Balanced

Three-Phase Circuits
Advantages
 Constant power - Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant. In
motor/generator applications, this helps to reduce vibrations.
 Power transmission economics
 Three-phase systems can produce a rotating magnetic field with a specified direction
and constant magnitude, which simplifies the design of electric motors. Three-phase
induction motors are self-starting whereas single-phase induction motors have no
starting torque without using auxiliary windings.
 High rating
 A basic Three-Phase circuit
The basic structure of a three-phase system consists of voltage sources connected to loads by
means of transformers and transmission lines.

To analyze such a circuit, we can reduce it to a voltage source connected to a load via a line.

The omission of the transformer simplifies the discussion without jeopardizing a basic
understanding of the calculations involved.

A defining characteristic of a balanced three-phase circuit is that it contains a set of balanced

three-phase voltages at its source.
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
A set of balanced three-phase voltages
consists of three sinusoidal voltages that
have identical amplitudes and frequencies
but are out of phase with each other by
exactly 120°.
Standard practice is to refer to the three
phases as a, b, and c, (R, Y and B) and
to use the a-phase (R-phase) as the
reference phase.

The three voltages are referred to as

the a-phase voltage, the b-phase
voltage, and the c-phase voltage.
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
Only two possible phase relationships can exist
between the a-phase voltage and the b- and c-phase
voltages. One possibility is for the b-phase voltage
to lag the a-phase voltage by 120°, in which case the
c-phase voltage must lead the a-phase voltage by
120°. This phase relationship is known as the abc
(or positive) phase sequence.

The circuits can operate in parallel only if they have the same phase sequence.
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
The only other possibility is for the b-phase voltage
to lead the a-phase voltage by 120°, in which case
the c-phase voltage must lag the a-phase voltage by
120°. This phase relationship is known as the acb
(or negative) phase sequence.

The circuits can operate in parallel only if they have the same phase sequence.
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
Another important characteristic of a set of
balanced three-phase voltages is that the sum of the
voltages is zero. Thus,

Because the sum of the phasor voltages is zero, the sum of the instantaneous voltages also
is zero; that is,
Three-Phase voltage source Three-Phase Load
Neutral

Star connection

Delta connection
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages

Because three-phase sources and loads can

be either Y-connected or -connected, the
basic circuit in above figure represents four
different configurations:
 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
Neutral
Neutral
Star connection

Delta connection
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit

IaA Figure illustrates a general Y-Y circuit, in which

we included a fourth conductor that connects the
source neutral to the load neutral.
Va’n Source Neutral Load Neutral

A fourth conductor is possible only in the Y-Y

IbB arrangement.
Vc’n Vb’n
For convenience, we transformed the Y
connections into “tipped over tees”.

IcC
In Figure, Zga, Zgb, and Zgc represent the internal impedance associated with each phase winding of the voltage generator;

Zl a , Zl b , and Zl c represent the impedance of the lines connecting a phase of the source to a phase of the load;

Z0 is the impedance of the neutral conductor connecting the source neutral to the load neutral; and

ZA, ZB , and ZC represent the impedance of each phase of the load.

 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit

IaA

Va’n Source Neutral Load Neutral

VN
IbB
Vc’n Vb’n

IcC
Using the source neutral as the reference node and letting VN denote the node voltage between the nodes N and n,
we find that the node-voltage equation is

This is the general equation for any circuit of the Y-Y configuration depicted in Figure. But we can simplify
above equation significantly if we now consider the formal definition of a balanced three-phase circuit.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit

IaA

Va’n Source Neutral Load Neutral

VN
IbB
Vc’n Vb’n

IcC
The voltage sources form a set of balanced three-phase voltages. It means that Van, Vbn, and Vcn are a set of
balanced three-phase voltages.

The impedance of each phase of the voltage source is the same. It means that Zga = Zgb = Zgc.

The impedance of each line (or phase) conductor is the same. It means that Zla = Zlb = Zlc.

The impedance of each phase of the load is the same. It means that ZA = ZB = ZC.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
IaA

Source Neutral
There is no restriction on the impedance of a
Va’n Load Neutral
neutral conductor; its value has no effect on
VN whether the system is balanced.
IbB
Vc’n Vb’n

IcC

If the circuit in Figure is balanced, then

may rewrite the above equation as

Where Zϕ = Zga + Zla + ZA = Zgb + Zlb + ZB = Zgc + Zlc + ZC

 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
IaA

Va’n Source Neutral Load Neutral

The right-hand side of the above equation is
VN zero, because by hypothesis the numerator is a
IbB set of balanced three-phase voltages and Zϕ is
Vc’n Vb’n
not zero.

The only value of VN that satisfies Eq. is zero.

Therefore, for a balanced three-phase circuit,
IcC VN = 0.

If VN is zero, there is no difference in potential between the source neutral, n, and the load neutral, N; consequently, the
current in the neutral conductor is zero.

Hence we may either remove the neutral conductor from a balanced Y-Y configuration (I0, = 0) or replace it with a perfect
short circuit between the nodes n and N (VN = 0).

Both equivalents are convenient to use when modeling balanced three-phase circuits.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
when the system is balanced, the three line currents are.

We see that the three line currents form a balanced set of three-phase currents; that is, the current in each line is equal in
amplitude and frequency and is 120° out of phase with the other two line currents.
Thus, if we calculate the current IaA and we know the phase sequence, we have a shortcut for finding IbB and IcC.
Single-phase equivalent circuit of
a balanced three-phase circuit.
Because of the established relationships between phases, once we solve this
circuit, we can easily write down the voltages and currents in the other two phases.
A word of caution here. The current in the neutral conductor in Fig. is IaA,
which is not the same as the current in the neutral conductor of the balanced
three-phase circuit, which is.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

The line-to-line voltages at the load terminals can be seen in

Figure. They are VAB, VBC and VCA, where the double
subscript notation indicates a voltage drop from the first-
named node to the second.

The line-to-neutral voltages are VAN, VBN and VCN .

We can now describe the line-to-line voltages in terms of
the line-to-neutral voltages, using Kirchhoff s voltage law:
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

To show the relationship between the line-to-line

voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages, we
assume a positive, or abc, sequence. Using the
line-to-neutral voltage of the a-phase as the
reference,

The above equation reveals that

where Vϕ represents the magnitude of the line-to-
neutral voltage
For a negative sequence, the only change is that the
set of line-to-line voltages lags the set of line-to-
neutral voltages by 30°.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

For a negative sequence, the only change is that the set of line-to-line
voltages lags the set of line-to-neutral voltages by 30°.

The phasor diagrams shown in Figure below summarize these observations.

IaC
Line voltage refers to the voltage across any pair of lines;
phase voltage refers to the voltage across a single phase.
Line current refers to the current in a single line;
IaB
IaA Phase current refers to current in a single phase.

Observe that in a ∆ connection, line voltage and phase voltage

are identical, and
The abc sequence The acb sequence in a Y connection, line current and phase current are identical.
 Analysis of the Wye-Wye (Y-Y) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

Because three-phase systems are designed to handle large blocks of electric power, all voltage and current specifications are
given as rms values.

When voltage ratings are given, they refer specifically to the rating of the line voltage.
Thus when a three-phase transmission line is rated at 345 kV, the nominal value of the rms line-to-line voltage is 345,000 V

Finally, the Greek letter phi (ϕ) is widely used in the literature to denote a per-phase quantity.

Thus V ϕ , I ϕ, Z ϕ, P ϕ and Q ϕ are interpreted as voltage/phase, current/phase, impedance/phase, power/phase, and reactive
power/phase, respectively.

Line voltage refers to the voltage across any pair of lines;

phase voltage refers to the voltage across a single phase.
Line current refers to the current in a single line;
Phase current refers to current in a single phase.

Observe that in a ∆ connection, line voltage and phase voltage are identical, and
in a Y connection, line current and phase current are identical.
 Analysis of the Wye-Delta (Y-∆) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

If the load in a three-phase circuit is connected in a delta, it can be transformed into a wye by using the delta-to-wye
transformation.
When the load is balanced, the impedance of each leg of the Y is one third the impedance of each leg of the ∆, or ZY=Z∆/3

After the ∆ load has been replaced by its Y equivalent, then the analysis of the Y-Y circuit can be used to calculate the line
currents, and we then use the line currents to find the currents in each leg of the original ∆ load.

When a load (or source) is connected in a delta, the current in each leg of the delta is the phase current, and the voltage across
each leg is the phase voltage. Figure shows that, in the ∆ configuration, the phase voltage is identical to the line voltage.

To demonstrate the relationship between the phase currents and line currents, we
assume a positive phase sequence and let Iϕ represent the magnitude of the phase
current. Then

IAB is selected as the reference phasor.

 Analysis of the Wye-Delta (Y-∆) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

IAB is selected as the reference phasor.

Comparing phase and line currents, it reveals that the magnitude
of the line currents is 3 times the magnitude of the phase currents
and that the set of line currents lags the set of phase currents by 30°.
For a negative phase sequence, the line currents are 3 times larger
than the phase currents and lead the phase currents by 30°.
The line currents in terms of the phase currents by
direct application of Kirchhoff’s current law becomes: Thus, we have a shortcut for calculating line currents fromphase
currents (or vice versa) for a balanced three-phase ∆-connected load.
 Analysis of the Wye-Delta (Y-∆) Circuit
Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages
We establish this relationship at the load terminals, but our observations also apply at the source terminals.

IAB is selected as the reference phasor.

The abc sequence

The acb sequence
 IaA Average Power in a Balanced Wye (Y) Load
Average power associated with the a-phase is PA = | VAN | | IaA | cos ( vA - iA )

where vA and iA denote the phase angles of VAN and IAN , respectively.
IbB Similarly, the power associated with the b- and c-phases are

PB = | VBN | | IbB| cos ( vB - iB ) and PC = | VCN | | IcC| cos ( vC - iC )

Note : all phasor currents and voltages are written in terms of the rms value of the
IcC sinusoidal function they represent.
In a balanced three-phase system, the magnitude of each line-to-neutral voltage is the same, as is the magnitude of each phase
current. The argument of the cosine functions is also the same for all three phases. These observations are emphasized by
introducing the following notation:
Vϕ = | VAN | = | VBN | = | VCN | Iϕ = | IaA | = | IaB | = | IaC | ϕ = ( vA - iA ) = ( vB - iB ) = ( vC - iC )

For a balanced system, the power delivered to each phase of the load is the same, so PA = PB = PC = Pϕ = Vϕ Iϕ cos ϕ
Where Pϕ represents the average power per phase.

The total average power delivered to the balanced Y-connected load is simply three times the power per phase, or

PT = 3 Pϕ = 3 Vϕ Iϕ cos ϕ
 IaA Average Power in a Balanced Wye (Y) Load

Expressing the total power in terms of the rms magnitudes of the line voltage
and current is also desirable.
IbB
If we let VL and IL represent the rms magnitudes of the line voltage and
current, respectively, we can modify PT (= 3 Pϕ = 3 Vϕ Iϕ cos ϕ) as follows:

IcC

Note : For a balanced Y-connected load,

the magnitude of the phase voltage is the magnitude of the line voltage divided by 3, and that the magnitude of the
line current is equal to the magnitude of the phase current.

When using the above equation to calculate the total power delivered to the load, remember that
ϕ is the phase angle between the phase voltage and current.
 IaA Complex Power in a Balanced Wye (Y) Load

For a balanced load, the expressions for the reactive power are

Qϕ = Vϕ Iϕ sin ϕ
IbB
QT = 3 Qϕ = 3 Vϕ Iϕ sin ϕ
= 3 Qϕ = 3 VL IL sin ϕ

IcC
The complex power associated with any phase for a balanced load is

where Vϕ and Iϕ , represent a phase voltage and current taken from the same phase.
Thus, in general,
 Average Power in a Balanced Delta (∆) Load
If the load is ∆-connected, the calculation of power—reactive or complex is basically
the same as that for a Y-connected load.
Figure shows a ∆-connected load, along with its pertinent currents and voltages.
The power associated with each phase is
PA = | VAB| | IAB | cos ( vAB - iAB ) PB = | VBC| | IBC | cos ( vBC - iBC )

PC = | VCA| | ICA | cos ( vCA - iCA )

For a balanced ∆ connected load Vϕ = | VAB | = | VBC | = | VCA |
Iϕ = | IAB | = | IBC | = | ICA | ϕ = ( vAB - iAB ) = ( vBC - iBC ) = ( vCA - iCA )

For a balanced system, the power delivered to each phase of the load is the same, so PA = PB = PC = Pϕ = Vϕ Iϕ cos ϕ
Where Pϕ represents the average power per phase.
The total average power delivered to the balanced ∆-connected load is simply three times the power per phase, or

PT = 3 Pϕ = 3 Vϕ Iϕ cos ϕ

Note that the per phase power equation in Y-connected load is the same as that of ∆ connected load. Thus, in a balanced load,
regardless of whether it is Y- or ∆-connected, the average power per phase is equal to the product of the rms magnitude of the
phase voltage, the rms magnitude of the phase current, and the cosine of the angle between the phase voltage and current.
Complex Power in a Balanced Delta (∆) Load

The expressions for reactive power and complex power also

have the same form as those developed for the Y load:
 Instantaneous Power in Three-Phase Circuits
In a balanced three-phase circuit, the instantaneous power has an interesting property. It is invariant with time!

Thus the torque developed at the shaft of a three-phase motor is constant, which in turn means less vibration in machinery
powered by three-phase motors.

Let the instantaneous line-to-neutral voltage VAN be the reference, and, as before, ϕ is the phase angle ( vA - iA ). Then, for a
positive phase sequence, the instantaneous power in each phase is

where Vm and Im represent the maximum amplitude of the phase voltage and line current, respectively.
The total instantaneous power is the sum of the instantaneous phase powers, which reduces to 1.5 Vm Im cosϕ that is,
a) Calculate the average power per phase delivered to the Y-connected load.
b) Calculate the total average power delivered to the load.
c) Calculate the total average power lost in the line.
d) Calculate the total average power lost in the generator.
e) Calculate the total number of magnetizing vars absorbed by the load.
f) Calculate the total complex power delivered by the source.
The single-phase equivalent circuit
Each phase of a delta-connected load comprises a resistance of 30 Ω and an 80 μF
capacitor in series. The load is connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply.
Calculate (i) the phase current, (ii) the line current and (iii) the total power
dissipated. Also draw the phasor diagram showing the phase voltages and phase
currents.
Three 60  resistors are connected first in star and then in delta across a 3-phase,
50 Hz, 400 V (rms value), 50 Hz power supply. Calculate the line and phase
currents in each case and also the power taken from the source.
Is the circuit in Figure below a balanced or unbalanced three-phase system?
Explain. Find I0.
Is the circuit in Figure below a balanced or unbalanced three-phase system?
Explain. Find I0.
For Figure, the generator is balanced with line-to-line voltage of 208 V.
Select EAB as reference and determine line currents and load voltages.
In a balanced three-phase system, the source is a balanced Y with an abc phase
sequence and a line voltage Vab = 20850° V. The load is a balanced Y in
parallel with a balanced . The phase impedance of the Y is 4 + j 3 Ω/ and the
phase impedance of the  is 3 – j 9 Ω/ . The line impedance is 1.4 + j 0.8 Ω/ .
Draw the single phase equivalent circuit and use it to calculate the line voltage at
the load in the a-phase.
In a balanced three-phase system, the source is a balanced Y with an abc phase
sequence and a line voltage Vab = 20850° V. The load is a balanced Y in
parallel with a balanced . The phase impedance of the Y is 4 + j 3 Ω/ and the
phase impedance of the  is 3 – j 9 Ω/ . The line impedance is 1.4 + j 0.8 Ω/ .
Draw the single phase equivalent circuit and use it to calculate the line voltage at
the load in the a-phase.
The phase voltage VBN for a
balanced three-phase star-
connected load is 230-120° V.
The line current IaA is 5.7560°
A. Determine the (a) line
voltage VAB , (b) per-phase
impedance of the load, (c) total
power consumed by the load, if
the phase sequence is positive.
Also draw the phasor diagram
showing all phase and line
voltages.
The magnitude of the line voltage
at the terminals of a balanced Y-
connected load is 6600 V. The load
impedance is (240 – j 70) /ϕ. The
load is fed from a line that has an
impedance of (0.5 + j 4) /ϕ.
a) What is the magnitude of the
line current?
b) What is the magnitude of the
line voltage at the source?
c) Draw the phasor diagram
(show all phase voltages, line
voltages and phase currents) at
the load side by taking VAN as
the reference.
For the circuit shown in Figure, find (i) IAB, IBC and ICA, (ii) IaA, IbB and IcC and
total power consumed by the load
For the circuit shown in Figure, find (i) IAB, IBC and ICA, (ii) IaA, IbB and IcC and
total power consumed by the load
 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits
The basic instrument used to measure power in
three-phase circuits is the electrodynamometer M – Main ; L – Load ;
wattmeter. It contains two coils. C – Common and V - Voltage
One coil, called the current coil, is stationary
and is designed to carry a current proportional
to the load current.
The second coil, called the potential coil, is
movable and carries a current proportional to
the load voltage.
The important features of the wattmeter are
shown in Figures: 5 / 10 A
150 / 300 / 600 V
M L Multiplication factor

M
V L
C

C
V

Example :
Multiplication factor = (10 A  300 V X 1 / 750) = 4
 The Two-Wattmeter Method
Consider a general network inside a box to which power is supplied by
n conducting lines. Such a system is shown in Figure.

If we wish to measure the total power at the terminals of the box, we

need to know (n – 1) currents and voltages.

This follows because if we choose one terminal as a reference, there are

only (n – 1) independent voltages.

Likewise, only (n – 1) independent currents can exist in the n

conductors entering the box.

Thus the total power is the sum of (n — 1) product terms; that is, p = v1i1 + v2i2 + . . . + vn-1in-1

Applying this general observation, we can see that for a three conductor circuit, whether balanced or not, we need
only two wattmeters to measure the total power.

For a four-conductor circuit, we need three wattmeters if the three-phase circuit is unbalanced, but only two
wattmeters if it is balanced, because in the latter case there is no current in the neutral line.

Thus, only two wattmeters are needed to measure the total average power in any balanced three-phase system.
 The Two-Wattmeter Method

Current coils of the wattmeters are inserted in lines aA and cC.

Thus, line bB is the reference line for the two potential coils.

The load is connected as a wye (Y), and the per-phase load impedance is
designated as Zϕ = | Z |  .

This is a general representation, as any ∆-connected load can be represented by

its Y equivalent; furthermore, for the balanced case, the impedance angle  is
unaffected by the ∆-to-Y transformation..
cc : current coil pc : potential coil

We assume that the current drawn by the potential coil of the wattmeter is negligible compared with the line current measured by
the current coil. We further assume that the loads can be modeled by passive circuit elements so that the phase angle of the load
impedance () lies between -90° (pure capacitance) and +90° (pure inductance). Finally, we assume a positive phase sequence.

Referring to the above Figure, the wattmeter readings are W1= | VAB| | IaA | cos 1 W2= | VCB| | IcC | cos 2
= VL IL cos 1 = VL IL cos 2
1 is the phase angle between VAB and IaA
2 is the phase angle between VCB and IcC
 The Two-Wattmeter Method
To calculate W1 and W2, express 1 and 1 in terms of the impedance angle  ,
which is also the same as the phase angle between the phase voltage and current.
For a positive phase sequence,
VCB 1 =  + 30 =  ϕ + 30
IcC
2 =  - 30 =  ϕ - 30

 Then, the wattmeter readings are

IbB
IaA
cc : current coil pc : potential coil W1 = VL IL cos (ϕ + 30 )

W2 = VL IL cos (ϕ - 30 )

To find the total power, add W1 and W2, thus PT = W1 + W2 = 2 VL IL cos ϕ cos 30 = 3 VL IL cos ϕ

which is the expression for the total power in a three-phase circuit. Therefore, it is confirmed that the sum of the
two wattmeter readings yields the total average power.
1 is the phase angle between VAB and IaA
2 is the phase angle between VCB and IcC
 The Two-Wattmeter Method
W2 – W1 = 2 VL IL sinϕ sin 30 = VL IL sinϕ

Reactive power = 3 (W2 – W1 )

W2  W1 VL I L sin  W2  W1
 Then tan   3
W2  W1 3VL I L cos  W2  W1

W1 = VL IL cos (ϕ + 30 ) W2 = VL IL cos (ϕ - 30 )

Effect of power factor on the wattmeter readings
1. If the power factor is greater than 0.5, both wattmeters read positive i.e., 060
2. If the power factor is less than 0.5, one wattmeter reads negative i.e., 6090
3. If the power factor equals 0.5 ( = 60), one wattmeter reads zero.
4. If the power factor is unity ( = 0), both the wattmeter reads equal.
5. If the power factor is zero ( = 90), both the wattmeter reads equal, but opposite in sign.
6. Reversing the phase sequence will interchange the readings on the two wattmeters.
Figure
Calculating Three-Phase Power with an Unspecified Load

Figure below shows the single-phase

equivalent circuit. We arbitrarily selected the
line-to-neutral voltage at the load as the
reference.
Calculating Three-Phase Power with an Unspecified Load
Calculating Three-Phase Power with an Unspecified Load
A 415V, 3-phase, 50 Hz, a.c.
motor has a power output of
12.75 kW and operates at a
power factor of 0.77 lagging and
with an efficiency of 85%. If the
motor is delta-connected,
determine (a) the power input,
(b) the line current and (c) the
phase current.
A 415V, 3-phase, 50 Hz, a.c.
motor has a power output of
12.75 kW and operates at a
power factor of 0.77 lagging and
with an efficiency of 85%. If the
motor is star-connected,
determine (a) the power input,
(b) the line current and (c) the
phase current.

For star-connection : line current equal to phase

current.
The impedance Z in the balanced 3-phase circuit in Figure is (600 + j450) Ω. Find
(a) IAB, IBC and ICA, (b) IaA, IbB and IcC ,(c) Iba, Icb and Iac and (d) Calculate the complex power
associated with each phase of the balanced load.
(e) If the two-wattmeter method is used to measure the average power delivered to the load,
specify the reading of each meter.
 W1= | VAB| | IaA | cos 1

W2= | VCB| | IcC | cos 2

complex power associated with each phase of the

balanced load
In the balanced three-phase circuit shown in Figure, the current coil of the wattmeter is
connected in line aA, and the potential coil of the wattmeter is connected across lines b and c.
Show that the wattmeter reading multiplied by 3 equals the total reactive power associated
with the load. The phase sequence is positive.
The line voltage VAB at the terminals of a balanced three-phase ∆-connected load is 41600° V.
The line current IaA is 69.28-10° A. Calculate the per-phase impedance of the load if the phase
sequence is (a) positive and (b) negative.
Find the reading of each wattmeter in the circuit shown in Fig. 1 if ZA = 2030 ° ,
ZB = 600 ° , and ZC = 40-30 ° . Also show that the sum of the wattmeter readings equals
the total average power delivered to the unbalanced three-phase load.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Two wattmeters connected to a 3-phase induction motor indicate the total power input to be
12kW. The power factor is 0.6. Determine the readings of each wattmeter. Also determine the
reactive power drawn by the motor.
Two wattmeter are connected to measure the input to a balanced 3-phase circuit read 2000 W
and 500 W respectively. Find the power factor and reactive power of the circuit when (a) both
readings are positive, (b) the latter reading is obtained after reversing the connections of the
current coil of the wattmeter

W2  W1
tan   3
W2  W1

Q = Reactive power = 3 (W2 – W1 )

a) Cos = 0.6934 and Q = 2598.08 VAr
b) Cos = 0.3273 and Q = 4330.13 VAr
3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz, 3 kVAR delta-connected capacitor bank takes 3.9365 A. Determine the
value of the per phase capacitance of this capacitor bank.
For the circuit of figure shown below, suppose
Van 120∠0° V. Assume positive phase sequence.
a) Compute Ia, then determine Ib and Ic by
inspection.
b) Verify by direct computation.
Suppose Vab = 240∠15° V for the circuit of Fig.
a. Determine the phase currents.
b. Determine the line currents.
c. Sketch the phasor diagram.
Assume positive phase sequence.
Determine per phase and total power
(active, reactive, and apparent) for Figure.
Use V = 207.8 V in order to compare
results.
For the circuit of Figure, the line voltage is
240 V. Take Vab as reference and do the
following:
a. Determine the phase currents and sketch
their phasor diagram.
b. Determine the line currents.
c. Determine the total power to the load.
Assume positive phase sequence.
In the earlier example, a pair of wattmeters P1 = Vac Ia cos 1
are added to the circuit of Figure as illustrated
in Figure below. Determine wattmeter
Where 1 is the angle between Vac and Ia .
readings and compare them to the total power
calculated in earlier example. From the earlier example