ENEN 603: Principles of

Environmental Engineering

Sathish Ponnurangam

(Reading: Chapter-7 WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY from Mihelcic &

Zimmerman)
Water quality
and pollution

2
 Public supply

Thermoelectric Domestic

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2011000/chap/env/env-eng.htm

Figure 8.1 Percent by category of water used in the United States for 2000. https://www.watercanada.net/statscan-releases-water-use-and-physical-flow-reports/

Industrial 3
Polluted Water sources
• Point sources
• Domestic and
industrial
wastewater
discharges
• Non-point sources
Figure 8.3 Four major types of water pollution.
• Agricultural and
Urban runoff

4
http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/turbidity-total-suspended-solids-water-clarity/
Watershed management
• Fresh water → (drinking) water
treatment plant (WTP) →
residential/commercial/industrial
→ gray water or wastewater
collection → wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP) →
reuse for irrigation, drinking
water or discharge back to
river

Figure 8.4 Integrated watershed management.

5
Surface Water, Ground water and Water
sheds
Watersheds
• A land area from which
water is collected to a
point by gravity
• Hence overlaps with
topographical description
• A big watershed can be
sub-watersheds
Surface runoffs – depend on impermeability of
surfaces
Estimating surface runoff – Rational method
• 𝑄𝑄 = Σ𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
• 𝑄𝑄 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ;
𝑠𝑠

• 𝐶𝐶𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑗𝑗
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖/ℎ , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
• 𝐴𝐴𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑗𝑗 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
Example 7.1
• An agricultural watershed (100 acres) is managed to minimize
runoff. Slope of (1-2%), sandy/silty soil
• Land to be developed as residential area (60% as low density
and 40% as moderate density)
• Rainfall intensity is 0.5 in/h
• Estimate the peak runoff flow rate for pre- and post-
development
• 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐶𝐶 × 𝑖𝑖 × 𝐴𝐴
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
• 𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0.11 × 0.5 × 100 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 5.5
ℎ 𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3
• 𝑄𝑄𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0.17 × 0.5 × 60 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 0.27 × 0.5 × 40 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 10.5
ℎ ℎ 𝑠𝑠
10.5−5.5
• ∗ 100 = 91% 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
5.5
Estimating pollutant loadings in runoffs
• 𝐿𝐿 = Σ𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• Where 𝐿𝐿 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
• 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
• 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎×𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Example 7.2
• An agricultural watershed (100 acres, 1-2% slope, sandy/silty
soil) → residential area (60% low density and 40% high
density)
• Estimate pre & post annual loading for SS and P
• Pre:
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
• 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 100 × 2000 = 2000
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
• 𝐿𝐿𝑃𝑃 = 100 × 0.06 = 6
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

• Post:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
• 𝐿𝐿𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 60 × 10 + 40 × 250 = 1600
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑃𝑃
• 𝐿𝐿𝑃𝑃 = 60 × 0.04 + 40 × 0.3 = 14
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Water quality
parameters

13
Water quality parameters
• Turbidity
• Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)
• NTU for drinking water < 1 NTU (and 95% of samples tested <
0.3 NTU)
• Typical NTU for fresh water sources: 5 – 50 NTU

http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/turbidity-total-suspended-solids-water-clarity

14
https://www.mt.com/ch/en/home/products/Process-Analytics/turbidity-meter/low-to-medium-sensor/InPro-8600.html
Solid content
• Gravel, sand, slit, clay, algae

http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/turbidity-total-suspended-solids-water-clarity
15
Example 8.1: Solids analyses
• When a 100 mL of a suspension is used for following drying…
• Tare mass of evaporating dish = 25.6039 g
• Mass of dish+residue after 105 0C = 25.6289 g
• Mass of dish+residue after ignition at 550 0C = 25.6119 g
• Tare of Whatman glass fiber filter = 1.6469 g
• Residue + Whatman glass fiber filter after 105 0C drying = 1.6544 g

• Find TS, TSS, TDS, TVS, TFS

25.6289−25.6039 1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = × 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × = 250
100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1𝑔𝑔 𝐿𝐿
1.6544−1.6469 1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × = 75
100 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1𝑔𝑔 𝐿𝐿
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 250 − 75 = 175
𝐿𝐿
25.6119−25.6039 1000𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = × 1000 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 × = 80
100𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1𝑔𝑔 𝐿𝐿
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 250 − 80 = 170
𝐿𝐿 16
• Color
• Measured by visual comparison with standard samples
• Standard solutions are made using K2PtCl6+CoCl2 – gives color
similar colors in natural waters
• True color (filtered sample – 0.45 um filter): colloidal
and dissolved substances
• Organic matter (humic and fulvic), tannins, decayed leaves,
iron, manganese
• Apparent color (unfiltered sample): Suspended materials

17
Taste and Odor
• Causes
• Bacterial degradation of algae, algal waste products, algae themselves
• Fe2+, Mn2+, S2-, chlorine, H2S, TDS
• TCE
• Taste/odor is measured as greatest dilution of a sample at
which the taste/odor can be detected
𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵
• 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
𝐴𝐴
• A - Volume of sample tested
• B – Volume of dilution water
𝐴𝐴+𝐵𝐵
• 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) =
𝐴𝐴
• A - Volume of sample tested
• B – Volume of dilution water
• BOD, DO 18
19
Primary drinking
water standards
• Maximum containment level
goals – MCLGs
• Upto which concentration no
known or anticipated health
effect
• May not be legally enforceable
• Maximum contaminant level
– MCL
• Legally enforceable

• MCLGs < MCL

• Because of measurement
difficulties
• Primary drinking water
standards are enforceable
• https://www.epa.gov/ground-
water-and-drinking-
water/national-primary-
drinking-water-regulations

• TT – have to use a specified

treatment technique to
reduce the contaminant level 20
Secondary drinking water standards
• Non-enforceable
• Mostly for the purpose of aesthetics of water

21
Wastewater effluent standards

For Canadian wastewater effluent standards,

check the below links
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wastewater/system-effluent-regulations-reporting.html
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wastewater/system-effluent-regulations-reporting/owners-operators-continuously-discharging.html

22
Water classification
• Based on water quality standards of surface
waters

23
Models to estimate demand
• Create models that mimic real systems to
estimate the water demand
• Scale and accuracy of model is determined by the
purpose on hand
• Macroscale (overall demand, sizing of treatment facilities…,)
• Microscale model (individual pipe, pump sizing during
distribution, water for protecting against fire in a
neighborhood)
• Create models for either
• Existing systems
• Proposed systems
General process for creating a model
Estimating water and wastewater flows
• For indoor residential water usage
• Υ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 37.2𝑋𝑋 + 69.2
• X is number people in a household

• Demand cycle
• Time-varying flow
• Demand factor from historical data
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
• Ratio of event (extreme) flow rate to average flow rate
Design flows
Maximum and minimum design flow
• Peaking factor (PF)
• 𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 × 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Example 7.3
• Estimate maximum and minimum-day demand
factors (from annual water reports) for a small
water treatment plant
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
 • For 2001,
1325486
• 𝐷𝐷𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = = 1.59
834514
324851
• 𝐷𝐷𝐹𝐹𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = = 0.39
834514

• Within the range of the typical guidelines below

• Average household usage rate
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 834514𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
• 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = = = 150
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5567 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Fire flow demand and unaccounted for water
• If and when water pulled from fire hydrant to fight
fires, water flow demand increases suddenly high
• Needed fire flow demand (NFF) per building – ISO
standard
• 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 18 × 𝐹𝐹 × 𝐴𝐴0.5 × 𝑂𝑂 × 1 + Σ 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑃𝑃
• NFF in gpm
• F is construction factor (0.6-1.5)
• A is building effective area (ft2)
• O is occupancy factor,
• X is exposure factor,
• P is communication factor
Unaccounted-for water
• Unmetered flow
• Leaks, breaks in pipes and joints
• Fire-protection and maintenance
• Water theft
• Other minor loses

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

• 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤, % =
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Demand forecasting
• Forecasting demand 5,10,20,40 years into future
• Extrapolated growth scenarios

• Forecasting demand
5,10,20,40 years into future
• Extrapolated growth
scenarios
Example 7.4 Projecting Future Water Demand

• Use linear and buildout

methods for estimating the
demand in 8, 14, 24 years
from 2012
Water distribution (wastewater collecting systems)

• Optimize the water

distribution system for
minimal cost based on
forecasted demand
• Pipe materials, location
of manholes, junctions,
inlets etc., hydrant
placements, type and
location of values,
location and capacity of Looped system: Branched system:
pumping stations Typical for water Typical for wastewater
distribution collection
Pipe sizing and flow velocities
• Design velocity in a pipe is 0.6 to 3.1 m/s for
peak flow conditions
Pipe sizing

𝑄𝑄
• 𝐷𝐷 = 𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣
• D is pipe diameter (mm), Q is design flow rate (L/s), v is
design velocity (m/s), k=35.7
Storage tank
• Storage tanks helps the pumps to be at their efficient
pumping range by addressing the variability in demand
• We do not want stagnant water (stale), routine flow in and
out needed
• Volume determined by: operational+fireflow+emergency
• The pumping into the storage tank (wet well) can be done
in cycles
• The active volume (Vmin) is the volume between the level of pump on
and off
𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ×𝑡𝑡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
4
• Qdesign is pump’s design flowrate, tmin is the cycle time
Limnology and Eutrophication
• Limnology: Study of biological, chemical, and
physical characteristics of fresh-water lakes and
rivers.
• Collect data of lakes as a function of depth
• conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen
• Bottom of food chain
• Phytoplankton, macrophytes
• Zooplankton
•… 41
 Dissolved oxygen

Figure 4.22 DO profile for Norris Lake, September 5,

2007.
Source: http://tnfish.org/WaterQualitySampling_TWRA/.

Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey 42

Temperature

Figure 4.23 Temperature profile for Norris Lake,

September 5, 2007.
http://tnfish.org/WaterQualitySampling_TWRA/.

Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey 43

 44
Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey
Stratification
• During summer
and winter, lakes
stratify
• Spring and Fall,
mixing happens

Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey 45

River Water Quality
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Deoxygenation and reaeration rates?
• BOD kinetics
• DOsat
𝑀𝑀
• 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝑀) = 𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 × 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂2 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝐾𝐾𝐻𝐻 = 1.36 × 10 ; 𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂2 = 0.21 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐿𝐿−𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

• Diffusion-limitation
Dissolved Oxygen Depletion in Streams
• Wastes are oxidize by microbes and hence oxygen
gets depleted
• Deoxygenation is modeled as
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝑘𝑘𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿.𝑑𝑑
• Where, kD is BOD rate constant
• L is ultimate BOD
• Reaeration rate
• 𝑅𝑅𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = −𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷
• k2 is reaeration rate coefficient
• D is DO deficit (mg/L)
• 𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 47
Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey
Oxygen deficient
• 𝐷𝐷 = 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 – 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
• Oxygen Mass Balance (reaeration rate – deoxygenation rate)
𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 𝑑𝑑𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
• = = 𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷 − 𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑘𝑘1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟, 𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿
• L is oxygen demand and D is oxygen deficit (driving force for
oxygen dissolving)
• From deficit POV
𝑑𝑑𝐷𝐷
• = 𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿 − 𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Chapter-4 from Mines and Lackey 49
Streeter-Phelps model
• Time-distance relationship of oxygen deficit
• Let x be the distance to a point in the downstream
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘1 ×𝐿𝐿0 −𝑘𝑘1 × −𝑘𝑘2 × −𝑘𝑘2 ×
• 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 = × 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈 + 𝐷𝐷0 × 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈
𝑘𝑘2 −𝑘𝑘1
• L0 and D0 are ultimate CBOD and oxygen deficit at the starting point
• k1 is CBOD rate constant and k2 is reaeration rate constant, U is river velocity

• D vs. x curve – Sag curve (three zones)

• 𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿 > 𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷 (decomposition) DO

• 𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)

• Critical distance = a minimum where deoxygenation and reaeration
rates are equation
𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟎𝟎 × 𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 −𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏
• 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = × 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟏𝟏 −
𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 −𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 ×𝑳𝑳𝟎𝟎
• 𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿 < 𝑘𝑘2 𝐷𝐷 (recovery zone)
Example 7.5
• A waste with CBOD5= 200 mg O2/L and kL=0.1/day is
discharged to a river at a rate of 1 m3/s. Given, river
W=20 m and H= 5 m
1. Ultimate CBOD before discharge into the river?
2. Assuming instantaneous mixing, find ultimate CBOD of
the river? (upstream values of river: flow=9 m3/s,
background CBODU= 2mg O2/L)?
3. Calculate the CBODU and CBOD5 in the river at 50 km
from the discharge point?
1. 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷5 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 × 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 ×5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈 = = 508
1−𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 ×5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿

2. Perform mass balance to CBODU after mixing

𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ×𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈,𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

1×508+9×2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2

• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = 52.6
10 𝐿𝐿
3.
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿×𝑡𝑡
• Assuming same kL, first estimate the time needed
to travel the 50 km
50×103 𝑚𝑚 50×103 𝑚𝑚 500,000 𝑠𝑠
• 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚3
= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5.78 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
10 𝑠𝑠 24×3600
𝐴𝐴
20𝑚𝑚×5𝑚𝑚

• What is left after 5.78 days?

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 ×𝑡𝑡 = 52.6 × 𝑒𝑒 −0.1×5.78 = 29.5 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
• 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷5 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 = 5.78 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷𝑈𝑈 1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿 ×𝑡𝑡 = 29.5 × 1 − 𝑒𝑒 0.1×5 = 11.6
𝐿𝐿
Example 7.6
• Determine DOsat (maximum solubility) at 20 oC
−3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 −3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
• 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1.36 × 10 × 0.21 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 2.85 × 10
𝐿𝐿−𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿
−3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
• 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.85 × 10 × 32,000 = 9.1
𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
Example 7.8
• After receiving a wastewater discharge, a river has DOact= 8
mg O2/L and CBODU=L0= 20 mg O2/L
• DOsat= 10 mg O2/L, k1=0.2/day; k2=0.6/day
• Velocity = 10 km/day
• Find tcrit and xcrit
• D0= DOsat- DOact = 2 mg O2/L
𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟎𝟎 × 𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 −𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏
• 𝒕𝒕𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = × 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝟏𝟏 − = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒌𝒌𝟐𝟐 −𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 ×𝑳𝑳𝟎𝟎
• xcrit= velocity x tcrit= 10 x 2.2 = 22 km from the starting point
• D and DOact at critical point?
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘1 ×𝐿𝐿0 −𝑘𝑘1 × −𝑘𝑘2 × −𝑘𝑘2 × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂
• 𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥 = × 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈 + 𝐷𝐷0 × 𝑒𝑒 𝑈𝑈 = 4.3
𝑘𝑘2 −𝑘𝑘1 𝐿𝐿
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂
• 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐷𝐷𝑂𝑂𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝐷𝐷 = 5.7
𝐿𝐿
Ground water pollutant transport
• Diffusion transport?
• Advection and dispersion
• Flow through a sand column
• Darcy’s law
• Flow rate, 𝑄𝑄 ∝ ? ?
ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝐿𝐿
• 𝑄𝑄 ∝ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 ×
𝐿𝐿
ℎ𝐿𝐿
• 𝑄𝑄 = −𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑄𝑄 = −𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• K is, hydraulic conductivity, a characteristic of the aquifer
𝑄𝑄 𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Darcy velocity, 𝑣𝑣 = = −𝐾𝐾
𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Hydraulic conductivity
 𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑄𝑄 = −𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• K is, hydraulic conductivity, a characteristic of the aquifer
𝑄𝑄 𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Darcy velocity, 𝑣𝑣 = = −𝐾𝐾
𝐴𝐴 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Darcy’s velocity only valid for Re < 1 and assume taking place
across entire cross section (A → is full cross sectional area – does
not account for solid material - porosity)
𝑣𝑣
• 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎 =
𝜂𝜂
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
• 𝜂𝜂 =
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

• How about sorption?

• Quantified by a term called ‘Retardation coefficient, Rf’
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏
• 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 𝐾𝐾 ,
𝜂𝜂 𝑝𝑝
• 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 is bulk density, Kp is soil-water sorption coefficient
Example 7.9
• A leaking TCE tank discharges into groundwater in a medium sand aquifer (bulk
density = 2.1 g/cm3)
• A water well located at 120 m downslope from the tank. Tank is removed and a
monitoring well at halfway distance is drilled and the head at this point is 35 cm
in reference tank position
• How long will TCE take to reach the monitoring well?
• If there is 1% organic carbon?

𝑑𝑑𝑑 0.35𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 𝐾𝐾 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 12× 60𝑚𝑚 m
• 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣, 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎 = = = = 0.18
𝜂𝜂 𝜂𝜂 0.39 day
60𝑚𝑚
• 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚 = 330 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0.18
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Organic carbon will sorb and hence retard the flow

𝑔𝑔
𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 2.1 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3
𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3
• 𝑅𝑅𝑓𝑓 = 1 + 𝐾𝐾 =1+ × 1.9 = 10.2
𝜂𝜂 𝑝𝑝 0.39 𝑔𝑔
• This implies time taken = 330 x 10.2 days= 3370 days