RUBRICS for 2021 Scheme - 3rd Semester

Evaluation of Laboratory Activities (Record)

Sl. Max.
Criteria
No. Marks=50
1 Circuit 3
2 Design 3
3 Procedure 4
4 Conduction 10
5 Viva 10
6 Record write - up 20

Weightage: Excellent = 80-100%, Proficient = 60-80%, Satisfactory = 40-60%,

Unsatisfactory = <40%, Total Maximum Marks: As prescribed by the
university.

Evaluation of Internal Assessment

Sl. Max.
Criteria
No. Marks=50
10
1 write-up
25
2 Conduction
15
3 Results & Viva

Weightage: Excellent = 80-100%, Proficient = 60-80%, Satisfactory = 40-60%,

Unsatisfactory = <40%, Total Maximum Marks: As prescribed by the
university.
 Scilab for Transformers & Generators
Course Code 21EEL381 CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 0:0:2:0 SEE Marks 50
Credits 01 Exam Hours 02
Course objectives:
(1) Along with prescribed hours of teaching –learning process, provide opportunity to perform the
experiments/programmes at their own time, at their own pace, at any place as per their convenience and repeat
any number of times to understand the concept.
(2) Provide unhindered access to perform whenever the students wish.
(3) Vary different parameters to study the behaviour of the circuit without the risk of damaging equipment/device
or injuring themselves.
Sl. Experiments
NO
1 Open Circuit and Short circuit tests on single phase step up or step down transformer and
predetermination of (i) Efficiency and regulation (ii) Calculation of parameters of equivalent circuit.
2 Sumpner’s test on similar transformers and determination of combined and individual transformer
efficiency.
3 Parallel operation of two dissimilar single-phase transformers of different kVA and determination
of load sharing and analytical verification given the Short circuit test data.
4 Separation of hysteresis and eddy current losses in single phase transformer.
5 Voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF and MMF methods.
6 Voltage regulation of an alternator by ZPF method.
7 Power angle curve of synchronous generator.
8 Slip test – Measurement of direct and quadrature axis reactance and predetermination of regulation
of salient pole synchronous machines.
Course outcomes (Course Skill Set):
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
• Analyse in an intelligent manner, think better, and perform better.
Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)
The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam (SEE) is 50%.
The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks). A student shall be deemed
to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the credits allotted to each course. The student has to
secure not less than 35% (18 Marks out of 50) in the semester-end examination(SEE).
Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE):
CIE marks for the practical course is 50 Marks.
The split-up of CIE marks for record/ journal and test are in the ratio 60:40.
• Each experiment to be evaluated for conduction with observation sheet and record write-up. Rubrics for
the evaluation of the journal/write-up for hardware/software experiments designed by the faculty who is
handling the laboratory session and is made known to students at the beginning of the practical session.
• Record should contain all the specified experiments in the syllabus and each experiment write-up will be
evaluated for 10 marks.
• Total marks scored by the students are scaled downed to 30 marks (60% of maximum marks).
• Weightage to be given for neatness and submission of record/write-up on time.
• Department shall conduct 02 tests for 100 marks, the first test shall be conducted after the 8th week of the
semester and the second test shall be conducted after the 14th week of the semester.
 • In each test, test write-up, conduction of experiment, acceptable result, and procedural knowledge will
carry a weightage of 60% and the rest 40% for viva-voce.
• The suitable rubrics can be designed to evaluate each student’s performance and learning ability. Rubrics
suggested in Annexure-II of Regulation book
• The average of 02 tests is scaled down to 20 marks (40% of the maximum marks).
The Sum of scaled-down marks scored in the report write-up/journal and average marks of two tests is the total
CIE marks scored by the student.
Semester End Evaluation (SEE):
SEE marks for the practical course is 50 Marks.
SEE shall be conducted jointly by the two examiners of the same institute, examiners are appointed by the
University
All laboratory experiments are to be included for practical examination.
(Rubrics) Breakup of marks and the instructions printed on the cover page of the answer script to be strictly
adhered to by the examiners. OR based on the course requirement evaluation rubrics shall be decided jointly
by examiners.
Students can pick one question (experiment) from the questions lot prepared by the internal /external
examiners jointly.
Evaluation of test write-up/ conduction procedure and result/viva will be conducted jointly by examiners.
General rubrics suggested for SEE are mentioned here, writeup-20%, Conduction procedure and result in -
60%, Viva-voce 20% of maximum marks. SEE for practical shall be evaluated for 100 marks and scored
marks shall be scaled down to 50 marks (however, based on course type, rubrics shall be decided by the
examiners)
Change of experiment is allowed only once and 15% Marks allotted to the procedure part to be made zero.
The duration of SEE is 03 hours
Rubrics suggested in Annexure-II of Regulation book.
 CO-PO-PSO Mapping

Course outcomes:

At the end of the course, the student will have the ability to

Analyze the problem in an intelligent manner, learn new technique and tools enhancing to
CO-1
think and perform better.

CO PO-PSO Mapping Table:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 3 2
Avg. 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 3 2
Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-1

Open circuit and short circuit tests on single phase transformer

Aim: To conduct Open Circuit and Short circuit tests on single phase step up or step-down
transformer and predetermination of
i. Efficiency and regulation
ii. Calculation of parameters of equivalent circuit.

Theory: The open circuit and short circuit test are performed for determining the parameter of the
transformer like their efficiency, voltage regulation, circuit constant etc. These tests are performed
without the actual loading and because of this reason the very less power is required for the test. The
open circuit and the short circuit test give an exactly accurate result as compared to the full load test.
Open Circuit tests:
The purpose of the open-circuit test is to determine the no-load current and losses of the transformer
because of which their no-load parameters are determined. This test is performed on the primary
winding of the transformer.
Short circuit tests:
The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention parameter of the transformer.
• It determines the copper loss occur on the full load. The copper loss is used for finding the
efficiency of the transformer.
• The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are known by the short circuit
test.
The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the transformer.

Calculation of Open Circuit tests:

Calculation of Short Circuit tests:

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
s=input('Rated Transformer Rating in KVA: ')
//Open Circuit Details//
Vo=input('Open Circuit Voltage: ')
Io=input('Open Circuit Current: ');
Wo=input('Open Circuit wattmeter reading: ');
//Short Circuit Details//
Vsc=input('Short Circuit Voltage: ')
Isc=input('Short Circuit Current: ');
Wsc=input('Short Circuit wattmeter reading: ');
//OC TEST CALCULATION - LV Side//
pf=Wo/(Vo*Io)
Iw=Io*pf
Im=sqrt(Io^2-Iw^2)
Ro=Vo/Iw
Xo=Vo/Im
disp(pf)
disp(Iw)
disp(Im)
disp(Ro)
disp(Xo)
//SC TEST CALCULATION - HV Side//
Ro1=Wsc/Isc^2
Zo1=Vsc/Isc
Xo1=sqrt(Zo1^2-Ro1^2)
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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

disp(Ro1)
disp(Zo1)
disp(Xo1)
//Efficiency at different load condition//
for x=0:0.05:1
for cos=1
eff=(s*x*cos*10^3)/((s*x*cos*10^3)+(Wo/2)+(x^2)*(Wsc/2))*100
plot(x,eff,'r.-')
end
for cos=0.6
eff=(s*x*cos*10^3)/((s*x*cos*10^3)+(Wo/2)+(x^2)*(Wsc/2))*100
plot(x,eff,'r.-')
end
end
//REGULATION//
I=s*10^3/230
R=(I*Ro1)/230
X=(I*Xo1)/230
//For leading power factor//
for cos1=0:0.2:0.6
sin1=acosd(cos1)
regulation= R*cos1+X*sin1
//plot(cos1,regulation,'m.-')
printf("Regulation is : %f at PF of: %f",regulation,cos1)
end
//For lagging power factor//

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

for cos2=0:0.2:0.6
sin2=acosd(cos2)
regulation= R*cos2-X*sin2
//plot(cos1,regulation,'m.-')
printf("Regulation is : %f at PF of: %f",regulation,cos2)
end

Input:
Rated Transformer Rating in KVA: 2
Open Circuit Voltage: 230
Open Circuit Current: .3
Open Circuit wattmeter reading: 39
Short Circuit Voltage: 16
Short Circuit Current: 8.69
Short Circuit wattmeter reading: 20

Output:
Cosɸ = 0.5652174
Iw = 0.1695652
Im = 0.2474826
Ro = 1356.4103
Xo = 929.35827
Ro1 = 0.2648442
Zo1 = 1.8411968
Xo1 = 1.8220492

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Regulation is: 5.407051 at PF of: 0.200000

Regulation is: 4.579575 at PF of: 0.400000
Regulation is: 3.665957 at PF of: 0.600000
Regulation is: -6.199789 at PF of: 0.000000
Regulation is: -5.403045 at PF of: 0.200000
Regulation is: -4.571565 at PF of: 0.400000
Regulation is: -3.653941 at PF of: 0.600000

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-2
Sumpner’s test on similar transformers and determination of combined and
individual transformer efficiency.

Aim: To Predetermine the efficiency of two similar transformer.

Theory: Sumpner's test or back to back test on transformer is another method for determining
transformer efficiency, voltage regulation and heating under loaded conditions. Short circuit and
open circuit tests on transformer can give us parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer, but they
cannot help us in finding the heating information. Unlike O.C. and S.C. tests, actual loading is
simulated in Sumpner's test. Thus, the Sumpner's test give more accurate results of regulation and
efficiency than O.C. and S.C. tests.

Sumpner's test or back-to-back test can be employed only when two identical transformers are
available. Both transformers are connected to supply such that one transformer is loaded on another.
Primaries of the two identical transformers are connected in parallel across a supply. Secondaries are
connected in series such that emf's of them are opposite to each other. Another low voltage supply is
connected in series with secondaries to get the readings.

Efficiency Calculation:

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
s=input('enter transformer rating in KVA: ')
cos=input('enter power factor: ');
w1=input('enter transformer 1 wattmeter reading: ');
w2=input('enter transformer 2 wattmeter reading: ');
for x=0:0.05:1
if cos==1
eff=(s*x*cos*10^3)/((2*x*cos*10^3)+(w1/2)+(x^2)*(w2/2))*100
plot(x,eff,'r.-')
end
if cos~=1
eff=(s*x*cos*10^3)/((2*x*cos*10^3)+(w1/2)+(x^2)*(w2/2))*100
plot(x,eff,'r.-')
end
end

Input:
enter transformer rating in KVA: 2
enter power factor: 0.7
enter transformer 1 wattmeter reading: 80
enter transformer 2 wattmeter reading: 400

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Output:

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-3
Parallel operation of two dissimilar single-phase transformers of different kVA
and determination of load sharing and analytical verification given the Short
circuit test data.

Aim: To verify the load sharing of two dissimilar single-phase transformers.

Theory: When we connect the primary windings of two transformers to a common supply voltage
and the secondary windings of both the transformers to a common load, this type of connection of
transformer is said to be the parallel operation of transformers.
The reasons for operating the transformers in parallel are as follows:
1) This is an economical method because a single large transformer is uneconomical for large
load.

2) If the transformers are connected in parallel, we require extra load then we can expand the
system by adding more transformers in the future.

3) Parallel operation reduces the space capacity of the substation when we connect transformers
of standard size.

4) The parallel connection maximizes the electrical power system availability as we can shut
down any system for maintenance without affecting other systems performance.

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
//TRANSFORMER A DETAILS//
Vsca=input("Short circuit voltage of Transformer A: ")
Isca=input("Short circuit current of Transformer A: ")
Wsca=input("Short circuit wattmeter reading of Transformer A: ")
//TRANSFORMER B DETAILS//
Vscb=input("Short circuit voltage of Transformer B: ")
Iscb=input("Short circuit current of Transformer B: ")

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Wscb=input("Short circuit wattmeter reading of Transformer B: ")

//CALCULATION FOR SC TEST//
Ra=Wsca/Isca^2
Za=Vsca/Isca
Xa=sqrt(Za^2-Ra^2)
Rb=Wscb/Iscb^2
Zb=Vscb/Iscb
Xb=sqrt(Zb^2-Rb^2)
//LOAD SHARING BETWEEN TRANSFORMER CALCULATION//
for Il=0.8:0.8:6
Wl=(Il*230)/1000
I1=(Il*Zb)/(Za+Zb)
W1=(Wl*Zb)/(Za+Zb)
I2=(Il*Za)/(Za+Zb)
W2=(Wl*Za)/(Za+Zb)
printf("For load current of %f ampes",Il);
printf("I1= %f amps \n" , I1 );
printf("W1= %f watts \n" , W1 );
printf("I2= %f amps \n" , I2 );
printf("W2= %f watts \n" , W2 );
end
Input:
Short circuit voltage of Transformer A: 12.5
Short circuit current of Transformer A: 4.39
Short circuit wattmeter reading of Transformer A: 0.049
Short circuit voltage of Transformer B: 19
Short circuit current of Transformer B: 8.69
Short circuit wattmeter reading of Transformer B: 0.148

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Output:
1. For load current of 0.800000 amps 5. For load current of 4.000000 amps
I1= 0.347478 amps I1= 1.737392 amps
W1= 0.079920 watts W1= 0.399600 watts
I2= 0.452522 amps I2= 2.262608 amps
W2= 0.104080 watts W2= 0.520400 watts

2. For load current of 1.600000 amps 6. For load current of 4.800000 amps
I1= 0.694957 amps I1= 2.084870 amps
W1= 0.159840 watts W1= 0.479520 watts
I2= 0.905043 amps I2= 2.715130 amps
W2= 0.208160 watts W2= 0.624480 watts

3. For load current of 2.400000 amps 7. For load current of 5.600000 amps
I1= 1.042435 amps I1= 2.432348 amps
W1= 0.239760 watts W1= 0.559440 watts
I2= 1.357565 amps I2= 3.167652 amps
W2= 0.312240 watts W2= 0.728560 watts

4. For load current of 3.200000 amps

I1= 1.389913 amps
W1= 0.319680 watts
I2= 1.810087 amps
W2= 0.416320 watts

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-4
Separation of hysteresis and eddy current losses in single phase transformer

Aim: To separate Eddy current loss & Hysteresis loss from Iron loss of 1-ɸ transformer.

Theory: As the electrical transformer is a static device, mechanical loss in transformer normally
does not come into picture. We generally consider only electrical losses in transformer. Loss in any
machine is broadly defined as difference between input power and output power. When input power
is supplied to the primary of transformer, some portion of that power is used to compensate core
losses in transformer i.e. Hysteresis loss in transformer and Eddy current loss in transformer core and
some portion of the input power is lost as I2R loss and dissipated as heat in the primary and
secondary windings, because these windings have some internal resistance in them. The first one is
called core loss or iron loss in transformer and the later is known as ohmic loss or copper loss in
transformer. Another loss occurs in transformer, known as Stray Loss, due to Stray fluxes link with
the mechanical structure and winding conductors.
Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss, both depend upon magnetic properties of the materials used to
construct the core of transformer and its design. So, these losses in transformer are fixed and do not
depend upon the load current. So, core losses in transformer which is alternatively known as iron loss
in transformer can be considered as constant for all range of load.

Hysteresis loss in transformer is denoted as,

Eddy current loss in transformer is denoted as,

Where, Kh = Hysteresis constant.

Ke = Eddy current constant.
Kf = form constant.

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
p=input('Enter no of poles: ')
A=input('Enter the value of A: ')
B=input('Enter the value of B: ')
for N=1250:50:1500
f=p*N/120
Wh=A*f
Wc=B*f^2
Wi=Wh+Wc
Ratio=Wi/f
disp(N,'For Speed:')
disp(Wh,'Histerisis Losses: ')
disp(Wc,'Copper Losses: ')
disp(Wi,'Iron Losses: ')
disp(Ratio, 'Ratio of Wi/f: ')
end

Input:
Enter no of poles: 4
Enter the value of A: .37
Enter the value of B: 0.0011

Output:
1. For speed: 1250.000000
Histerisis Losses: 15.416667
Copper Losses: 1.909722

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Iron Losses: 17.326389

Ratio of Wi/f: 0.415833

2. For speed: 1300.000000

Histerisis Losses: 16.033333
Copper Losses: 2.065556
Iron Losses: 18.098889
Ratio of Wi/f: 0.417667

3. For speed: 1350.000000

Histerisis Losses: 16.650000
Copper Losses: 2.227500
Iron Losses: 18.877500
Ratio of Wi/f: 0.419500

4. For speed: 1400.000000

Histerisis Losses: 17.266667
Copper Losses: 2.395556
Iron Losses: 19.662222
Ratio of Wi/f: 0.42133

5. For speed: 1450.000000

Histerisis Losses: 17.883333
Copper Losses: 2.569722
Iron Losses: 20.453056
Ratio of Wi/f: 0.423167

6. For speed: 1500.000000

Histerisis Losses: 18.500000
Copper Losses: 2.750000
Iron Losses: 21.250000
Ratio of Wi/f: 0.425000

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-5

Voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF and MMF methods

Aim: To predetermine the regulation of 3-ɸ alternator by EMF & MMF Method

Theory: The regulation of a 3-phase alternator may be predetermined by conducting the Open
Circuit (OC) and the Sort Circuit (SC) tests. The methods employed for determination of regulation
are EMF or synchronous impedance method, MMF or Ampere Turns method and the ZPF or Potier
triangle method. In this experiment, the EMF and MMF methods are used. The OC and SC graphs
are plotted from the two tests. The synchronous impedance is found from the OC test.
The regulation is then determined at different power factors by calculations using vector diagrams.
The EMF method is also called pessimistic method as the value of regulation obtained is much more
than the actual value. The MMF method is also called optimistic method as the value of regulation
obtained is much less than the actual value. In the MMF method the armature leakage reactance is
treated as an additional armature reaction. In both methods the OC and SC test data are utilized.

EMF methods:
The voltage regulation of alternator by EMF method involves the EMF quantities of all the armature
parameters (armature resistance, Armature leakage reactance, armature reaction). The drop due to
armature reaction is not considered, because it does not occur due to any of the physical element but
due to interaction of armature flux with main flux.

MMF methods:
Voltage regulation of alternator by MMF method requires MMF (which is a product of field
current(I) and number of turns(N) of field winding) for two separate purposes.
1. It must have an MMF which is necessary to induce the rated terminal voltage on open circuit
condition.
2. It must have an MMF to circulate the full load current equal and opposite to that of armature
reaction MMF.

Data:

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
disp("EMF method")
v =220;
vt = v/sqrt(3);
r =0.06;
i =40;
pf =0.8;
EA1=[ 29 58 87 116 146 172 194 232]
ISC =[ 6.6 13.2 20 26.5 32.4 40 46.3 59 ];
ZS=EA1./(ISC*sqrt(3));
disp ("synchronous impedance(ohms )is");
disp(ZS);
XS=ZS;
disp("synchronous reactance(ohms)is");
disp(XS);
xs =2.27;
ia = i*(pf- %i*sqrt(1-pf^2));
E = vt+ia*(r+%i*xs);
vr=floor(((abs(E)-vt)/vt)*100);
printf("Voltage regulation is %f percent \n" , vr );
disp("Mmf method") ;
// with ia as reference
E = vt*(pf+%i*sqrt(1-pf^2))+i*r; //Excitation voltage
oc =1.69; // current for given excitation voltage obtained from open circuit
chaacteristics
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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

sc =1.2; // field current required to circulate full load short circuit current
al = atand ( imag(E) ,real(E)); // angle between ia and E
Ff =(oc*(-sind(al)+%i*cosd(al)))-sc; //field mmf
printf ("field mmf is %f A\n" ,abs(Ff));
// corresponding to Ff ,E=163.5 v from O.C.C
Ef =163.5;
vr =((Ef - vt) / vt ) *100;
printf ( ’Voltage regulation is %f percent \n ’ , vr );

Output:
"EMF method"
"synchronous impedance(ohms )is"
2.5368421 2.5368421 2.5114737 2.5272691 2.6016401 2.4826062 2.419135 2.2702587
"synchronous reactance(ohms)is"
2.5368421 2.5368421 2.5114737 2.5272691 2.6016401 2.4826062 2.419135 2.2702587
Voltage regulation is 54.000000 percent

"Mmf method"
field mmf is: 2.587144 A
Voltage regulation is:28.722867 percent

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT-6

Voltage regulation of an alternator by ZPF methods

Aim: To predetermine the regulation of 3-ɸ alternator by ZPF Method

Theory: This Zero power factor (ZPF) method is used to determine the voltage regulation of
synchronous generator or alternator. This method is also called Potier method. In the operation of an
alternator, the armature resistance drop IRa and armature leakage reactance drop IXL are actually
emf quantities while the armature reaction is basically MMF quantity. In the synchronous
Impedance, all the quantities are treated as EMF quantities as against this in MMF method all are
treated as MMF quantities. This ZPF method is based on the separation of armature leakage
reactance and armature reaction effects. The armature leakage reactance XL is called Potier
reactance in this method, hence ZPF method is also called Potier reactance method.
Some assumptions are made in the ZPF method which is listed below:
1) In the entire calculation procedure of ZPF method, the armature resistance is neglected. But
practically armature resistance is very small and hence this assumption does not cause
significant error in the accuracy.
2) In ZPF method, a zero-power factor test is required to be done. But practically when
inductors are used, a perfect zero power factor cannot be achieved.

Data:

Scilab Program:
clc
clear all
disp('Zero power factor method');
//As per the description given in method
vd =30; //voltage drop armature leakage reactance
xa=vd/i; //armature leakage reactance
//with ia as reference

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

Er=vt*(pf+%i*sqrt(1-pf^2))+i*(r+%i*xa);//Excitation voltage
oc=2.134; //current for given excitation voltage obtained from open circuit
characteristics
Fa =0.84; //armature mmf from potier triangle
be=atand(imag(Er),real(Er)); //angle between ia and E
Ff=(oc*(-sind(be)+%i*cosd(be)))-Fa; //field mmf
printf('field mmf is %f A \n ',abs(Ff));
//corresponding to Ff =2.797A, E=169v from O.C.C
Ef =169;
vr=((Ef-vt)/vt)*100;
printf('Voltage regulation is %f percent \n',vr);

Output:
"Zero power factor method"
Field mmf is 2.796599 A
Voltage regulation is 33.052994 percent

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Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT- 7

Power angle curve of synchronous generator

Aim: To draw the power angle curve of synchronous generator

Theory: Power Angle Curve of Synchronous Machine is the graphical representation of electrical
output with respect to the power angle. As we know, power angle is also known as load angle,
therefore it can be said that this curve is graphical representation of electrical output of generator
with respect to load angle.
First of all, the mathematical relation between the electrical output of synchronous machine in terms
of load angle to get the graph of power versus load angle must be known. The electrical output of
synchronous generator is given as below.
Pe = (EfVt/Xs)Sinδ
Where Ef, Vt, Xs and δ are no load excitation voltage, generator terminal voltage, generator.

Scilab Program:

clc
clear all
Ef=input('Enter Ef: ')
Vt=input('Enter Vt: ')
Xs=input('Enter Xs: ')

for t=0:10:180
Pe = ((Ef * Vt)/Xs)*sin(t)

plot(t,Pe,'m.')
end

Dept. of EEE, SCE Page 20

Scilab for Transformers & Generators (21EEL381) 2022-2023

EXPERIMENT- 8
Slip test – Measurement of direct and quadrature axis reactance and
predetermination of regulation of salient pole synchronous machines.

Aim: To determine Xd, Xq of a Salient pole alternator and hence to predetermine its regulation.

Theory: Direct and quadrature axis reactances of a salient-pole synchronous machine can be
estimated by means of a test known as the Slip Test on Synchronous Machine. The machine
armature is connected to a 3-phase supply whose voltage is much less than the rated voltage of the
machine, while the rotor is run at speed close to synchronous with the field winding left open-
circuited (unexcited). Since the excitation emf is zero, heavy currents would be drawn by the
armature if connected to the rated voltage supply.

Scilab Program:
Cls
Clear all
V= 400
Ia = 10
cosφ = 0.94
sinφ = 0.342
Xd = 10
Xq = 6.5
Iaq = V sin δ / Xq
Ia cos φ = Iaq cos δ + Iad sin δ
V cos δ = Eo − Iad * Xd
V sin δ = Iaq * Xq
sin δ = (Ia * Xq (cos δ cosφ - sin δ sinφ))/v
Eo = V cos δ + Iad * Xd
Reg= (E – V) / V x 100
Disp(Reg)

Dept. of EEE, SCE Page 21