 6ft
O 160 O
17mm

2. The figure shows a sector of a circle with centre and radius

A B
of the circle is 13cm. Find the length and area of sector OAB.
13
cm 150 cm
3
O 1

132

© Cambridge University Press

3. The figure shows a sector of a circle with centre O and radius A

as 10cm. Find the area of the sector. 10cm 15cm

O B
10cm

4. In the figure, OAB is a sector of a circle with centre O and A B

central angle as 60 . Find the length of arc AB. 10 cm
12cm 60
12cm
O

5. The figure shows a sector of circle with centre O.

Find the perimeter of sector OAB A B

6cm 6cm
120
O

6. Find the radius of circle, if the shaded area equals 157.84cm2.

120 r

7. Find the area of unshaded part in the given figure. 24ft

24ft

133

© Cambridge University Press

 Volume
Volume is the measure of space occupied by an object or capacity of an object. It is
expressed in cubic units (m3, cm3 or in3).
Volume of a Cuboid

A cuboid is a three-dimensional box. A shoe box is an example

of a cuboid. It is defined by the virtue of its length (l ) , breadth
(b) and height (h). The volume of a cuboid l b h height

Length of a cuboid Volume (breadth height) br

ea gth
Breadth of a cuboid Volume (length height) dt
h len

Height of a cuboid Volume (length breadth)

Example Find the height of a cuboidal water

tank if it can hold 32000m3 and
base length is 80m and width
is 20m.
1m3 1000Litres

Answer Area of base length width 80 20 1600m2

Volume of the tank 32000m3
Height of a cuboid Volume (length breadth)
32000 1600
20m
Thus, height of water tank is 20m.

Volume of a Cube

Cube is a special kind of cuboid having all three dimension equal, i.e.
length breadth height .

I S

S
h
CUBE
w
S

134

© Cambridge University Press

Let the side of a cube be ‘s’, then volume of a cube = length breadth height
s s s
s3

Thus, volume of a cube (side)3

Eight cubes of side 5cm each are joined together as shown

Example
in the figure. Find the volume of the cuboid formed.

Answer The dimensions of the block are:

Length ( 4 joined blocks) : 5 5 5 5 20cm

Breadth ( 1 block) 5cm
Height ( 2 blocks one above the other) 5 5 10cm
Thus, dimension of block which is built by joining the eight blocks is
20cm 5cm 10cm
Volume of block l b h 20 5 10 1000cm3

Prism
• A prism is a solid which can have any polygon at both its h
ends. If a prism has a rectangular base and top, then it is
called a rectangular prism, if base is a triangle then it is
called a triangular prism and if base is a pentagon then it
is referred as a pentagonal prism.
b

l
For any prism, Volume area of base height
Volume of rectangular prism or a cuboid = (l b) h
A triangular prism has triangular base.
Thus, volume of a triangular prism area of base height (or length)
1 1
b h1 h2 b h l
2 2

135

© Cambridge University Press

 Example The volume of a triangular prism is 1650cm3.
Find the length of prism if base area is
100cm2.

Answer
1 h1
Volume of a triangular prism b h l
2 b h2
Thus,
1650 100 l

1650
l 16.50cm
100

Exercise 10.3
1. Find the volume of block shown in the figure below.

1cm

2cm
4cm

2. If the length of a cuboid remains same, breadth is halved and height is doubled,
find the ratio of the volume of original cuboid to the volume of new cuboid.

3. How many blocks of dimension 20cm 20cm 10cm can be cut from a wooden
block having dimension 3m 2m 1m?

4. A cuboidal well of dimensions 55m 20m 7m is dug and earth obtained from
digging the well is evenly spread to from a platform having a rectangular base of
22m 14m. Find the height of platform.

5. A cube of side 6cm is immersed completely in a cylindrical jar such that water does not
overflow. If the area of base of the jar is 120cm2, find the rise in the water level in the jar.

136

© Cambridge University Press

 6. The volume of both blocks shown in the figure is the same. Find the missing side of
Block 2.

12cm 8cm 8cm

12cm
2cm Block 2
Block 1

7. How many ice cubes of side 1cm can be placed in a box of dimensions
13cm 10cm 7cm ?

8. The length, breadth and height of a cuboid are in the ratio of 3 : 2 :1. Find the
dimension if the total volume of the cuboid is 38400cm3.

9. Mueen bought a triangular prism which is open from top and whose base area is
80cm2 and height is 40cm. Find the volume of the prism.

Effect of Change in Dimension of a Figure on Perimeter and Area

Changing the dimension of a figure non-proportionality
Whenever there is a change in dimension (any side) of a figure, this will also bring change
in the perimeter and area of the figure. The figure given below is a rectangular figure
WXYZ, whose area is 10 6 = 60m2 and perimeter is 2 (10 6) 32m.

Case 1: If its height is doubled Case 2: If the length Conclusion: changing

(6m 2 12m) and the base length is halved now the dimension of a figure
remains the same (10m), then the 1 affects its area as well
(10m 5m) while
new perimeter of the new figure formed 2 as its perimeter.
keeping the width
is: 2 (10 12) 44cm, while the
same (6m), then
new area of the new figure is:
the perimeter of
10 12 120m2.
figure formed is
2 (5 6) 22m and
6m the area then equates
to be 5 6 30m2.
10m

137

© Cambridge University Press

 Changing dimensions of a figure proportionally
Say, there are three squares A (with side 4cm), C
B (with side 2cm) and C (with side 6cm). A
B
Finding the perimeter and area
of squares 4cm 2cm 6cm

PA 4 4 16cm, PB 4 2 8cm, PC 4 6 24cm

AA 42 16cm2, AB 22 4cm2, AC 62 36cm2

Conclusion: On increasing or decreasing all the dimensions (sides) proportionally,

the perimeter and area of a figure also increase or decrease in a certain proportion.
In general, when all sides of a figure are multiplied by a positive number k, then the
change in perimeter and area will be given as:

Original Figure New figure (multiplied by k)

Perimeter P kP
Area A k2A

Example Anwar draws a picture that is 7cm wide and 15cm long, while Yusuf draws
a picture whose length and width are twice of length and width of Anwar’s
picture. Find the perimeter and area of the picture drawn by Yusuf.

Answer Anwar Yusuf

Perimeter 2 (7 15) Perimeter: 2(30 14)

15cm 30cm
44cm 88cm X Y

Area 7 15 Area: 30 14 7cm

105cm2 420cm2 14cm

Effect of change in dimension of a solid on volume

On changing the dimension of a solid, there occurs a change in
the volume also. A cuboid is shown below. 10in
The volume of cuboid is 10 20 12 2400in .3

20in
Case 1: If all the sides of given cuboid is halved, then the volume 12in
1
of obtained cuboid is 5 10 6 300in3, which is th of the original cuboid.
8

138

© Cambridge University Press

Case 2: If all the sides of given cuboid are doubled, then the volume of the new
cuboid equals 20 40 24 19200in3, which is 8 times of original cuboid
(2400 8 19200).
Conclusion: On increasing or decreasing all the dimensions of a solid in certain
proportion k, the volume of the solid also increase or decrease in a proportion k3.

EXERCISE 10.4
1. Sajid and his brother have rectangular fields whose dimensions are 350m 210m.
Some years later, Sajid buy half of his brother’s field (half in length and width) by
giving him some amount for the field. Calculate the area and perimeter of old and
new fields of Sajid and his brother.

2. Farhan bought two equal sized single bed sheets, later he

stitched the two to make it one double bed sheet. What
will be the change in area and perimeter of bed sheets
when dimensions of double bed sheet thus formed is
160cm 200cm? Find the area and perimeter of single
and double bed sheets.

3. A fun dancing Hoopla Ring for kids can be made by joining six
small pieces. To enlarge it for the use of big teenagers two more
pieces can be attached further. The small circular hoopla has
the diameter of 400cm, whereas the diameter of a large hoopla
is 500cm. Find the circumference and area of the two circular
hooplas?

4. Saira has a 3 3 toy cube whereas Israt

has a 5 5 toy cube where length of each
square cube constituting the bigger cubes is
1.5cm. Find the area and perimeter of small
squares, and volume of both small and big
toy cubes.

5. A room has two rectangular shaped windows with dimensions 550cm 800cm and
700cm 950cm. Find the area and perimeter of the two windows.

6. Hisrat has two square shaped origami sheets, one sheet has the side 75mm,
whereas other having a side of 150mm. Find the area and perimeter of the two
origami sheets?

139

© Cambridge University Press

 1. Write the suitable value in the following:
a. Perimeter of rectangle _________________
_____________________
b. Area of Parallelogram __________________
_____________________
c. Volume of cuboid _____________________
___________
d. Volume of Cube _____________________
________________
e. Volume of triangular prism __________________
_____________________
2. Find the area and perimeter of the below given figures:
a. b. 1cm
4cm

4cm

5cm
4cm

4cm

c.

5cm

6cm
3. Find the volume of the figures given below
a. b. 6.6cm
4.4cm

cm
20
1.

10cm
2c
m

8cm

140

© Cambridge University Press

4. A paper toy is made as given below. Find the area and perimeter of the given
­compound figure.

8cm 8cm

4cm

10cm

5. Sunaianya wants to make the a paper umbrella as given. Find the perimeter of the
figure to know about the total amount of paper required.

7cm

2cm 3cm
10cm

6. Find the volume of the given figure.

4.6cm

9.3cm

2.3cm

141

© Cambridge University Press

 In our daily life, we come across many situations where we have to find perimeter, area
or volume. The questions below ask for a measurement of perimeter (P), area (A), or
volume (V). Fill in the blanks by each question with a letter (P, A or V) to identify what
kind of measurement it is asking for.
1. How much fencing is needed to enclose a garden? _____________
2. How much air will fill your bike tire? _____________
3. How much wallpaper do you need to cover one-bedroom wall? _____________
4. How much rainwater can be collected in the barrel? _____________
5. How long is the yellow police tape around the crime scene? _____________
6. How much material do you need to make a quilt? _____________
7. What is the length around the track? _____________
8. Which jewelry box will hold the most? _____________
9. How much wrapping paper do you need to cover the present? _____________
10. How long is the border around that bulletin board? _____________

142

© Cambridge University Press

 Math Lab Activity

Aim: To find the volume of a cuboid with length l, breadth b and height h
Materials required:
a. Cardboard b. Cello tape
c. A pair of scissors d. 72 cubes of side 1cm each

Method: Make a net for a cuboid of dimensions l 6cm, b 4cm and h 3cm.
Fold it to make a cuboid of dimension 6cm 4cm 3cm (use cello tape to join the
adjacent faces and keep the cuboid open from top). Fill the box with small cubes of
side 1cm each.

3 4
3 3 6
4 4
6 3
3

4 4
6
6

Observation: We observe that the box will be completely filled with 72 cubes or box
will be filled with 3 layers 24 cubes each as shown below. Each layer of 24 cubes
consists of 4 rows or 6 cubes each (or 6 rows of 4 cubes each).

Therefore, volume of the cuboid 3 layer of 24 cubes

3(6 4)
h(l b)
lbh
Conclusion: If l, b and h are the length, breadth and height of a cuboid, then volume
of cuboid lbh.

143

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press
 11 Time and
Temperature

the difference between 12-hour and 24-hour format,

to convert time from the 12-hour format to the 24-hour format and vice versa,
to convert decimal and fraction time to actual time,
to measure, read and record temperature,
to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa.

Conversion of time are as follows:

60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day
7 days = 1 week 52 weeks = 1 year 365 days = 1 normal year
A leap year has 366 days. February has 29 days in a leap year.
A calendar is used to find the day on a particular date or to find number of days
between two dates.
1 decade = 10 years; 1 century = 100 years; 1 millennium = 1000 years
Stopwatch is a watch that can be instantly started and stopped by pushing a button.

Understanding and Managing Self:

Importance of Time in the light of Surah Al Asr
“By the time, indeed, mankind is in loss, except of who have
believed and done righteous deeds and advised each other to
truth and advised each other to patience.” [Quran 103]

145

© Cambridge University Press

 The Surah explains the significance of time in one’s life and the formula for
success in this world and in the hereafter. Poor time management leads
us to fall short in various areas of our lives. This brings an overwhelming
awareness that the most valuable commodity on earth is time.
Therefore, always one fact that we should keep in mind is, every minute counts.

Time
Time is written in two formats or systems, the 12-hour format and the 24-hour format.
A clock that displays time in the 12-hour format is called an analogue clock. A clock that
follows the 24-hour format is usually called a digital clock.

Analogue Clock Digital Clock

Most wall clocks and wrist watches are analogue clocks. Time displays at airports, railway
stations, bus stations are often in digital format. Digital clocks are used to avoid confusion
of day or night time.

12-Hour and 24-Hour Format

A 12-hour clock shows both day and night time. To
differentiate between them, am (ante meridian before
midday) and pm (post meridian after midday) are used.
To show time before midday (12 noon), we use ‘am’.
Example 9:30 am is half past nine in the
morning.

To show time after midday (12 noon), we use ‘pm’. Did You Know
Example 9:30 pm is half past nine at night. When reading 24-hour
clock times in military style,
the colon is dropped and
the word hours is added.

146

© Cambridge University Press

Time Format Conversion
Look at the digital clock. Can you figure out the time?

We can tell that it is night time. But if we had to read the same time in an analogue clock,
what would the hour be?
To convert time from 24-hour format to 12-hour format:
• Subtract 12 from the hours if the time is between 12:01 to 24:00. Then add ‘pm’
• If the time is between 00:00 and 11:59, simply add ‘am’.
Example 1 Convert 23:55 to 12-hour format.

Answer Time given 23:55

Let’s subtract 12 from the hours,
Hours Minutes
23 55
− 12 00
11 55
Since the time in the 24-hour format is more than 12:01, we add ‘pm’.
Therefore, 23:55 in 24-hour format becomes 11:55 pm in 12-hour format.
But what if we want to convert time from 12-hour format to 24-hour format? In this case, we
do the following:
• If the time is between 00:00 and 11:59 am, we drop the ‘am’.
• If the time is between 12:00 and 11:59 pm, we add 12 to the hours and drop the ‘pm’.
Example 2 Let us convert 2:30 pm to 24-hour format.

Answer Time given 2:30 pm

Since the time given has ‘pm’, we add 12 to the hours.
Hours Minutes
02 30
12 00
14 30
Therefore, 2:30 pm in 12-hour format becomes 14:30 in
24-hour format.

147

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 11.1
1. Convert the following from 12-hour format to 24-hour format.
a. 11:30 am b. 1 pm c. 4 am d. 12:37 pm

2. Convert the following from 24-hour format to 12-hour format.

a. 17:53 b. 22:03 c. 19:00 d. 03:30

Measuring Time
We can calculate the time spent while performing a task if we know the start and end time.
Example Karim has a lot of homework to do. He starts
his English homework at 3:45 pm and ends
at 4:30 pm. Then he does math until 5:10 pm.
Lastly, he studies for a science test from 5:10
pm to 5:35 pm. How much total time did Karim
spend on his homework and studying?

Answer Time spent on English homework: 3:45 pm to 4:30 pm = 45 mins

Time spent on maths homework: 4:30 pm to 5:10 pm = 40 mins
Time spent on science homework: 5:10 pm to 5:35 pm = 25 mins
Total time spent on homework = 45 mins + 40 mins + 25 mins = 110 mins
= (60 + 50) mins
= 1 hr 50 mins

Decimal Time to Actual Time

Have you ever observed a travel ticket? It often has the travel time written on it. This travel
time is written in the form of decimals. How do you convert it to actual time?
Let us learn through some examples.
Example 1 Convert 4.1 days to actual time.

Answer Step 1: Convert days to hours. 1 day 24 hours

Therefore, 4.1 24 98.4 hours.

Step 2: Break down the hours.
98.4 can be written as, 98 hours 0.4 hours

148

© Cambridge University Press

 Step 3: Convert the decimal hours into minutes. 1 hour 60 minutes.
0.4 60 24 minutes
Step 4: Since there are no additional decimal minutes, let us assume
0 seconds.
Therefore, decimal time of 4.1 days is written as 98 hours and
24 minutes.
Example 2 On an average, Harun spends 6.32 hours in office. Calculate the actual
time.

Answer In this example, we will follow Steps 2 and 3.

Step 2 & 3: Break down the hours and convert into minutes.
6.32 hours 6 hours 0.32 hours
1 hour 60 minutes
Therefore, 0.32 60 19.2 minutes
Step 4: Now, we will break down the minutes.
19.2 minutes 19 minutes 0.2 minutes
Step 5: 1 minute 60 seconds
Therefore, 0.2 60 12 seconds
So, 6.32 hours can be written as 6
hours, 19 minutes and 12 seconds.
Example 3 Convert 33.8 minutes to actual
time.

Answer In this example, we will follow Steps 4 and 5.

Step 4: Break down the minutes.

33.8 minutes 33 minutes 0.8 minutes
Step 5: 1 minute 60 seconds
Therefore, 0.8 60 48 seconds
So, 33.8 minutes can be written as 33 minutes and 48 seconds.
Fraction Time
You have probably heard the terms ‘quarter’ and ‘half’. Do you know their relation to time?
1 hour 60 minutes. So, half of an hour is 60 1 30 minutes
2
Similarly, half of a minute is 30 seconds.
Quarter of an hour is 60 1 15 minutes.
4
Similarly, quarter of a minute is 15 seconds.

149

© Cambridge University Press

 Example 1 What does 2 1 hours mean?
2
1
Answer 2 1 hours 2 hours 1 hour 1
2
2 2 4
2 hours (60 1 ) minutes 3
2 9
2 hours and 30 minutes 1
8 4
1
Example 2 How much is 6 4 hours? 7
6
1 1
Answer 6 4 hours 6 hours 4 hours
6 hours (60 1) minutes
4
6 hours and 15 minutes

Did You Know

Atomic clocks are the most accurate timekeeping devices
known to date. Accurate to within a few seconds over
many thousands of years, they are used to calibrate other
clocks and timekeeping instruments. The first atomic
clock, invented in 1949, is on display at the Smithsonian
Institution. The idea of using atomic transitions to measure
time was suggested by Lord Kelvin in 1879.

EXERCISE 11.2
1. Convert these decimals to actual time.
a. 6.1 days b. 1.62 hours c. 99.11 minutes
2. Convert these fractions to actual time.
1 1 1
a. 4 hours b. 3 hours c. 7 hours
2 2 2
3. Saira climbed the Mount Everest in 2.24 days. What was the actual time?

1
4. Akram took 4 hours to reach home from office. He left at 3 pm. When did he reach?
2

Temperature

Definition

The temperature of an object is the intensity of heat present in it.

150

© Cambridge University Press

When you have fever, your parents touch your forehead to see
how hot your body is. They then put a thin tube-like glass object
in your mouth. After some time, they take it out and observe the
marking on the object. What is this tube-like object? It is a of
thermometer.
Temperature is generally measured using a mercury or digital
thermometer.

Mercury Thermometer
A mercury thermometer is placed near
an object to measure its temperature. Level indicates the
Depending on the heat in the object, temperature to be 40 °C
the mercury rises and stops at a level.
The number corresponding to the
level is the temperature of the object.

Digital Thermometer

A digital thermometer has a circuit that measures the heat in the object
and displays the temperature on a small digital reading screen.
There are two temperature scales, the Fahrenheit and the Celsius
scale. Fahrenheit scale is more sensitive than Celsius scale.
A clinical mercury thermometer shows temperature in the range of
35–42 in degrees Celsius (°C) and
94–108 in degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

Temperature Scale Conversion

The following formula is used to

convert the temperature reading
from one scale to another. Can
you recall the formulae we
discussed in conversion chapter? Did You Know
Fahrenheit is the standard
used for measuring
temperature in the United
States. Most of the other
countries in the world use
Celsius.

151

© Cambridge University Press

 Look at the table below to understand the conversion. 5F 160
C
°Fahrenheit °Celsius 9
Freezing point of water 32 °F 2C 160
F 9C 160
F 5
Boiling point of water 100 °C 5
Normal body temperature 37 °C
Freezing point of oxygen − 425.8 °F

The freezing point of water is given in °F. What will be the

temperature in °C?
5
C (F 32)
9
5
32 F (32 32) C
9
5
0 C
9
0 C

Therefore, the freezing point of water is 32 °F or 0 °C.

Now, let us look at the boiling point of water. It is given in °C.
What will be the temperature in °F?
9C 160
F
5
9 100 160
5
900 160
5
212
Therefore, the boiling point of water is 212 °F or 100 °C.
Similarly, if we apply the conversion formula, we will find that the normal body temperature
is 98.6 °F or 37 °C.
We can determine the freezing point of oxygen using the conversion formula. The freezing
point is 425.8 °F or 218.8 °C.

152

© Cambridge University Press

The final table will look like this:
°Fahrenheit °Celsius
Freezing point of water 32 °F 0 °C
Boiling point of water 212 °F 100 °C
Normal body temperature 98.6 °F 37 °C
Freezing point of oxygen −425.8 °F −218.8 °C

Example 1 Convert 160

°F to °C.
• Temperature is often measured in one of two scales: the
Answer 5F 160 Celsius scale and the Fahrenheit scale.
C
9 • On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at
5 160 160 100°.
9 • On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils
800 160 at 212°.
9
640
9
71.11
Therefore, 160 °F 71.11 °C
Example 2 Convert 145 °C to °F.

9C 160
Answer Formula for conversion is: F
5
9 145 160
5
1305 160
5
1465
5
293
Therefore, 145 °C 293 °F

153

© Cambridge University Press

 EXERCISE 11.3
1. Convert to °C:
a. 230 b. 156 c. 430 d. 300
2. Convert to °F:
a. 25 b. 33 c. 62 d. 90
3. Rahim started heating a bucket of water using a heating rod. The temperature of
water rose by 40 °C. The final temperature of water was 83 °C. What was the initial
temperature of water?
4. Look at the weekly forecast and answer the questions given below.

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

30.2 29.6 28.1 31.0 26.9 27.9 27.6

a. Which day would be the coolest?

b. What is the highest predicted temperature?
c. What is the predicted temperature on Sunday in °F?
d. What is the temperature difference between Saturday and Sunday?
5. The temperature in a cold storage room is maintained at 5 °C. Due to power
failure, the cooler stops and the temperature in the room rises to 20 °C. What is the
rise in temperature in °F?

1. Zoya threw a party that started at 7 pm. It lasted for 3 1

2
hours. What time did the party end? Write the time in the
24-hour format.
2. Azhar was baking a cake. For that, he had to melt some
chocolate. The room temperature was 32 °C. Chocolate
melts at 40 °C. Azhar’s thermometer showed temperature
in °F.
a. What was the initial temperature shown by the
thermometer?
b. At what temperature in °F does chocolate melt?
c. What is the difference in the initial and melting temperature in °F?

154

© Cambridge University Press

3. Rashid and his friends decided to meet at the park at 5:15 pm. He reached home
from his classes at 14:30. How much time does he have to reach the park?
4. The temperature at sea level is 38 °C. There is a drop of 1° with every 20 feet
increase in height. What is the temperature at 220 feet in °F?

Mathematician in Focus
Anders Celsius was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and
mathematician. He is known for developing the ‘Celsius’ scale
of temperature, which is named after him.

Math Lab Activity

Adiba’s mother is teaching her to manage time for all her daily activities.
a. Adiba has to make a list of weekly activities that she does on a regular basis.
She has to include her school time, sleeping time, meal times, homework
time, extracurricular, TV and computer time. Record the activities for 5 days in
the tabular form and calculate the total time taken for each activity in minutes
and convert the minutes into hours.
Start time End time Total time Total time
Day Activities (minutes) (minutes) (minutes) in hours

b. One of Adiba’s daily activity is going to gymnastics classes. She has to do

warm-up and stretching exercises. She does the following activities. Record
the time taken to do these activities either in seconds or minutes.
Activity Time taken (seconds or minutes)
15 squats
20 jumping jacks
Do 10 push-ups

155

© Cambridge University Press

 Wasim's father's is a travel agent. He has a group of travellers visiting Istanbul, Izmir,
Pamukkule, Konya and Ankara on a holiday to Turkey for 15 days from 6th August till
20th August. His father has asked him to prepare a weather forecast for 15 days.
a. Wasim checked the weather forecast in all these cities using the Internet. Record
the weather forecast in the tabular form and convert into Fahrenheit scale.
Average Temperature in
Cities to visit Date Temperature Fahrenheit
Istanbul 6th – 10th August
Izmir 11th – 12th August
Pamukkule 13th August
Konya 14th – 15th August
Ankara 16th – 20th August

b. Wasim also checked their itinerary. Calculate the time the travellers will take to reach
their destinations. Record the time in the tabular form.
Activity Start time End time Total actual time
Flight from Male to
10:13
Istanbul is 9 hours
Drive from Pamukkale to
07:45
Konya is 7.5 hours
Drive from Konya to
16:00
Ankara is 4.15 hours
Bosphorus tour ferry
including lunch and
09:00
sightseeing takes
around 120 minutes

156

© Cambridge University Press