Query - Page #1

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value

CREATE TABLE _TEMP

(
empno int,
ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);
1
// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

Query - Page #2

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

2
select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

Query - Page #3

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles
3

select sum(price)
from titles
Query - Page #4

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450 4

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...
Query - Page #5

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having: 5
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.
Query - Page #6

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins:

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...
6

select * from authors,publishers

Query - Page #7

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001:
.................

Explanation:

Title: Authors
7
au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
Query - Page #8

a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way....

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking: 8

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
Query - Page #9

select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;

select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records

select state,count(*)
from authors 9
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations
Query - Page #10

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and 10
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;
Query - Page #11

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

11
The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #12

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
12
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #13

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans: 13
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;
Query - Page #14

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute14in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #15

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

15 max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)
group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)
Query - Page #16

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...
16
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:
Query - Page #17

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles

Example

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret) 17
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
Query - Page #18

end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity:
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

18
1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many
Query - Page #19

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm19(Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
Query - Page #20

no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)

location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table

eid did
---------
e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET 20

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...
Query - Page #21

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid 21
Bname Mname
Author price
Query - Page #22

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements.... 22
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-
Query - Page #23

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback
return
end

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
Query - Page #24

on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:- 24

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
Query - Page #25

declare cur cursor scroll

for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin 25
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
Query - Page #26

close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26
Query - Page #1

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value

CREATE TABLE _TEMP

(
empno int,
ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);
27
// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

Query - Page #2

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

28
select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

Query - Page #3

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles
29

select sum(price)
from titles
Query - Page #4

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450 30

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...
Query - Page #5

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having: 31
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.
Query - Page #6

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins:

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...
32

select * from authors,publishers

Query - Page #7

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001:
.................

Explanation:

Title: Authors
33
au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
Query - Page #8

a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way....

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking: 34

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
Query - Page #9

select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;

select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records

select state,count(*)
from authors 35
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations
Query - Page #10

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and 36
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;
Query - Page #11

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

37
The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #12

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
38
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #13

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans: 39
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;
Query - Page #14

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute40in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #15

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

41 max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)
group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)
Query - Page #16

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...
42
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:
Query - Page #17

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles

Example

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret) 43
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
Query - Page #18

end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity:
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

44
1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many
Query - Page #19

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm45(Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
Query - Page #20

no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)

location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table

eid did
---------
e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET 46

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...
Query - Page #21

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid 47
Bname Mname
Author price
Query - Page #22

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements.... 48
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-
Query - Page #23

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback
return
end

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
Query - Page #24

on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:- 50

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
Query - Page #25

declare cur cursor scroll

for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin 51
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
Query - Page #26

close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

52
Query - Page #1

------------------SQL NOTE --------------------------------------------------------------

Author : E Senthil
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value
53
CREATE TABLE _TEMP
(
empno int,
Query - Page #2

ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);

// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles; 54

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

Query - Page #3

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id 55
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

Query - Page #4

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles

select sum(price)
from titles

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200 56
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Query - Page #5

Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error 57

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
Query - Page #6

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having:
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins: 58

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

Query - Page #7

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...

select * from authors,publishers

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001: 59
.................
Query - Page #8

Explanation:

Title: Authors

au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way.... 60

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Query - Page #9

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking:

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;
select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

61
select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records
Query - Page #10

select state,count(*)
from authors
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
62
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???
Query - Page #11

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer 63

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
Query - Page #12

unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

64

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.
Query - Page #13

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid 65

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Query - Page #14

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans:
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select 66 by pub_id
pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
Query - Page #15

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

67
We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

Query - Page #16

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
68
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
Query - Page #17

cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles
69

Example
Query - Page #18

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret)
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity: 70
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..
Query - Page #19

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)
71
one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]
Query - Page #20

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm (Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)
location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table 72

eid did
---------
Query - Page #21

e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
73 Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Query - Page #22

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid
Bname Mname
Author price

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end 74
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
Query - Page #23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback 75
return
end
Query - Page #24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

76
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;
Query - Page #25

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:-

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else 77
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
Query - Page #26

open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

78
Query - Page #1

------------------SQL NOTE --------------------------------------------------------------

Author : E Senthil
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value
79
CREATE TABLE _TEMP
(
empno int,
Query - Page #2

ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);

// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles; 80

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

Query - Page #3

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id 81
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

Query - Page #4

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles

select sum(price)
from titles

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200 82
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Query - Page #5

Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error 83

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
Query - Page #6

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having:
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins: 84

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

Query - Page #7

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...

select * from authors,publishers

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001: 85
.................
Query - Page #8

Explanation:

Title: Authors

au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way.... 86

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Query - Page #9

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking:

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;
select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

87
select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records
Query - Page #10

select state,count(*)
from authors
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
88
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???
Query - Page #11

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer 89

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
Query - Page #12

unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

90

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.
Query - Page #13

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid 91

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Query - Page #14

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans:
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select 92 by pub_id
pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
Query - Page #15

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

93
We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

Query - Page #16

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
94
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
Query - Page #17

cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles
95

Example
Query - Page #18

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret)
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity: 96
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..
Query - Page #19

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)
97
one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]
Query - Page #20

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm (Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)
location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table 98

eid did
---------
Query - Page #21

e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
99 Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Query - Page #22

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid
Bname Mname
Author price

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end 100
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
Query - Page #23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback 101
return
end
Query - Page #24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

102
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;
Query - Page #25

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:-

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else 103
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
Query - Page #26

open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

104
Query - Page #1

------------------SQL NOTE --------------------------------------------------------------

Author : E Senthil
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value
105
CREATE TABLE _TEMP
(
empno int,
Query - Page #2

ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);

// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles; 106

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

Query - Page #3

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id 107
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

Query - Page #4

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles

select sum(price)
from titles

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200 108
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Query - Page #5

Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error 109

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
Query - Page #6

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having:
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins: 110

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

Query - Page #7

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...

select * from authors,publishers

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001: 111

.................
Query - Page #8

Explanation:

Title: Authors

au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way.... 112

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Query - Page #9

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking:

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;
select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

113
select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records
Query - Page #10

select state,count(*)
from authors
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
114
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???
Query - Page #11

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer 115

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
Query - Page #12

unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

116

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.
Query - Page #13

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid 117

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Query - Page #14

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans:
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select 118 by pub_id
pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
Query - Page #15

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

119
We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

Query - Page #16

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
120
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
Query - Page #17

cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles
121

Example
Query - Page #18

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret)
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity: 122
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..
Query - Page #19

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)
123
one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]
Query - Page #20

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm (Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)
location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table 124

eid did
---------
Query - Page #21

e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
125 Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Query - Page #22

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid
Bname Mname
Author price

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end 126
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
Query - Page #23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback 127
return
end
Query - Page #24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

128
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;
Query - Page #25

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:-

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else 129
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
Query - Page #26

open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

130
Query - Page #1

------------------SQL NOTE --------------------------------------------------------------

Author : E Senthil
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value
131
CREATE TABLE _TEMP
(
empno int,
Query - Page #2

ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);

// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles; 132

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

Query - Page #3

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id 133
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

Query - Page #4

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles

select sum(price)
from titles

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200 134
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Query - Page #5

Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error 135

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
Query - Page #6

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having:
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins: 136

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

Query - Page #7

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...

select * from authors,publishers

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001: 137

.................
Query - Page #8

Explanation:

Title: Authors

au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way.... 138

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Query - Page #9

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking:

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;
select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

139
select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records
Query - Page #10

select state,count(*)
from authors
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
140
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???
Query - Page #11

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer 141

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
Query - Page #12

unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

142

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.
Query - Page #13

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid 143

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Query - Page #14

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans:
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select 144 by pub_id
pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
Query - Page #15

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

145
We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

Query - Page #16

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
146
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
Query - Page #17

cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles
147

Example
Query - Page #18

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret)
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity: 148
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..
Query - Page #19

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)
149
one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]
Query - Page #20

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm (Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)
location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table 150

eid did
---------
Query - Page #21

e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
151 Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Query - Page #22

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid
Bname Mname
Author price

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end 152
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
Query - Page #23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback 153
return
end
Query - Page #24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

154
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;
Query - Page #25

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:-

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else 155
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
Query - Page #26

open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

156
Query - Page #1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIBRARY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project Specification:
Altair is a library renowned for its latest collection of books and
magazines.The number of members is increasing every month and it is becoming difficult to keep
track of so many members and transactions,which are currently maintained in registers. The chief
librarian approaches you to seek help for designing a computerized system. All members in the
library are given two member cards and one book is leased for each card. The membership fee for
each member is Rs 500. One time payment,refundable on relinquishing of the cards.Both books and
megazines are leased to the members.A book lent to a member can be with him for 15 days at most
and an extension of another 15 days is given to the member for that particular book if that book
is brought for renewal on the 15 th day after it is lent.The same member is not allowed to have
the book for another 15 days after it is returned.Magazines are lent only for 4 days and no
extension is allowed and there is no restriction for lending the magazine to the same member,as is
the case with books.

You need to store the book details for each book ( publisher name,title,author and the like ).
Each book is identified by a unique title number.Magazines are identified in the following format.
Each magazine has a short hand notation (Eg. otlk for the magazine outlook) To identify a particular
magazine the short hand notation is used along with the month and year of issue Eg. otlk-jan-1999
identifies Outlook magazine jan issue of 1999. You need to store the number of copies of each book
that is there in the library. One copy of each book is designated as reference and it is not lent
to any member.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create Table sen_catlog
(
c_id varchar(10) constraint sc_pk primary key,
title varchar(20),
author varchar(20),
publisher varchar(20),
price float
);

Create Table sen_books

(
b_id varchar(10) constraint sb_pk primary key,
c_id varchar(10) constraint sb_fk1 references sen_catlog(c_id),
status varchar(10)
);

Create Table sen_member

(
m_id varchar(10) constraint sm_pk primary key,
mname varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20),
);

Create Table sen_cards

(
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cpk2 primary key,
m_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cfk3 references sen_member(m_id)
);

Create Table sen_transaction

(
trans_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctpk1 primary key,
b_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk1 references sen_books(b_id),
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk2 references sen_cards(card_id),
tdate datetime not null,
rdate datetime,
ex_bit bit,
);

157
insert into sen_catlog values(’CB001’,’C’,’Dennis Ritche’,’Tech Media’,140.25);
insert into sen_catlog values(’CB002’,’C++’,’Robert Rafore’,’BPB Publication’,356.90);
insert into sen_catlog values(’CB003’,’JAVA’,’Balaguru swamy’,’Tech Media’,230);
Query - Page #2

select * from sen_catlog;

insert into sen_books values (’B001’,’CB001’,’issue’);

insert into sen_books values (’B002’,’CB001’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B003’,’CB001’,’reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B004’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B005’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B006’,’CB002’,’Reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B007’,’CB003’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B008’,’CB003’,’Reference’);

select * from sen_books;

insert into sen_member values(’M001’,’senthil’,’Drive square,London’);

insert into sen_member values(’M002’,’Ashiwarya’,’West valley,sidney’);
insert into sen_member values(’M003’,’kumar’,’Eiffle Tower, Paris’);

select * from sen_member;

insert into sen_cards values(’C001’,’M001’);

insert into sen_cards values(’C002’,’M001’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C003’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C004’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C005’,’M003’);

select * from sen_cards;

insert into sen_transaction values (’T001’,’B001’,’C001’,’12-10-2000’,null,null);

insert into sen_transaction values (’T002’,’B002’,’C002’,’11-11-2000’,’11-25-2000’,null);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T003’,’B004’,’C004’,’10-10-2000’,’10-25-2000’,1);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T004’,’B004’,’C004’,’09-27-2000’,’10-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T006’,’B002’,’C003’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T007’,’B004’,’C002’,’01-28-2000’,’02-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T008’,’B005’,’C005’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);

select * from sen_catlog;

select * from sen_books;
select * from sen_member;
select * from sen_cards;
select * from sen_transaction;

set nocount on
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. For each book you will have to generate the members to whom copies of it have been lent....

create procedure sen_books_issue as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
select @n=count(b_id) from sen_transaction where rdate is null;
if @n=0
print ’No books found’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_tr
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards
158
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
Query - Page #3

end
end

exec sen_books_issue
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.Generate a report which displays all the books. You will have to include all the relevant information i

create procedure sen_books_details as

declare @c varchar(10)
declare @n int
declare @i int
select c_id into #temp from sen_catlog;
select @n=count(c_id) from #temp
if(@n=0)
print ’No books in the catlog’
else
begin
select @i=1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @c=c_id from #temp
select @c,title,author,publisher,price from sen_catlog where c_id=@c
select b_id,status from sen_books where c_id=@c
delete from #temp where c_id=@c;
set @i = @i+1
end
end

exec sen_books_details;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.On any particular day you will have to generate a report which will produce the details of all
books that are to be delivered on that particular day...

Create procedure sen_book_delevered(@ddate datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @r datetime
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)

select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate

if(@n=0)
print ’No one book has been delivered on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id,rdate into #temp from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id,@r=rdate from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1

if(@r is null)
set @message=’Not Returned’
else
set @message=’Returned’

print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid + " " + @message
end
end
159
exec sen_book_delevered @ddate=’2000-01-28’;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.On any particular day you will have to display as report those books for which due date has
Query - Page #4

been over and has not yet been returned....

declare @dday datetime

SELECT @dday=DATEADD(day, -15, getdate())
print @dday

Create procedure sen_overdue_books(@date datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)
declare @dday datetime

select @dday=DATEADD(day,-15,@date)
select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
if(@n=0)
print ’No Over due books on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
end
end

exec sen_overdue_books @date=’2000-02-25’

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

160
Query - Page #1

------------------SQL NOTE --------------------------------------------------------------

Author : E Senthil
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Create A Table with out primary key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int
);

************************************************************************************************
// Set Primary key with ALTER TABLE COMMAND

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ALTER COLUMN empno int not null;

ALTER TABLE sen_emp ADD CONSTRAINT __PK PRIMARY KEY (empno);

// Before Adding PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT TO A COLUMN,

// make sure it should not accept null values

**********************************************************************************************
// Create A Table with a Primary key

create table sen_dept

(
dept_no int constraint _pk primary key,
dname char(20),
location char(20)
);

*********************************************************************************************
// Set Referencial Integrity [ Joining two tables ]

Alter table sen_emp Add constraint _fk foreign key(dept_no)references sen_dept(dept_no);

*********************************************************************************************
// Create a table with primary key and foreign key

CREATE TABLE sen_emp

(
empno int CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY,
first_name varchar(20),
second_name varchar(20),
salary numeric(8,2),
manager_no int,
hire_date datetime,
dept_no int CONSTRAINT FK FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES sen_dept(dept_no)
);

***********************************************************************************************
// Droping a Constraint

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP CONSTRAINT __PK;

*************************************************************************************************
// Droping a Column in a Table

ALTER TABLE sen_emp DROP COLUMN empno;

***********************************************************************************************
// Create a Table with default value

CREATE TABLE _TEMP

(
empno int,
Query - Page #2

ename varchar(20),
city varchar(20) default ’cbe’
);

// Add a Default value to a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP ADD default ’sen’ for ename;

//Drop the Default constraint from a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP DROP CONSTRAINT DF___TEMP__CITY__6C6E1476

***********************************************************************************************
// Creating Check Constraint for a column

ALTER TABLE _TEMP with [nocheck] ADD CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO CHECK( EMPNO>100 );

*****************************************************************************************
// Disabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp NOCHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

// RE-Enabling Check constraint

ALTER TABLE _temp CHECK CONSTRAINT CKEMPNO;

******************************************************************************************
// Create a new table and copy only some particular fields of another Table

select empno,second_name,salary into temp_sen_emp from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************
//Create A Table and copy the data from another Table

Create Table vinod

(
name varchar(20)
);

insert into vinod select second_name from sen_emp;

******************************************************************************************

select * from authors;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[^a-r]%’;

select * from authors where au_lname like ’[a-r]%’;
select * from authors where au_lname like ’_[a-r]%’;

select * from sen_emp where second_name like ’[^a-r]%’ or second_name like ’G%’

select * from sen_emp;

insert into sen_emp (empno,second_name) values (1500,’gallifer’);

*********************************************************************************************
Grouping:

select sum(salary) from sen_emp;

select * from sen_emp;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp group by dept_no;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

select sum(price) from titles;

select * from titles order by type;

select * from titles;

select sum(price) from titles group by type;

Query - Page #3

select sum(price) from titles;

select sum(price) as total_salary from titles;

select sum(price) "Total_salary" from titles;

select * from sen_emp;

select dept_no,sum(salary)’Total Salary’ from sen_emp group by dept_no order by dept_no;

select type, sum(type) from titles;

select sum(salary) from sen_emp order by dept_no group by dept_no; // Error

______________________________________________________________________________________
select type, sum(type) from titles; // Error
// Rule:
When ever you have aggregate function in the select list
along with some other fileds which are not enclosed with aggregate functions.
you should use group by functions.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id order by type;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) "Sum of Salary" from titles group by type,pub_id order by type asc,pub_id d

sp_help titles

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type;

select type,pub_id from titles;

select type,pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by type,pub_id

******************************************************************************************
// Select keywords
SELECT FROM [WHERE] [GROUP BY] [HAVING] [ORDER BY] [COMPUTE BY] [COMPUTE]
******************************************************************************************

SELECT TYPE,PUB_ID,SUM(PRICE) "TOTAL PRICE"

FROM TITLES
GROUP BY TYPE,PUB_ID;

SELECT *
FROM TITLES
ORDER BY TYPE DESC;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id;

When ever use an order by class along with group by class the order by class should have
only those filels which are present in the group by class.
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
order by title_id; // Error

select type,title_id,sum(price)
from titles
group by type,title_id
order by title_id;

select * from titles;

Query - Page #4

select sum(price)
from titles ; order by titles

select sum(price)
from titles

***********************************************************************
select type, count(*) from titles group by type having count(*)=3;
***********************************************************************

December 21 2001:
-----------------

select type,sum(price) from titles group by type; Result set

Business 1100
Computer 700
Novel 800

Compute By class:

select type,sum(price) from titles compute by type; // error

select type,price
from titles
order by type
compute sum(price) by type;

Rule: 1.Whenever we use compute By class, it must to use order by class.

2.The field which appear in compute by class is must appear in order by class
3.Whatever field in the aggregate funtion, which is also in the select list.

Whenever we use group by class or compute by class, the sql server builds Work Table....

In compute by class not able to generate Work Table automatically..but Group by class itself
able to generate Work Table...So the Compute by class relay order by class...

select type,price
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(price) by type; // Error

Reason:
The work table is built based on pub_id...In that work Table,we can’t find the sum of
price by Type...’

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by pub_id; // Error

Reason:
Work Table

Type pub_id Price

--------------------------
Business p1 200
Business p1 200
Business p2 300
Computer p2 400
Query - Page #5

Computer p2 200
Novel p1 200
Novel p1 240
Novel p2 450

In above work table, The pub_id is clubed according to the Type

not clubed alone...That is why it will flash error...

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;

select type,pub_id,title_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id,title_id;

select type,pub_id,price
from titles
order by type,pub_id,title_id
compute sum(price) by type,pub_id;
****************************************************

Afternoon:21-dec-2001

select type,pub_id from titles;

1...select distinct type,pub_id from titles;

2...select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

Query 1 and 2 give the same result

select type,pub_id
from titles
group by type,pub_id;

select distinct type,pub_id

from titles;

// In the above query.. The Distinct applies both type and pub_id columns..We can not make to apply
for a particular column. It will apply all the columns in the select list

For Ex

Business p1 200
Business p1 400
Business p1 300
Computer p2 500
Computer p2 700

The Result is

Business p1 200
Computer p2 500

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
select type,sum(price),avg(price)
from titles
group by price; // Error

Reason:
The field name in group by clause which is not used in aggregate function in select list
Query - Page #6

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Having:
Having clause should have group by class...but when using group by class it is optional
to use Having clause.

It affects the result of the Group By Class......

Work Table -----> Internal Result Set -----> Output

1..select type,sum(price)
from titles
group by type
having type=’business’; // Grouped and followed by Filtered.......

2..select type,sum(price)
from titles
where type=’business’
group by type; // More Optimized: Fileterd and followed by Grouped...

Both 1 and 2 are gives same result......

Query 2 Work Table:

Olny Business Records are present

But Query 1 Work Table:

All types of Records like Business,Computer and Novel and then take Business Records are Filtered

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

// It would not work

Reasons:
1. The left hand side of the where class shoul be column name...
2. Here The Group by class run after the where class...but where class
we used aggregate functions...This aggregate function will not use group by class..

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where sum(price) > 1000
group by type; // Error Rule 1 and 2

select type,sum(price)
from titles
where 1000<sum(price)
group by type; // Error Rule 2

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December-26-2001

Joins:

select * from authors,publishers; // It does the cartisean product of two tables....

Query - Page #7

if the select statement contains more table in from clause without where clause, it is called
cross joining which is never used...

select * from authors,publishers

where authors.city = publishers.city;

Joins are evaluated just like Nested Loops....

for(i=0;i<=10;i++) One Table

for(j=0;j<=5;j++) Another Table
if(i==j) Where clause condition
{ }

select authors.au_id,authors.au_lname,authors.phone,
publishers.pub_id,publishers.pub_name,publishers.city
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city;

select authors.*,pub_id,pub_name
from authors,publishers
where authors.city = publishers.city; // authors.* displays all fields in the Authors Table

Natural join:
The redundat field names are eliminated in the Result set
join

Equi Join :
The Redundat field names are present in the result set.

Table Alias:

select p.*,au_id,au_lname from authors, publishers p where authors.city=p.city;

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where a.city = p.city and a.au_lname like ’c%’

select p.*,au_id,au_lname
from authors a, publishers p
where au_lname like ’c%’ and a.city = p.city

Question:

Find the publisher name for the book written by the author with fname ’Lorsley’

select * from authors;

select * from publishers;
select * from titles;
select * from titleauthor;

Answer:

select p.pub_name
from publishers p,authors a,titles t,titleauthor ta
where a.au_lname = ’Locksley’ and
a.au_id = ta.au_id and
ta.title_id = t.title_id and
t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

December 27 2001:
.................
Query - Page #8

Explanation:

Title: Authors

au_id au_lname
----------- ----------------------------
a1 lockley
a2 peter

Table: Publisher

pub_id pub_name
------ -----------
p1 samy
p2 golgotia
p3 samba

Table: Titles

title_id pub_id
-------- --------
t1 p1
t2 p2
t3 p3

Table: TitleAuthor

au_id title_id
----------- --------
a1 t1
a1 t2
a2 t1
a2 t3

Virtual Tables:

[Authors] [TitleAuthor]
aid aname au_id title_id
a1 lockey a1 t1
a1 lockey a1 t2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [titles]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2

[authors] [titleAuthor] [ titles ] [ publisher]

aid aname aid title_id title_id pub_id pub_id pub_name
a1 lockey a1 t1 t1 p1 p1 sams
a1 lockey a1 t2 t2 p2 p2 golgotia

FAQ:

1. How the joins are works???

Ans: It works as Nested Loops

2.What is the Query Optimizer?

Ans: The Query optimizer find out which join will be evaluated first and run the query
in the optimized way....

3. How many Virtual Table created for N conditions??

Query - Page #9

Ans: (N-1) Virtual Tables are created for N tables

Cross Checking:

select * from authors where au_lname like ’Loc%’;

select * from titleauthor where au_id = ’486-29-1786’;
select * from titles where title_id=’PC9999’ or title_id=’PS7777’;
select * from publishers where pub_id =’1389’ or pub_id=’0736’;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Renaming the Tables

sp_rename <OldTable> <NewTable>

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Taking a Copy of the Table:

Create Table vinod_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

insert into vinod_temp(ename,dept_id) select ename,dept_id from sen_temp;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

December 28 2001:

.................................................................................................
Self Join:
The Table joins with itself...
Rule:
’When use self join in the where condition, you shoud use the in-equility condition
of the primary keys’

................................................................................................
Question:
Find the name of the authors who lives in the same city...

Explanation:

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

au_id city
A1 CA
A2 LA
A3 LA
A4 WA
A5 Ny
A6 CA

Result set would be

A1
A6
A2
A3

select a.au_id,a.city
from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays duplicate Records
Query - Page #10

select state,count(*)
from authors
group by state
having count(*)>1 // We should not use group by function in the self joining situations

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city; // It displays distinct records but it dispalys one author lives in the city

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id; // It displays result but not ordered...

select distinct a.au_id,a.city

from authors a, authors b
where a.city = b.city and a.au_id <> b.au_id order by a.city; // It displays the perfect result

Note: The condition [a.au_id <> b.au_id] eliminates checking the records with itself.....

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Create Table patdat

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20)
);

Create Table patadm

(
patno varchar(20) not null,
admno varchar(20) not null,
addate datetime,
constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno),
constraint fk foreign key(patno) references patdat1(patno)
);

Create Table operdat

(
patno varchar(20),
admno varchar(20),
opno int,
opdate datetime,
type varchar(20)

constraint sen_pk2 primary key(patno,admno,opno),

constraint sen_fk foreign key(patno) references patdat(patno),
constraint fk1 foreign key(admno) references patadm1(admno)
);

Note: constaint fk1 could not be created....

’We can not refer the part of the primary key(composite key) in another Table’

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Question: Find the author id who has written more than one book???

select distinct ta1.au_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id;

Question: Find the title_id which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct ta1.title_id

from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id;

Question: Find the author Names who has written more than one book???
Query - Page #11

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname

from authors a,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.au_id = ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id <> ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id = a.au_id;

Question: Find the titles which has been written by more than one author?

select distinct t.title

from titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and
ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id;

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Jan 02 2002:

Outer join:

emp

e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Anderw SYS
e5 Lafer null

dep

HRD Human Res

SYS Systems
PER personal
NET network

emp

eno
ename
d_id

dept

ddid
dname

Display the emp details along with dept id??

select emp.* d.did from emp e,dept d

where e.did=d.did

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did *=d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
unmatching records form emp (SQL Server Syntax)

REsult Set
e1 boris HRD
e2 becker HRD
e3 peter SYS
e4 Andrew SYS
e5 lafer

select emp.*,d.did from e,dept d

where e.did =* d.did; // Display the matching records and addition to all
Query - Page #12

unmatching records form dept (SQL Server Syntax)

select * from employee inner join dept on e.deptid=d.detptid (ANSI Syntax)

The above two query gives the same result..

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Full outer join:

select employee.eno,employee.name,d.did from employee

full outer join dept on employee.did=dept.did (ANSI Syntax) [ Where <filter condition> ]

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Sub Query:
A query with in query is called sub query...

Note: All joins can be formulated with sub query but all sub query can not be
formulated with joins

Question : Find the name and title of the most expensive book???

declare @p float;
select @p = max(price) from titles;
select @p;
select * from titles where price = @p;

select * from titles where price = (select max(price) from titles);

**************************************************************************************************

Jan-04-2002:

Exists:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

Exists has equal meaning of =Any

Rule: Exsits has the rule that no filed name in the where clause.
...............................................................................................

Simple Query: All the select statements are evaluated in the bottom up.

Correlated SubQuery:
1. The Correlated subquery will always have the join inside..[but just because
the join inside the subquery it does not make correlated subquery.]

2.The field in the join is from the outer query table...

[Either the right or left side of the join should include the field in the outer q

The execution of the correlated sub query is like join...

Example:

select cname from customers

where exists ( select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id);

select cid from orders where customers.id=orders.id, This query will return olny true or false.
The inner query is executed as many times the outer query depends....it means that the inner
query depends the value of outer query...

It(Exist) is Intersection of the values in the different table..

But simple query

Not Exist is equal to Difference

select cname from customers

where cid in ( select * from orders ); // Error . We can not compare one field with many fields.
Query - Page #13

select cname from customers

where exists ( select * from orders where customers.id=orders.id); // It would not give any error
because the inner query will give only boolean values....

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7-01-2002:

select distinct a.au_fname

from authors a, authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id;

Any self join can be carried out through correlated sub query.

select a.au_fname
from authors a
where exists ( select b.au_id
from authors b
where a.state = b.state and
a.au_id <> b.au_id ); // This is correlated sub query 1.It has join.
2.The left or right side field name is oute

The correlated sub query executed for every outer table row...but simple sub query executed only once...

It takes one record from the outer condition for that row all the rows of the inner codition will be exec
If the inner condition becomes true, the inner condition will be terminated..so we need not use distinct
the correlated sub query.

What is difference between self join and correlated sub query??

Ans:
The self join continues until all the records matched but the correlated sub query becomes true, it wou
go further.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Union:

It gives common and uncommon things in the two query....

select * into sen_temp_table

from authors
where state = ’LA’;

select * from authors union select * from sen_temp_table; // It will not give the duplicates of the re
if u want to include the duplicates use Union all keyword...

select * from authors union all select * from titleauthor; // Error Equal no of fields and same data typ

select price,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor; // Error data type mis

Note: The order by statements can not be used in the individual query inside
the union but group by and having is allowed.
But order by allowed in the outside of the union .

Example:
select title_id,title from titles union all select title_id,au_id from titleauthor o
Note: The field name in the first select statement is allowed in the order by clause.
we can not use group by clause in the order by place....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Self-Interest:

Find total purchase for each customer??????????

Ans:
drop vi
create view v_sample as
select o.cuid as cid,sum(o.qty * p.price) as tprice from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid

select max(tprice) from v_sample

Query - Page #14

Find which customer purchased more????

Ans:
select sum(o.qty * p.price) ’Total Purchase’ from orders o, produ p
where o.proid=p.pid group by o.cuid;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11-01-2002:

Syntax:
Grant select|update|insert|delete on Table_name to User
Grant All Table_name to User
Revoke select|update|insert|delete on Table_name from User
Revoke All Table_name from User

select * from syspermissions;

sp_pkeys sen_traveller;

View:
The View is the Projection of the base tables...

Syntax:
Create View view_name
as
select statement

Create view sen_view_empdat

as
select eid,ename,did,dname
from emp,dept
where emp.did = dept.did;

Grant select on v_empdat to sa

Step 1:
create view sen_view_v1
as
select * from titles where title_id=’BU1111’

Step 2:
select * from sen_view_v1; // The select statement inside the view will be executed....

delete sen_view_v1;

select * from authors;

select * from titles;

*************************************************************************************************

16-January-2002:

The View can include on only "select" statement.

Ex:

create view v1 as
select.....

We can use delete,insert,update and select on views.

Create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) from titles group by pub_id; // The above statement would not work.
Here the sum(price) is tried to derive a new column in the view

To make work the above statement....

create view v2 as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
(or)
create view v2(publishers_id,price) as
select pub_id,sum(price) as "Total" from titles group by pub_id
Query - Page #15

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Rule:
1. We can not use order by,compute by,compute in the selection list while creating views.
2. We can not use ’Select into’ on views.
3. We can use order by indirectly.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create table emp

(
empno varchar(20) not null,
emp_name varchar(20) not null,
salary float not null,
dept_id varchar(20) not null,
phone varchar(20) not null
);

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,dept_id,phone from emp; // It would not work...

create view v1 as
select * form emp; // It will work

Rule 1:
The view has to contain all not null columns,[it will become updateable view] then olny
it is possible insert,update,delete, If the view does not contain all not null columns,
it is only readable veiw.We can not do insert,delete,update...

Rule 2:
If the select list in the view contains aggregate functions,the view is readable view...

Views using joins:

create view v1 as
select emp_no,emp_name,emp.dept_id,phone,salary,dept_name from emp,dept
where emp.dept_id=dept.dept_id;

Rule 3:
In above statement, the insert is possible only if all the columns are in the same table
in the insert statememt. The insert will not work the columns are in different table...

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

create view v_emp as

select * from emp where dept_id = ’HRD’;

select * from v_emp where sal>2500; // It display only the type ’HRD’. Internally it check in SYSOBJECTS
find whether it is table or view...if it is view, it executes the select statement with where
condition. And the statement looks like below....

select * from emp where sal>2500 and dept_id=’HRD’;

Update v_emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’; // It does nothing, because it is interpreted
as below....

Update emp set dept_id=’SYS’ where dept_id=’PER’ and dept_id=’HRD’; // It true never....

With Check option:

create view v_emp as
select * from emp where dept_id=’HRD’ with check option

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’HRD’,2000); // It works fine

insert v_emp values(’e1001’,’boris’,’SYS’2000); // It would not work, because the view has
been created by with check option condition. It allow only the where clause condition is match, it
means that we can insert only ’HRD’ type......

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Question: Find which type sales is greater???

We can not write in single select statement....

create view sen_v1 as

Query - Page #16

select type,sum(price)as "Total_sales" from titles group by type

select type,max(Total_sales) from sen_v1

group by type,Total_sales having Total_sales= (select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

select type from sen_vl where Total_sales =

(select max(Total_sales) from sen_v1)

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
17-January-2002:

Transact-SQL:
Transact-SQL is procedure oriented language

Stored Procedure:
Batch of sql statemets kept compiled in the server and ready for the execution.

In stored procedure,the return statement can return only int value,but we can return more
than one value by using output parameter concept.

One procedure can have 1024 parameters.

Whatever variable used in sql server, these variable should begin with @ symbol. By default,
all parameters are input parameters.All system defined procedure is preceeded with sp...

create procedure procedure_name[(parameters)] [ ]--->optional

as
sql statements;

create procedure pro as

select * from authors,publishers where authors.city = publishers.city;

create procedure pro as

select * from emp; // In this statement,While creating procedure, it checks only the
syntax errors it will not check the existence of the objets. In other words the object need
not be existence while creating procedures but view the objects has to exist.

create procedure pro as

select sal from emp; // In this statement, it checks the existence of the object,if it is, it
checks the existence of the column, if it is, the procudure will be created...if the column does
not exist,it will give error....
If there is non existence of the object,it will not check the existence of the column,
the procedure will be created....

Either existence of object or non-existence of the object,the procedure will be created....

The created procedure have an entry in sysobjects table.....The statements are used in procedure
will be stored in syscomments table.

To execute the procedure...

Exec pro // while creating procudure, it checks only the syntax, while executing, the compilation
process is done..

select object_id (’demo’); // we can get the table id what the sql server maintains...

create procedure pro(parameters) with recompile

as
sql statements; // It will be recompiled for every execution of this procedure.....

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
what is Query plan????

The query plan is nothing but the path of the execution in the sql statements...

Exec pro;

step 1: the procedure is compiled

step 2: creates query plan,this query plan is stord in procedure cache it is like obj file
step 3: it executes the obj file and gives the output....

The step 1 and step 2 will be executed at the first execution of the procedure..if u execute
the procedure another time, it will no go for compilation process,it just checks the procedure
Query - Page #17

cache and execute suitable obj file....If the system is gone for shut down, the contents of the
procedure cache will be deleted....Whatever changes made in table contents, it will re-complile.
if the table is dropped,the procedure for the table will not be deleted...

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

18-January-2002:

Create procedure sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20)) as

-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’)// default parameter
-- sen_sample_procedure(@param varchar(20) = ’psychology’,@price=20.0) // Overridding default paramete
declare @price float

select @price = sum(price) from titles

group by type having type = @param;

if(@price <=100)
return 1;
if(@price>100 and @price<=200)
return 2;
if(@price >200)
return 3;

-------------------------------------

declare @ret int

exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure ’psychology’

--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure default,50 // Overridding default parameters
--exec @ret=sen_sample_procedure @price=50,@param=’business’ // Explicit passing values
if @ret = 1
begin
select "Return 1";
end

if @ret = 2
begin
select "Return 2";
end

if @ret = 3
begin
select "Return 3";
end

Note: The TSQL does not contain for loop,arrays.....

goto,else,break are there

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

declare @value int,@expr int

select @value = case @ex
when 1 then only one value
when 2 then only one value
when 3 then only one value

Note: To assign to value to variable

select @ret = 1; (or)
set @ret = 1;

Example:

SELECT ’Price Category’ = CASE

WHEN price IS NULL THEN ’Not yet priced’
WHEN price < 10 THEN ’Very Reasonable Title’
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN ’Coffee Table Title’
ELSE ’Expensive book!’
END,
title AS ’Shortened Title’ FROM titles

Example
Query - Page #18

declare @ret int

set @ret = 1
select @ret =
case(@ret)
when 1 then 10
when 2 then 20
when 3 then 30
end
select @ret
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

19-01-2002:

Output Parameters:

Question: Write the procedure to find the city and state of the given publishers????

create procedure sen_pro(@pub_name varchar(20),

@city varchar(20) output,
@state varchar(20) output) as
select @state=state,@city=city from publishers where pub_name like @pub_name;

create procedure sen_callpro(@param varchar(20)) as

declare @rstate varchar(20);
declare @rcity varchar(20);
exec sen_pro @param,@city=@rcity output,@state=@rstate output;
select "pub state " + @rstate;
select "pub city " + @rcity;

exec sen_callpro "New Moon Books";

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names

Create procedure sen_proce(@t_id varchar(20)) as

declare @a varchar(20)
if exists(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id=t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id
group by ta.title_id having count(*) = 2)
begin
select ta.au_id into #temp from titleauthor ta,titles t
where ta.title_id = t.title_id and t.title_id = @t_id;
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
delete from #temp where au_id = @a
select top 1 @a = au_id from #temp
select au_fname from authors where au_id = @a
end
else
print "the book does not have exactly 2 authors"

exec sen_proce ’PS2091’

Question: Write a procedure to check the given title_id has been written 2 authors,
if so print the 2 author names ( use while loop )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Goto Statement Example:

create proc pro as

goto a
a:
print "dgs"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

21-January-2002:

E-R Diagram:

Entity:
The entity is an object about information can be recorded..
Query - Page #19

For example, the employee and dept entity has some relationship between them...

The are 3 different types of relationship....

1. One to One
2. One to Many
3. Many to Many

{Chen notation}

[Entity] [Relation] [Entity]

Employee---------- Works In ----------------Dept
|[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
|
|-------has --------Address
[Diamond] [Rect]

Employee has one to one relationship with Dept ( one employee has to work in only one dept)
Dept has one to many relationship with Employee ( one dept has many employees)
so we depict one to many relationship with these two entites....( one to one[left to right] and
one to many[right to left] realationship comes either side,Take a one to many relationship...)

Employee(Optional-entity) Dept ( Optional-entity)

eid did did dname
(Attributes) (Attributes)
e1 d1 d1
e2 d1 d2
e3 d2 d3
e4 d2 (one dept can have zero or many employees)
e5 null (employee has not been assigned to zero or one dept)

Cardinality: no of occurences of field value in dependant entity...

For ex:
1.(emp)one instance of employee has how many instances of dept...(0,1){(min,max)}
(dept)one instance of dept has how many instances of employee...(0,M)
emp has a existence dependent with dept ( dept has to created before emp...)

2.emp(1,M) one employee has one or many address..

address(1,1) one address has only one employee..
emp has existence dependent with address (address can not be created before emp so
we change to Address has existence dependent with emp)

Existence Dependent: It means that with out having a entry in dept table,the emp id can not
have an dept id ( Foreign key rules apply here..)

Example:(one to many relationship) ( contains two Tables)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]
Professor -------------- Advises -----------Student
[Entity](0,N) [Entity](1,1)

One professor can guide many students...[one to many relationship in left to right] in some
cases the one professor not giving guidence to any students....
One Student can get advise from one professor [one to one relationship in right to left]

Example:(one to one relationship) ( contains only one table)

[Rect] [Diamond] [Rect]

Professor -------------- is allotted -----------Room
[Entity](0,1) [Entity](0,1)

one professor can have zero or one room [ one to one left to rigth ]
one room is allotted to zero or one professor [ one to one right to left ]

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains 3 tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Theater -------------- is shown ---------------- Films
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one theatre can show many films [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one film is shown in many theatres [ one to Many right to left ]
Query - Page #20

The oracle and sql server can not support for many to many relationship....For these cases
we have to split the relationship into two one to many relationship...

Theatre (entity) Films (entity) TheatreFilm (Associative Entity) or Junction Table

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
tid (pk) fid (pk) tid
tname fname fid
no_seats hero composite primary key(tid,fid)
location heroine

Example:(Many to Many relationship) ( contains three tables)

[Rect] [Diamond rounded square] [Rect]

Authors -------------- Writes ------------------ titles
[Composite Entity](1,N) [Composite Entity](1,N)

one author can write many books [ one to Many left to rigth ]
one title is written by many authors [ one to Many right to left ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The calculated field(derived attribute) should not be stored in the database..For example
the age can be calculated with date-of-birth.....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25-jan-2002:

Normalization:
Segregating tables as to avoid redundancy...
DeNormalization:
introducing redundancy into tables to make more optimization or more performance the

Any database desin normally will not go beyond the third normal form....

First Normal from:

Drive the table using E-R Diagrams...
(*) Any table should have atomic values(Every field should record atomic informatio

Atomic values:
A field should record about the single attribute...
For example: To store address,we have to put street,city,state,country as a separate field names.
Then only possible to search the employees by city,state or country.....

(*) The field names shoud accept null values, if the no specefic info for that recor
and take to consideration the table should not have more null value fields.

Example:

eid pid did nohrs dhead

--------------------------
e1 p1 is 20 boris
e2 p1 is 20 boris
e3 p2 net 30 peter
e4 p2 net 30 sampry
e1 p2 is 30 Andrew

* Primary key should be identified [ composite primary key(eid,pid) ]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Second Normal Form:

All the non key attributes should depend upon whole primary key or all the non key attributes
may depend on other non key attributes...

In the above table, the department id is partially belonging to the primary key,which means that the emp
itself only need to identify the department id and the project id is no longer needed...

*In order conform second normal form,we have take out the non key attribute which does not depend entril
the primary key and put it separate table along with the field on which the non key attribute is depen

so we take off did from the above table

eid did
---------
Query - Page #21

e1 IS
e2 IS
e3 NET
24 NET

nohrs is partially depend on primary key,which means the nohrs dependent on only project id...

pid nohrs
-----------
p1 20
p2 30 ( It is in third normal form,we can not split it again)

The dehead is not related to eid or pid...it is related to did.....so put dhead following table

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Third Normal Form:
All the non key attributes should be dependent only on the primary key

eid did dhead

----------------
e1 IS boris
e2 IS boris
e3 NET peter
24 NET

In the above table, the dhead is not dependent on the primary key (eid). the dhead only dependent only th
did which is not a primary key of the table....

Take the dhead along with it is dependent....

did dhead
--------------
IS boris
NET peter

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Database is a collection of data with controlled redundancy.....

*************************************************************************************************
29-jan-2002:

Triggers:
Trigger is a stored procedure, it will be invoked automatically upon user action
(Insert,Update,Delete).

Cascade deletions:
The child table refers some field in the master table...We can not delete
any enty in the master table,which is refered by in the child table...The SQL server maintains
restrictions automatically...The cascade deletions is opposite of these restrictions....

Syntax:

Create trigger trigger_name

on table
for operation
as
SQL Statements....

The trigger can be depend on only one table...and the trigger can not defined on the views...
only three types of triggers ( Insert Trigger,Update Trigger,Delete Trigger) These are all after
trigger,The SQL could not support Before Triggers.....

Trigger can not accept parameters.....

Query - Page #22

Book Magazine
----------------------------
Bid Magid
Bname Mname
Author price

Transaction
--------------
Tid
Card_id
book_id
issue_date
return_date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing primary key constraint:-

Create trigger tri

on temp
for insert
as
declare @icount int
select @icount=count(*) from temp,inserted
where temp pk = insert pk
if @icount >1
begin
print ’Duplicate Record’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully on inserting the record’

inserted--->trigger test table (or) magic table

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri

on emp
for insert
as
if not exists(select * from dept,inserted where
dept.did=inserted.did)
begin
print "Integrity violation"
rollback;
end
else
print "successfull insertion into the table"

emp inserted
----------------------------------------------------
e1 boris d1 d1 HRD
e2 becker d2 d2 SYS
e3 sapeg d3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing foreign key constraint:-

create trigger tri on trans_member for insert as

if not exists (select * from books,inserted where book.book_id =
inserted.book_id)
begin
if not exists (select * from magazines
inserted where magizines.mag_id = inserted.book_id)
begin
print ’Ref integrity violation’
rollback
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted into the table’
Query - Page #23

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:
While creating trigger,the object should be exist on which the trigger imposed...but it
does not check the body of the statements....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Cascade Deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
delete from titles where titles.pub_id = deleted.pub_id

publisher table-->Trigger Table

The value from Trigger table is moved into Trigger Test Table (Deleted Table)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Implementing Restriction on deletion:-

Create trigger dtri

on publishers
for delete
as
if exists( select * from titles,deleted where
titles.pub_id=deleted.pub_id)
begin
print ’Attempt to create orphan Records’
rollback
end

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question:
Create a trigger to move the deleted records to that respective back_up tables?????

Hits provided:
declare @i int
select @i=Object_id(’publishers’)

if exists(select * from sysobjects where id=@i)

insert back_up select * from deleted

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31-JAN-2002:

customers invoice products

----------------------------------------------
cid oid pid
cname cid pname
pid qoh (quantity in hand)
qty price

create trigger tri

on invoice
for insert
as
update products set qoh=qoh-inserted.qty from products,inserted
where products.pid=inserted.pid

checking the availability of products:

---------------------------------------

select @iqty = inserted.qty from inserted

select @qty = products.qty from inserted,products
where inserted.pid=products.pid
if(@qty<@iqty)
begin
print "invalid transaction"
rollback
return
end
Query - Page #24

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The rollback command will only work on triggers it will not work on procedures....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the delete and update command will affect many rows.., the trigger will be
executed for each row...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger tri
on invoice
for update
if update(oid) // if the user tries to update field oid it will return true
begin or it will retun false
rollback
return
end
if not exists (select * from products,inserted
where inserted.productid=products.proudctid
begin
print ’Fk violation on products’
rollback
return
end
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: For update triggers, the inserted and deleted virutal table will be created....
deleted followed by inserted...................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TSQL Cursors:
The main application of cursors is ’report’ generation..........

The cursor contains following five ’jargons’

1....Declare
2....Open
3....Fetch
4....Close
5....Deallocate

A cursor is a symbolic name for a SQL statement.....and it ’will come only on select statement’..

1...Declare:

Syntax:
Declare cursorname cursor
for
select statement

// The scroll keyword is used to move the cursor up and down...

declare cur cursor scroll
for
select c_id,title,author,publisher from sen_catlog

Note: It check the existence of the object but it would not compile and execute
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2...Open:
Open cur; // Opening a cursor

Note: The select statement is executed and the resultset is stored inside the memory
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3....Fetch:
Fetch next from cur;
Fetch prior from cur;
Fetch first from cur;
Fetch last from cur;

Note: It goes and bring the records one by one from the resultset which is stored in the memory
The logical pointer is pointed bof at first time....
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.....Close:
Close cur;

Note: When closing the cursor, it destroies the result set.....

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.....Deallocate:
deallocate cur;
Query - Page #25

Note: It destroies the cursor [ like dropping tables ]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example with procedure:-

create procedure sen_cur_pro

as
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select * from sen_catlog
open cur
fetch next from cur
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
fetch next from cur
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cur_pro;

Note: @@fetch_status is system defined global variable which is automatically set to 0 which
indicates for successful fetch...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-02-2002:

Application of Cursors:

Create procedure sen_cpro as

declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select title_id,title,price from titles
open cur
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
select @tid + @title + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from cur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_cpro

Note: The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with cursor....
The Compute by clause should not be used in the select stattement along with subquery...
We can use order by and group by clause in the select statement along with cursor......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question : Write the procedure to display all book which is published by each publisher in neat format???

create procedure sen_publisher_books

as
set nocount on
declare @pid varchar(20),@pname varchar(20)
declare @tid varchar(20),@title varchar(20),@price float
declare @n int
declare cur cursor scroll
for
select pub_id,pub_name from publishers
open cur
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @pid+ " " + @pname
print ’------------------------------------------------’
select @n=count(*) from titles where pub_id=@pid
if(@n =0)
print ’*****No books found********’
else
begin
declare tcur cursor
for select title_id,title,price from titles where pub_id=@pid
Query - Page #26

open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tid + " " + @title + " " + convert(varchar,@price)
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@title,@price
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur
end
print ’------------------------------------------------’
fetch next from cur into @pid,@pname
end
close cur
deallocate cur

exec sen_publisher_books
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2-Feb-2002:

Indexing:
It is a sorting process to reduce the searching process time....

Syntax:

Create { nonClustered } index index_name

on table_name(field_name)

Default is Clustered indexing................

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NonClustered:

create nonclustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The field on which indexed is sorted in ascending order and build binary tree....
It take the first value and any middle arbitary value
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Through the index is created, the optimizer will decide wheter to use index is feasible or
it is feasible for going for table scan......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Primary key creates Clustered automaically but to make it nonClustered index is more
feasible than Clustered index
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustered:

create clustered index emp_eno

on emp(eno)

The table itself will be sorted on a field name

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The clustered index points the page...but the nonclustered index points the exact match of
record...

1...The Clusterd index is efficiant for duplicte records ( Foreign key)

2...The nonClustered index is efficient for unique records (primary key), for the primary key
creation the SQL server creates Clusterd index, it is our responsiblity to give nonClusterd
index when creating the primary key......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: One Clustered index is allowed for a table, but as many nonClustered index is allowed
for a table
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIBRARY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project Specification:
Altair is a library renowned for its latest collection of books and
magazines.The number of members is increasing every month and it is becoming difficult to keep
track of so many members and transactions,which are currently maintained in registers. The chief
librarian approaches you to seek help for designing a computerized system. All members in the
library are given two member cards and one book is leased for each card. The membership fee for
each member is Rs 500. One time payment,refundable on relinquishing of the cards.Both books and
megazines are leased to the members.A book lent to a member can be with him for 15 days at most
and an extension of another 15 days is given to the member for that particular book if that book
is brought for renewal on the 15 th day after it is lent.The same member is not allowed to have
the book for another 15 days after it is returned.Magazines are lent only for 4 days and no
extension is allowed and there is no restriction for lending the magazine to the same member,as is
the case with books.

You need to store the book details for each book ( publisher name,title,author and the like ).
Each book is identified by a unique title number.Magazines are identified in the following format.
Each magazine has a short hand notation (Eg. otlk for the magazine outlook) To identify a particular
magazine the short hand notation is used along with the month and year of issue Eg. otlk-jan-1999
identifies Outlook magazine jan issue of 1999. You need to store the number of copies of each book
that is there in the library. One copy of each book is designated as reference and it is not lent
to any member.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create Table sen_catlog
(
c_id varchar(10) constraint sc_pk primary key,
title varchar(20),
author varchar(20),
publisher varchar(20),
price float
);

Create Table sen_books

(
b_id varchar(10) constraint sb_pk primary key,
c_id varchar(10) constraint sb_fk1 references sen_catlog(c_id),
status varchar(10)
);

Create Table sen_member

(
m_id varchar(10) constraint sm_pk primary key,
mname varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20),
);

Create Table sen_cards

(
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cpk2 primary key,
m_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cfk3 references sen_member(m_id)
);

Create Table sen_transaction

(
trans_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctpk1 primary key,
b_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk1 references sen_books(b_id),
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk2 references sen_cards(card_id),
tdate datetime not null,
rdate datetime,
ex_bit bit,
);

insert into sen_catlog values(’CB001’,’C’,’Dennis Ritche’,’Tech Media’,140.25);

insert into sen_catlog values(’CB002’,’C++’,’Robert Rafore’,’BPB Publication’,356.90);
insert into sen_catlog values(’CB003’,’JAVA’,’Balaguru swamy’,’Tech Media’,230);
Query - Page #2

select * from sen_catlog;

insert into sen_books values (’B001’,’CB001’,’issue’);

insert into sen_books values (’B002’,’CB001’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B003’,’CB001’,’reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B004’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B005’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B006’,’CB002’,’Reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B007’,’CB003’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B008’,’CB003’,’Reference’);

select * from sen_books;

insert into sen_member values(’M001’,’senthil’,’Drive square,London’);

insert into sen_member values(’M002’,’Ashiwarya’,’West valley,sidney’);
insert into sen_member values(’M003’,’kumar’,’Eiffle Tower, Paris’);

select * from sen_member;

insert into sen_cards values(’C001’,’M001’);

insert into sen_cards values(’C002’,’M001’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C003’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C004’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C005’,’M003’);

select * from sen_cards;

insert into sen_transaction values (’T001’,’B001’,’C001’,’12-10-2000’,null,null);

insert into sen_transaction values (’T002’,’B002’,’C002’,’11-11-2000’,’11-25-2000’,null);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T003’,’B004’,’C004’,’10-10-2000’,’10-25-2000’,1);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T004’,’B004’,’C004’,’09-27-2000’,’10-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T006’,’B002’,’C003’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T007’,’B004’,’C002’,’01-28-2000’,’02-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T008’,’B005’,’C005’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);

select * from sen_catlog;

select * from sen_books;
select * from sen_member;
select * from sen_cards;
select * from sen_transaction;

set nocount on
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. For each book you will have to generate the members to whom copies of it have been lent....

create procedure sen_books_issue as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
select @n=count(b_id) from sen_transaction where rdate is null;
if @n=0
print ’No books found’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_tr
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
Query - Page #3

end
end

exec sen_books_issue
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.Generate a report which displays all the books. You will have to include all the relevant information i

create procedure sen_books_details as

declare @c varchar(10)
declare @n int
declare @i int
select c_id into #temp from sen_catlog;
select @n=count(c_id) from #temp
if(@n=0)
print ’No books in the catlog’
else
begin
select @i=1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @c=c_id from #temp
select @c,title,author,publisher,price from sen_catlog where c_id=@c
select b_id,status from sen_books where c_id=@c
delete from #temp where c_id=@c;
set @i = @i+1
end
end

exec sen_books_details;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.On any particular day you will have to generate a report which will produce the details of all
books that are to be delivered on that particular day...

Create procedure sen_book_delevered(@ddate datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @r datetime
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)

select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate

if(@n=0)
print ’No one book has been delivered on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id,rdate into #temp from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id,@r=rdate from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1

if(@r is null)
set @message=’Not Returned’
else
set @message=’Returned’

print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid + " " + @message
end
end

exec sen_book_delevered @ddate=’2000-01-28’;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.On any particular day you will have to display as report those books for which due date has
Query - Page #4

been over and has not yet been returned....

declare @dday datetime

SELECT @dday=DATEADD(day, -15, getdate())
print @dday

Create procedure sen_overdue_books(@date datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)
declare @dday datetime

select @dday=DATEADD(day,-15,@date)
select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
if(@n=0)
print ’No Over due books on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
end
end

exec sen_overdue_books @date=’2000-02-25’

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIBRARY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Project Specification:
Altair is a library renowned for its latest collection of books and
magazines.The number of members is increasing every month and it is becoming difficult to keep
track of so many members and transactions,which are currently maintained in registers. The chief
librarian approaches you to seek help for designing a computerized system. All members in the
library are given two member cards and one book is leased for each card. The membership fee for
each member is Rs 500. One time payment,refundable on relinquishing of the cards.Both books and
megazines are leased to the members.A book lent to a member can be with him for 15 days at most
and an extension of another 15 days is given to the member for that particular book if that book
is brought for renewal on the 15 th day after it is lent.The same member is not allowed to have
the book for another 15 days after it is returned.Magazines are lent only for 4 days and no
extension is allowed and there is no restriction for lending the magazine to the same member,as is
the case with books.

You need to store the book details for each book ( publisher name,title,author and the like ).
Each book is identified by a unique title number.Magazines are identified in the following format.
Each magazine has a short hand notation (Eg. otlk for the magazine outlook) To identify a particular
magazine the short hand notation is used along with the month and year of issue Eg. otlk-jan-1999
identifies Outlook magazine jan issue of 1999. You need to store the number of copies of each book
that is there in the library. One copy of each book is designated as reference and it is not lent
to any member.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create Table sen_catlog
(
c_id varchar(10) constraint sc_pk primary key,
title varchar(20),
author varchar(20),
publisher varchar(20),
price float
);

Create Table sen_books

(
b_id varchar(10) constraint sb_pk primary key,
c_id varchar(10) constraint sb_fk1 references sen_catlog(c_id),
status varchar(10)
);

Create Table sen_member

(
m_id varchar(10) constraint sm_pk primary key,
mname varchar(20) not null,
address varchar(20),
);

Create Table sen_cards

(
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cpk2 primary key,
m_id varchar(10) constraint sen_cfk3 references sen_member(m_id)
);

Create Table sen_transaction

(
trans_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctpk1 primary key,
b_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk1 references sen_books(b_id),
card_id varchar(10) constraint sen_ctfk2 references sen_cards(card_id),
tdate datetime not null,
rdate datetime,
ex_bit bit,
);

insert into sen_catlog values(’CB001’,’C’,’Dennis Ritche’,’Tech Media’,140.25);

insert into sen_catlog values(’CB002’,’C++’,’Robert Rafore’,’BPB Publication’,356.90);
insert into sen_catlog values(’CB003’,’JAVA’,’Balaguru swamy’,’Tech Media’,230);
Query - Page #2

select * from sen_catlog;

insert into sen_books values (’B001’,’CB001’,’issue’);

insert into sen_books values (’B002’,’CB001’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B003’,’CB001’,’reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B004’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B005’,’CB002’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B006’,’CB002’,’Reference’);
insert into sen_books values (’B007’,’CB003’,’issue’);
insert into sen_books values (’B008’,’CB003’,’Reference’);

select * from sen_books;

insert into sen_member values(’M001’,’senthil’,’Drive square,London’);

insert into sen_member values(’M002’,’Ashiwarya’,’West valley,sidney’);
insert into sen_member values(’M003’,’kumar’,’Eiffle Tower, Paris’);

select * from sen_member;

insert into sen_cards values(’C001’,’M001’);

insert into sen_cards values(’C002’,’M001’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C003’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C004’,’M002’);
insert into sen_cards values(’C005’,’M003’);

select * from sen_cards;

insert into sen_transaction values (’T001’,’B001’,’C001’,’12-10-2000’,null,null);

insert into sen_transaction values (’T002’,’B002’,’C002’,’11-11-2000’,’11-25-2000’,null);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T003’,’B004’,’C004’,’10-10-2000’,’10-25-2000’,1);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T004’,’B004’,’C004’,’09-27-2000’,’10-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T006’,’B002’,’C003’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T007’,’B004’,’C002’,’01-28-2000’,’02-10-2000’,0);
insert into sen_transaction values (’T008’,’B005’,’C005’,’01-28-2000’,null,0);

select * from sen_catlog;

select * from sen_books;
select * from sen_member;
select * from sen_cards;
select * from sen_transaction;

set nocount on
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. For each book you will have to generate the members to whom copies of it have been lent....

create procedure sen_books_issue as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
select @n=count(b_id) from sen_transaction where rdate is null;
if @n=0
print ’No books found’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_tr
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
Query - Page #3

end
end

exec sen_books_issue
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.Generate a report which displays all the books. You will have to include all the relevant information i

create procedure sen_books_details as

declare @c varchar(10)
declare @n int
declare @i int
select c_id into #temp from sen_catlog;
select @n=count(c_id) from #temp
if(@n=0)
print ’No books in the catlog’
else
begin
select @i=1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @c=c_id from #temp
select @c,title,author,publisher,price from sen_catlog where c_id=@c
select b_id,status from sen_books where c_id=@c
delete from #temp where c_id=@c;
set @i = @i+1
end
end

exec sen_books_details;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.On any particular day you will have to generate a report which will produce the details of all
books that are to be delivered on that particular day...

Create procedure sen_book_delevered(@ddate datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @r datetime
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)

select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate

if(@n=0)
print ’No one book has been delivered on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id,rdate into #temp from sen_transaction where tdate=@ddate
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id,@r=rdate from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1

if(@r is null)
set @message=’Not Returned’
else
set @message=’Returned’

print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid + " " + @message
end
end

exec sen_book_delevered @ddate=’2000-01-28’;

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.On any particular day you will have to display as report those books for which due date has
Query - Page #4

been over and has not yet been returned....

declare @dday datetime

SELECT @dday=DATEADD(day, -15, getdate())
print @dday

Create procedure sen_overdue_books(@date datetime) as

declare @n int
declare @i int
declare @b varchar(10)
declare @c varchar(10)
declare @t_title varchar(20)
declare @t_bid varchar(10)
declare @t_name varchar(20)
declare @t_card varchar(20)
declare @message varchar(20)
declare @dday datetime

select @dday=DATEADD(day,-15,@date)
select @n=count(b_id)from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
if(@n=0)
print ’No Over due books on that day’
else
begin
select b_id,card_id into #temp from sen_transaction where rdate is null and tdate<@dday
select @i = 1
while(@i<=@n)
begin
select top 1 @b=b_id,@c=card_id from #temp
select distinct @t_title=c.title,@t_bid=b.b_id from sen_catlog c,sen_books b,sen_transaction t
where t.b_id=@b and t.b_id=b.b_id and b.c_id = c.c_id
select distinct @t_name=m.mname,@t_card=c.card_id from sen_transaction t,sen_cards c,sen_member m
where t.card_id=@c and t.card_id=c.card_id and c.m_id=m.m_id
delete from #temp where card_id=@c and b_id=@b
select @i=@i+1
print @t_name + " " + @t_card + " " + @t_title + " " + @t_bid
end
end

exec sen_overdue_books @date=’2000-02-25’

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #1

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE -1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.)Display what each book’s price would be if a 20% price increase were to take
place. Show the title_id,old price and new price using meaningful column titles

select title,price 'Old Price', price * 120/100 'New Price' from titles;

2.) Summarise the total sales for each publisher

select pub_id,sum(ytd_sales)
from titles
group by pub_id;

3.) For an annual report, display the publisher_id, title_id,price and

total_sales while showing the average price and total sales for each publisher .

Select pub_id,title_id,price,ytd_sales
from titles
order by pub_id
compute sum(ytd_sales),avg(price) by pub_id;

4.) Display the name of each book and the month(in words) in which it was published.

select title,datename(mm,pubdate) from titles;

5.)Display the names of books whose prices are greater than $20 and lesser than $25

select title,price from titles where price>20 and price<25;

6.)Display the total_sales made in each category , category wise

select type,sum(ytd_sales) 'Total Sales'

from titles
group by type;

7.)Display the numeric part of every title_id

select substring(title_id,3,4) 'Numeric Part Of Title Id' from titles;

8.)Calculate the average price of different types of cooking books

select type,avg(price) 'Average Price'

from titles
group by type
having type like '%cook%';

(or)

select type,avg(price) 'Average Price'

from titles
where type like '%cook%'
group by type;

9.)Find out how many stores have placed orders

select count(distinct(stor_id)) from sales;

10.)Find out the average advance paid for a psychology book

select avg(advance)'Avg Advance Paid for Psychology Book'

from titles
group by type
having type = 'psychology';

(or)

select avg(advance) 'Total Sales'

Query - Page #2

from titles
where type = ’psychology’;

11.) Find out the average advance and sum of total_sales for each type of book

select type,avg(advance) ’Avg Advance’ , sum(ytd_sales) ’Total Sales’

from titles
group by type;

12.) Find the name and title of the most expensive book

select type,price
from titles
where price = ( select max(price) from titles );

13.)List all the books where advance is null

select * from titles where advance is null;

14.)How many authors have written more than one book?

select authors.au_id,count(*)
from authors,titleauthor,titles
where authors.au_id=titleauthor.au_id and
titleauthor.title_id=titles.title_id
group by authors.au_id
having count(*)>1

(Or)

select au_fname from authors

where au_id in ( select au_id from titleauthor group by au_id having count(au_id)>1);
Query - Page #1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE - 2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* 1. Create a table named Vehicles and include the fields given below, assigning your own
data types to them all fields should allow null values vech_num, type , mileage ,
model , company_name */

Ans:

create table sen_vehicles

(
vech_num varchar(15),
type varchar(20),
mileage tinyint,
model int,
company_name varchar(20)
);

/* 2. Alter the table to set vech_num as the primary key */

Ans:

Alter table sen_vehicles Alter column vech_num varchar(20) not null;

Alter table sen_vehicles Add constraint sen_pk primary key (vech_num);

/* 3. Add a field contractor_id to the table vehicles and set a reference to the contractor_id
field of the contractor’s table. Figure out the problem if any */

Ans:

Alter table sen_vehicles Add contractor_id varchar(20)

constraint fk foreign key references contractor(contractor_id);

Error: There are no primary or candidate keys in the referenced table 'contractor' that
match the referencing column list in the foreign key 'fk'.

/* 4. Create a table named contractors and have the fields contractor_id,contractor_name,

address, phone and city */

Ans:
Create table sen_contractor
(
contractor_id varchar(10),
contractor_name varchar(20),
address varchar(20),
phone varchar(20),
city varchar(20)
);

/* 5. Alter the table to add a default value for the city column */

Ans:

Alter table sen_contractor add default 'cbe' for city;

Insert into sen_contractor values('C100','Senthil','3 Zip Drive',26255,default);

select * from sen_contractor;

Delete sen_contractor where phone=0428826255;

/* 6. Add a check constraint to check that the data inserted for the phone field is atleast
six characters long and check that the check constraint is fired on an insert into the table */

Ans:

Alter table sen_contractor Add constraint sen_ck check(datalength(phone)>=6);

If some values are not matching the check constraint in the phone field already,
Query - Page #2

it will flash the error.......

we have to use the following syntax......

‘
Alter table sen_contractor with nocheck Add constraint sen_ck check(datalength(phone)>=6);

Insert into sen_contractor values(111,’Senthil’,’3 Zip Drive’,142567,default);

/* 7. Add a constraint to check that the phone number entered is unique */

Ans:
Alter table sen_contractor Add constraint sen_pchk unique(phone);

/* 8. Change the datatype of the field contractor id to integer */

Ans:
Alter table sen_contractor Alter column contractor_id int;

/* 9. Insert some records into the table */

Ans:
Insert into sen_contractor values(123,’senthil’,’2nd street’,123456,’T.gode’);

/* 10. Change the datatype of the contractor_id field to identity */

Ans:

// Alter table sen_contractor contractor_id ::= int Identity(1,1);

Create table sen_temp

(
eno int identity(1,1),
ename varchar(20),
dept_id int
);

/* 11. Insert some records and see how the value for the identity column is generated */

Ans:
Insert into sen_temp values(’senthil’,10);

/* 12. Insert your own value for the identity column */

Ans:
Insert into sen_temp values(100,’senthil’,10);

Error: An explicit value for the identity column in table ’sen_temp’ can only be specified
when a column list is used and IDENTITY_INSERT is ON.

Rules for Identity column:

1. When set identity_insert <TableName> on flag is true, we can insert our own values

set identity_insert sen_temp on;

Insert into sen_temp values(100,’senthil’,10);

Error: An explicit value for the identity column in table ’sen_temp’ can only be
specified when a column list is used and IDENTITY_INSERT is ON.

2.Provide column names explictily in insert command

Insert into sen_temp(eno,ename,dept_id) values (100,’senthil’,20);

To Trurn-off this future....

set identity_insert <TableName> off;

set identity_insert sen_temp off;

/* 13. Delete one record from the middle of the table and insert another record to see the
Query - Page #3

effect of the insert */

Ans:

select * from sen_temp;

Delete sen_temp where eno=1;

Insert into sen_temp values (’senthil’,20);

Note: It takes largest value in that particular field and then plus one and assign it
to the next record....

/* 14. Add a field contractor_id to the table vehicles and set a reference to the
contractor_id field of the contractor’s table */

Ans:
Alter table sen_vehicles Add contractor_id int
constraint senfk foreign key references sen_contractor(contractor_id);

Error : There are no primary or candidate keys in the referenced table 'contractor'
that match the referencing column list in the foreign key 'senfk'.

Alter table sen_contractor Add constraint sen_pkc primary key(contractor_id);

Error : Cannot define PRIMARY KEY constraint on nullable column in table 'sen_contractor'.

Alter table sen_contractor Alter column contractor_id int not null;

Alter table sen_contractor Add constraint sen_pkc primary key(contractor_id);

/* 15. Create a table to include driver details have driver_id as the primary key.Include
other necessary fields. */

Ans:

Create table sen_driver

(
driver_id int constraint senck primary key,
dname varchar(20),
Address varchar(20)
);

/* 16. Create a table vehicle_allot to store information as to which vehicle has been
allotted to which driver. Include driver_id,vehicle_id,allot_date as fields in the table.
Designate driver_id and vehicle_id as composite primary key */

Ans:
Create Table sen_vehicle_allot
(
driver_id int,
vech_num int,
adate datetime
);

Alter Table sen_vehicle_allot Alter column driver_id int not null

Alter Table sen_vehicle_allot Alter column vech_num int not null

Alter table sen_vehicle_allot Add constraint senckd1 primary key ( driver_id,vech_num);

Another Method....

Create Table sen_vehicle_allot

(
driver_id int,
vech_num int,
adate datetime,
constraint senckd1 primary key (driver_id,vech_num);
);

Note: The composite primary key can be made up of upto 16 fields....

Query - Page #4

/* 17. Try inserting two records with identical values for driver_id and vehicle_id.
Figure out the problem if any and rectify it. */

Ans:
Insert into sen_vehicle_allot values(100,200,’10/10/2001’); // okey

Insert into sen_vehicle_allot values(100,200,’10/10/2001’);

Error: Violation of PRIMARY KEY constraint ’senckd1’. Cannot insert duplicate key in
object ’sen_vehicle_allot’.The statement has been terminated.

Insert into sen_vehicle_allot values(200,200,’10/10/2001’);

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE - 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE - 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Create the following table definitions :

Sailors (sid : char , sname : char , rating : integer , age : integer)

Boats ( bid : char , bname : char , color : char)

Reserves (sid : char , bid : char , days : date)

Create the table definitions and set integrity constraints . Insert data into the tables
using the sample data given to you as an attachment.

Ans:
Create Table sen_sailors
(
sid varchar(10) constraint _sen_pk primary key,
sname varchar(20),
rating int,
age int
);

Create Table sen_boats

(
bid varchar(20) constraint _sen_bpk primary key,
bname varchar(20),
color varchar(10)
);

Create Table sen_Reserves

(
sid varchar(10),
bid varchar(20),
days datetime,
constraint sen_rfk1 foreign key(sid) references sen_sailors(sid),
constraint sen_rfk2 foreign key(bid) references sen_boats(bid)
);

1.) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red or green boat.

Ans:
select distinct s.sname
from sen_sailors s,sen_boats b,sen_reserves r
where s.sid = r.sid and
r.bid = b.bid and
b.color in (’red’,’green’);

select sname from sen_sailors where sid in

(select sid from sen_reserves where sid in
(select bid from sen_boats where color=’red’) or sid in
(select bid from sen_boats where color=’green’))

2.) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat and a green boat.

Ans:

select sname
from sen_sailors
where sid in(select sid from sen_reserves where bid in(select bid from sen_boats where co
and sid in(select sid from sen_reserves where bid in(select bid from sen_boats where co

3.) Find the names of sailors who have reserved a red boat.

Ans:
Query - Page #2

Select distinct s.sname

from sen_sailors s,sen_boats b,sen_reserves r
where s.sid = r.sid and
r.bid = b.bid and
b.color = ’red’;

4.) Find the names of sailors who have not reserved a red boat.

Ans:
select sname from sen_sailors where sid not in
( select sid from sen_reserves where bid in
( select bid from sen_boats where color=’red’)) and sid in
( select sid from sen_reserves where bid in
( select bid from sen_boats where color !=’red’));

5.) Find the sailor with the highest rating.

Ans:

select sname from sen_sailors where rating=(select max(rating) from sen_sailors);

6.) Find the names of sailors who are older than the oldest sailor with a rating of 10.

Ans:

select sname from sen_sailors where age=

( select max(age) from sen_sailors group by rating having rating=10);

7.) Find the age of the youngest sailor who is eligible to vote for each rating level with at
least two such sailors.

Ans:
select min(age) from sen_sailors where rating in
(select rating from sen_sailors where age>18 group by rating having count(*)>=2);

8.) For each red boat find the number of reservations for this boat.

Ans:
select count(sid)’No of Red boat Reservations’ from sen_reserves
where bid in ( select bid from sen_boats where color=’red’);

select r.bid,count(r.sid) No_of_reservation

from sen_boats b,sen_reserves r
group by r.bid,b.bid,b.color
having r.bid = b.bid and b.color=’red’;

9.) Find the sid of all sailors who have a rating of 10 or have reserved boat number 106.

Ans: select sname from sen_sailors where rating=10 or

sid in ( select sid from sen_reserves where bid=’b106’);

10.) Find the names of sailors who have reserved boat number 103.

Ans: select s.sname from sen_sailors s,sen_reserves r

where r.bid=’b103’ and r.sid = s.sid;

*************************************************************************************************
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE - 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Create Table sen_airmodels

(
model_id varchar(5) constraint sen_am_pk primary key,
model_name varchar(20),
cspeed integer,
type varchar(3)
);

Create Table sen_flights

(
flight_no varchar(5),
model_id varchar(5),
start varchar(2),
dest varchar(2),
distance int,
arrives numeric(5,2),
departs numeric(5,2),
constraint sen_fpk primary key(flight_no,model_id),
constraint sen_ffk foreign key(model_id) references sen_airmodels(model_id)
);

Create Table sen_emp

(
eid varchar(5) constraint sen_epk primary key,
ename varchar(20),
salary int
);

Create Table sen_certified

(
eid varchar(5),
model_id varchar(5),
constraint sen_cpk1 primary key(eid,model_id),
constraint sen_cfk1 foreign key(eid) references sen_emp(eid),
constraint sen_cfk2 foreign key(model_id) references sen_airmodels(model_id)
);
................................................................................................
sen_airmodels:
model_id model_name cspeed type
-------- -------------------- ----------- ----
A001 Boeing 900 TOR
A002 Sopwithcamel 500 VTL
A003 Spitfire 700 VTL
A004 Harrier 800 TOR
A005 Hawkers 900 TOR
A006 Stealth 600 VTL
.................................................................................................
sen_certified:
eid model_id
----- --------
P001 A001
P001 A002
P001 A003
P002 A002
P002 A005
P003 A003
P004 A004
P005 A001
P005 A005
.................................................................................................
sen_flights:
flight_no model_id start dest distance arrives departs
--------- -------- ----- ---- ----------- ------- -------
FL001 A001 NY CA 3000 13.30 14.00
FL001 A002 LA CA 3000 14.30 15.30
FL001 A003 LA NY 3000 14.00 15.15
Query - Page #2

FL001 A004 LA ME 3000 8.30 9.30

FL001 A005 NJ ME 3000 7.30 8.30
FL002 A001 NY CA 2000 12.00 12.30
FL002 A002 SA CA 2000 16.30 17.30
FL002 A003 LA NY 3000 15.00 15.45
.................................................................................................
sen_emp:
eid ename salary
----- -------------------- -----------
e007 Joeph 20000
e008 Abraham 8000
P001 Sam 10000
P002 David 15000
P003 Stepen 16000
P004 Raj 12000
P005 Thomas 12000
P006 George 3000
..................................................................................................

1. Using each pilot who is certified for more than two aircraft models,find the employee_id and
the maximum cruising range of the aircraft models that he ( or she ) is certified for.

select c.model_id,c.eid,a.cspeed from sen_certified c,sen_airmodels a where c.eid in

( select eid from sen_certified group by eid having count(eid)>2) and
c.model_id = a.model_id;

2. Find the names of pilots whose salary is less than the sum of cruising range of all the aircraft
models.

select ename from sen_emp where salary < ( select sum(cspeed) from sen_airmodels )and eid like ’P%’;

3. For all the aircraft models with cruising range over 700, find the salary of all pilots certified
for the aircraft model.

select c.eid,e.salary from sen_certified c,sen_emp e where c.model_id in

( select model_id from sen_airmodels where cspeed>700 ) and c.eid = e.eid;

4. Find the names of pilots certified for some Boeing aircraft.

select e.ename from sen_certified c,sen_emp e where c.model_id in

( select model_id from sen_airmodels where model_name = ’Boeing’) and c.eid = e.eid;

5. Identity the routes that can be piloted by every pilot who earns a salary of more than 15,000.
Display the employee_id,flight_no,model_id,start place and destination.

select c.eid,c.model_id,f.flight_no,f.start,f.dest from sen_certified c,sen_flights f

where c.eid in ( select eid from sen_emp where salary > 15000 and eid like ’P%’ ) and
c.model_id = f.model_id;

6. Print the names of pilots who can operate planes with cruising range greater than 800 miles, but
are not certified on any Boeing aircraft.

select ename from sen_emp where eid in

( select c.eid from sen_certified c,sen_airmodels a where c.eid in
( select eid from sen_certified where model_id in
( select model_id from sen_airmodels where cspeed > 800 and model_name !=’Boeing’ ) ) and
c.model_id = a.model_id and a.model_name !=’Boeing’ )
and eid not in
( select c.eid from sen_certified c,sen_airmodels a where c.eid in
( select eid from sen_certified where model_id in
( select model_id from sen_airmodels where cspeed > 800 and model_name !=’Boeing’ ) ) and
c.model_id = a.model_id and a.model_name =’Boeing’);

(or)

select eid from sen_emp where eid in

(select c.eid from sen_certified c where exists
( select a.model_id from sen_airmodels a where a.cspeed>800 and a.model_name =’Boeing’
and a.model_id=c.model_id)) and eid not in
(select c.eid from sen_certified c where exists
(select a.model_id from sen_airmodels a where a.cspeed>800 and a.model_name !=’Boeing’
and a.model_id=c.model_id))
Query - Page #3

7. Find the names of all employees who are certified to fly a boeing aircraft but not certified
to fly any of the the aircraft models of type VTL.

select ename from sen_emp where eid in

(select c.eid from sen_certified c,sen_airmodels a where c.eid in
(select eid from sen_certified where model_id in
(select model_id from sen_airmodels where model_name=’Boeing’)) and
c.model_id=a.model_id and type !=’VTL’)
and eid not in
(select c.eid from sen_certified c,sen_airmodels a where c.eid in
(select eid from sen_certified where model_id in
(select model_id from sen_airmodels where model_name=’Boeing’)) and
c.model_id=a.model_id and type =’VTL’);

(or)

select eid from sen_emp where eid in

(select c.eid from sen_certified c where exists
( select a.model_id from sen_airmodels a where model_name=’Boeing’ and a.model_id=c.model_id))
and eid in
(select c.eid from sen_certified c where exists
( select a.model_id from sen_airmodels a where type !=’VTL’ and model_name!=’Boeing’ and a.model_id=c.m

8. Compute the total salary of a pilot and the average salary of all employees excluding pilots.

select sum(e1.salary)/2 ’Total Sal for Pilots’,avg(e2.salary)’Avg sal for emp’

select * from
sen_emp e1, sen_emp e2
where e1.eid like ’P%’ and e2.eid like ’e%’;

output:

eid ename salary eid ename salary

----- -------------------- ----------- ----- -------------------- -----------
P001 Sam 10000 e007 Joeph 20000
P002 David 15000 e007 Joeph 20000
P003 Stepen 16000 e007 Joeph 20000
P004 Raj 12000 e007 Joeph 20000
P005 Thomas 12000 e007 Joeph 20000
P006 George 3000 e007 Joeph 20000
P001 Sam 10000 e008 Abraham 8000
P002 David 15000 e008 Abraham 8000
P003 Stepen 16000 e008 Abraham 8000
P004 Raj 12000 e008 Abraham 8000
P005 Thomas 12000 e008 Abraham 8000
P006 George 3000 e008 Abraham 8000

select eid,ename,salary + (select avg(salary) from sen_emp where eid like ’e%’) from sen_emp
where eid like ’P%’;

9. Print the name and salary of every non pilot whose salary is more than the average
salary of pilots

select ename,salary from sen_emp where salary >

(select avg(salary) from sen_emp where eid like ’P%’) and eid like ’e%’;

10. Find the flight no and model_id of all the aircraft models that can be used to fly from LA to
CA and from LA to NY.

select flight_no,model_id from sen_flights where (start=’LA’ and dest=’CA’) or

( start=’LA’ and dest=’NY’);

select flight_no,model_id,start,dest from sen_flights where flight_no in

( select flight_no from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’CA’)
and flight_no in
(select flight_no from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’NY’)
and ((start=’LA’ and dest=’CA’) or ( start=’LA’ and dest=’NY’));

select flight_no,model_id from sen_flights

Query - Page #4

where flight_no in
(select flight_no from sen_flights
where flight_no in (select flight_no from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’NY’)
and flight_no in (select flight_no from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’CA’))
and model_id in
(select model_id from sen_flights
where model_id in (select model_id from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’NY’)
or model_id in (select model_id from sen_flights where start=’LA’ and dest=’CA’))

*************************************************************************************************
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRACTICE - 6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.Find the titles of all books of the type "trad_cook" and the names of their authors

Ans:
select au_lname,au_fname from authors where au_id in
(select au_id from titleauthor where title_id in
(select title_id from titles where type =’trad_cook’));

select a.au_lname,a.au_fname,t.title
from titles t,titleauthor ta,authors a
where t.title_id=ta.title_id and t.type=’trad_cook’ and ta.au_id=a.au_id;

2.Find the names of the authors who live in the city in which the publisher "Algodata Systems"
is located.

Ans:

select au_lname,au_fname from authors where city =

(select city from publishers where pub_name=’Algodata Infosystems’);

select a.au_lname,a.au_fname
from authors a,publishers p
where p.pub_name=’Algodata Infosystems’ and p.city = a.city;

3.Find the books priced higher than the lowest priced book that has the type "Trad_cook"

Ans:

select title from titles where price>

(select min(price) from titles where type=’trad_cook’ )

4.Find the names of publishers who have published business books.

Ans:

select pub_name from publishers where pub_id in

(select pub_id from titles where type=’business’);

select distinct p.pub_name from publishers p,titles t

where p.pub_id = t.pub_id and t.type=’business’;

5.Find the names of authors who have written atleast one "Popular_comp" book type.

Ans:

select au_lname,au_fname from authors where au_id in

(select au_id from titleauthor where title_id in
(select title_id from titles where type=’popular_comp’));

select a.au_lname,a.au_fname from titleauthor ta,titles t,authors a

where t.type=’popular_comp’ and t.title_id=ta.title_id and ta.au_id = a.au_id;

6.Find the states of the whose book is published by the pub_id 0877

Ans:

select distinct state from authors where au_id in

(select au_id from titleauthor where title_id in
(select title_id from titles where pub_id=’0877’));

select distinct a.state from titles t,titleauthor ta,authors a

where t.pub_id=’0877’ and t.title_id = ta.title_id and ta.au_id = a.au_id;

7.Find the books that received an advance larger than the advance amount paid by
"Algodata systems"

Ans:

select title from titles where advance >

Query - Page #2

(select max(advance) from titles where pub_id in

(select pub_id from publishers where pub_name=’Algodata Infosystems’));

8.Find the names of the authors who live in a city in which no publisher is located.

Ans:

select au_lname,au_fname from authors a

where not exists (select city from publishers p where a.city=p.city)

select au_lname,au_fname from authors a

where city not in (select city from publishers p where a.city=p.city)

select distinct a.au_lname,a.au_fname from authors a,publishers p

where a.city != p.city; // It is not correct

9. Find the titles of books published by any publisher located in a city that begins with
the letter ’B’.

Ans:

select title from titles where pub_id in

(select pub_id from publishers where city like ’B%’);

select t.title from titles t,publishers p

where t.pub_id = p.pub_id and p.city like ’B%’;

10. Double the price of all books published by "New Moon Books".

Ans:

select title_id,title,price,2*price ’Double the Price’ from titles where pub_id =

(select pub_id from publishers where pub_name =’New Moon Books’);

select t.title_id,t.title,t.price,2*t.price ’Doubled Price’ from titles t,publishers p

where t.pub_id = p.pub_id and p.pub_name = ’New Moon Books’;

11. Find the titles and author names of books published by more than one publisher

Ans:

select pub_name from publishers where pub_id in

(select pub_id from titles where title_id in
(select ta1.title_id from titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2
where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id));

select pub_name from publishers where pub_id in

(select pub_id from titles where title_id in
(select title_id from titles t where t.title_id in
(select ta.title_id from titleauthor ta where t.title_id=ta.title_id group by ta.title_id
having count(*)>=2))) --and t.pub_id=p.pub_id // No need of comparing pub_id

select distinct p.pub_name from publishers p,titles t,titleauthor ta1,titleauthor ta2

where ta1.title_id = ta2.title_id and ta1.au_id <> ta2.au_id and
ta1.title_id = t.title_id and t.pub_id = p.pub_id;

12. Find the books which have price greater than the average price of all books of its type

Ans:

select title,pub_id from titles t where price >

(select avg(price) from titles t1 group by type having t1.type=t.type)

***************************************************************************************************
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Test I Date: 9-01-2002

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Test II
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Specification:

Note:
1) No table level constraints should be defined and all integrity constraints have to be
enforced using triggers.
2) Reports are to be generated using cursors.

Software Requiremet Specification:

A movie production company needs to record information about movies that they produce including
all the details of the movie, where it has been shot, in which theatres it has been screened and
the like. Your task is to create a database design for the production company to record all the
details.

The specification and constraints that you have to take into account are as follows..

1) The information for all directors, theatres and studios have to be stored

2) One director can direct many movies and one movie can have many actors. One studio can be
used for many movies and one movie can be shot only in one studio.

3) For each theatre, you will have to record the movies screened in the theatre, screen date
and the collections on each day for the movie till the screening is stopped in the particular
theatre.

4) You also need to maintain the total collections for each movie.

5) Details of all actors as to in which movie the actor acted, the total amount which he has been
promisied and the amount that he has been paid has to be recorded. The amount promisied can
be paid in a maximum of three installments.

6) At any time the outstanding amount that has to be paid to a particular actor for a particular
movie should be made available.

Design an E-R Diagram for the above specification and arrive at a table design primary and
foreign keys have to be indicated in the table.

’Integrity constraints that have to be enforced:’

1) Insertion of duplicate values in primary key fields has to be checked using triggers for
any tow tables of your choice. The primary key field should not be allowed to be updated.

2) Referential integrity of foreign key fields has to be enforced using triggers between any
two tables of your choice.

3) For any table of your choice, you need to perform a cascade delete on deletion of the
primary key of that table.

’Business logics to be implemented:’

1) You have to check that the advance amount received is not greater than the total amount
promisied for the actor.

2) For insertion of amount details for an actor for a movie check that the number of current
installment is less than or equal to three.

’Reports to be generated:’

1) For each movie, you need to display the total amount that has been incurred by way of
payment to actors

Format:
Movie Name Actor Name Amount
---------- ---------- --------
Query - Page #2

---------- --------
---------- --------
---------- --------

2) Display a report of total collections for each theatre datewise

Format:
Theatre Name Date Amount
------------ ---------- ----------
---------- ----------
---------- ----------
---------- ----------

3) For each movie you will have to display the studio where the movie has been shot, theatres
in which the movie has been screened and the screen date

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Create Table sen_movie

(
m_id varchar(20),
m_name varchar(20),
d_id varchar(20),
s_id varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_director

(
d_id varchar(20),
d_name varchar(20),
);

Create Table sen_actor

(
a_id varchar(20),
a_name varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_acting

(
m_id varchar(20),
a_id varchar(20),
p_amt float,
ins_id int
);

Create Table sen_installment

(
ins_id int,
amt float
);

Create Table sen_studio

(
s_id varchar(20),
s_name varchar(20),
loc varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_theatre

(
t_id varchar(20),
t_name varchar(20),
loc varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_screening

(
t_id varchar(20),
m_id varchar(20),
sdate datetime
);

Create Table sen_collection

Query - Page #3

(
t_id varchar(20),
tdate datetime,
amt float
)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Director---Movie [One to Many]
Movie---Actor [Many to Many] so Acting table is used
Movie---studio [one to many]
Movie--Theatre [Many to Many] so screening table is used
Collection table is used for calculating day to day collections of theatere no need of
considering films is running in the theatre
Installment table is used to store the installment amounts for an actor
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Triggers:

//// Primary key Trigger for Sen_movie Table //////

Create trigger sen_movie_insert

on sen_movie
for insert
as
declare @n int
select @n=count(*) from inserted,sen_movie
where inserted.m_id=sen_movie.m_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print "Primary key violation:Duplicate m_id not allowed"
rollback
end

insert into sen_movie values (’M001’,’KdalFlowers’,’D001’,’S001’);

insert into sen_movie values (’M002’,’Dhil’,’D001’,’S002’);
insert into sen_movie values (’M003’,’New Kings’,’D002’,’S001’);

select * from sen_movie

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//// Update Trigger for Sen_movie Table //////
create trigger sen_movie_update
on sen_movie
for update
as
if(update(m_id))
begin
print ’coud not updated,primary key are not allowed to update’
rollback
return
end

update sen_movie set m_id=’M005’ where m_id=’M003’

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_director values(’D001’,’BalaChandar’);
insert into sen_director values(’D002’,’BharathiRaja’);

select * from sen_director

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//// Primary key Trigger for Sen_Actor Table //////

Create trigger sen_actor_insert

on sen_actor
for insert
as
declare @n int
select @n=count(*) from inserted,sen_actor
where inserted.a_id=sen_actor.a_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print "Primary key violation:Duplicate a_id not allowed"
Query - Page #4

rollback
end

insert into sen_actor values(’A001’,’Kamal’);

insert into sen_actor values(’A002’,’Ajith’);
insert into sen_actor values(’A003’,’Senthil’);

select * from sen_actor;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//// Update Trigger for Sen_actor Table //////
create trigger sen_actor_update
on sen_actor
for update
as
if(update(a_id))
begin
print ’coud not updated,primary key are not allowed to update’
rollback
return
end

update sen_actor set a_id=’A005’ where a_id=’A001’

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Foreign key Trigger for sen_acting Table

create trigger sen_acting_insert

on sen_acting
for insert
as
declare @n int
select @n=count(*) from sen_acting a,inserted i where i.m_id=a.m_id and i.a_id=a.a_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print ’Primary key violation:Duplicate m_id and a_id combination not allowed’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
if not exists (select * from inserted i,sen_actor a where i.a_id=a.a_id)
begin
print ’invalid actor: a_id not found’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
if not exists (select * from inserted i,sen_movie m where i.m_id=m.m_id)
begin
print ’invalid movie:m_id not found’
rollback
return
end
else
print ’Successfully inserted’
end
end

insert into sen_acting values (’M001’,’A001’,50000,1);

insert into sen_acting values (’M001’,’A003’,75000,2);
insert into sen_acting values (’M002’,’A002’,65000,3);
insert into sen_acting values (’M003’,’A003’,60000,4);

select * from sen_acting

delete from sen_acting;

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

insert into sen_studio values(’S001’,’Sakthi’,’Tambaram’);

insert into sen_studio values(’S002’,’New Moon’,’Gindy’);

select * from sen_studio;

Query - Page #5

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

insert into sen_theatre values (’T001’,’Sarasvathi’,’Peruma palaya’);

insert into sen_theatre values (’T002’,’Kathikeyan’,’Tiruchengode’);
insert into sen_theatre values (’T003’,’Tirumalai’,’Peruma palaya’);
insert into sen_theatre values (’T004’,’Gokul’,’Tiruchengode’);

select * from sen_theatre

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

insert into sen_screening values (’T001’,’M001’,’01-15-2002’);

insert into sen_screening values (’T001’,’M002’,’01-25-2002’);
insert into sen_screening values (’T002’,’M001’,’01-15-2002’);
insert into sen_screening values (’T002’,’M003’,’01-30-2002’);
insert into sen_screening values (’T003’,’M002’,’01-15-2002’);
insert into sen_screening values (’T003’,’M001’,’01-20-2002’);
insert into sen_screening values (’T004’,’M001’,’01-01-2002’);

select * from sen_screening

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-15-2002’,12500);

insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-16-2002’,14600);
insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-17-2002’,18500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-19-2002’,15000);
insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-20-2002’,12000);
insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-25-2002’,12500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T001’,’01-26-2002’,20000);
insert into sen_collection values (’T002’,’01-15-2002’,7800);
insert into sen_collection values (’T002’,’01-16-2002’,9560);
insert into sen_collection values (’T002’,’01-17-2002’,11500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T003’,’01-15-2002’,4500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T003’,’01-16-2002’,6700);
insert into sen_collection values (’T003’,’01-17-2002’,3500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T004’,’01-15-2002’,22500);
insert into sen_collection values (’T004’,’01-16-2002’,27800);

select * from sen_collection

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Cascade Deletion Trigger...for Sen_Theatre Table.......

Create trigger sen_theatre_delete

on sen_theatre
for delete
as
declare @i varchar(20)
select @i=t_id from deleted
delete from sen_collection where t_id = @i

delete from sen_theatre where t_id=’T001’;

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Trigger for Installment Checking...................................

create trigger sen_installment_insert

on sen_installment
for insert
as
declare @n int
declare @pamt float
declare @amt float
select @n=count(*) from sen_installment inst ,inserted i where inst.ins_id=i.ins_id

if(@n>3)
begin
print ’Invalid installment : Only 3 installment is allowed....’
rollback
return
end

if(@n=0)
begin
select @pamt=act.p_amt from sen_acting act,inserted i where act.ins_id=i.ins_id
Query - Page #6

select @amt=amt from inserted

if(@amt>@pamt)
begin
print ’Error:Advance amount is greater than the promise amount’
rollback
return
end
end

if(@n > 0)
begin
select @pamt=act.p_amt from sen_acting act,inserted i where act.ins_id=i.ins_id
select @amt= sum(inst.amt) from sen_installment inst,inserted i where inst.ins_id=i.ins_id
if(@amt>@pamt)
begin
print ’Error:amount exceeds the the promise amount’
rollback
return
end
end

insert into sen_installment values(1,45000);

insert into sen_installment values(1,2000);
insert into sen_installment values(1,3000);
insert into sen_installment values(1,45000); // Error
insert into sen_installment values(2,50000);
insert into sen_installment values(2,25000);
insert into sen_installment values(2,25000); // Error amount exceeds the promise amount
insert into sen_installment values(3,60000);
insert into sen_installment values(3,5000);
insert into sen_installment values(4,20000);
insert into sen_installment values(4,2000);
insert into sen_installment values(4,20000);

select * from sen_installment

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from sen_installment
select * from sen_acting
select * from sen_movie;
select * from sen_director;
select * from sen_actor;
select * from sen_acting;
select * from sen_studio;
select * from sen_screening;
select * from sen_theatre;
select * from sen_collection;
select * from sen_installment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*************************************************************************************************
************************************’REPORTS’****************************************************
*************************************************************************************************
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create procedure movie_payment
as
set nocount on
declare @mid varchar(20),@mname varchar(20)
declare @aid varchar(20),@aname varchar(20),@pamount float
declare @i varchar(20)
declare @total float
select @total=0
print "Movie Name "+"Actor Name "+"Promise Amount"
print "------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
declare mcur cursor scroll
for
select m_id,m_name from sen_movie
open mcur
fetch next from mcur into @mid,@mname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @mname
declare acur cursor scroll
for select act.a_id,a.a_name,act.p_amt from sen_acting act,sen_actor a
where act.m_id=@mid and a.a_id=act.a_id
open acur
Query - Page #7

fetch next from acur into @i,@aname,@pamount

while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print " " + @aname + " " + convert(varchar,@pamount)
fetch next from acur into @i,@aname,@pamount
select @total = @total + @pamount
end
print "----------------------------------------------------------------------"
print " Total=" + convert(varchar,@total)
print "----------------------------------------------------------------------"
select @total=0
close acur
deallocate acur
fetch next from mcur into @mid,@mname
end
close mcur
deallocate mcur

exec movie_payment
drop procedure movie_payment
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create procedure theatre_amount
as
set nocount on
declare @tid varchar(20),@tname varchar(20)
declare @collection float
declare @ddate datetime
declare @total float
select @total=0
print "TheatreName "+"Date "+"Amount"
print "----------------------------------------------------------------"
declare tcur cursor scroll
for
select distinct c.t_id,t.t_name from sen_collection c,sen_theatre t
where t.t_id=c.t_id
open tcur
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@tname
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @tname
declare acur cursor scroll
for select c.tdate,c.amt from sen_collection c where c.t_id=@tid
open acur
fetch next from acur into @ddate,@collection
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print " " +convert(varchar,@ddate) + " " + convert(varchar,@col
fetch next from acur into @ddate,@collection
select @total = @total + @collection
end
print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’ Total=’ + convert(varchar,@total)
print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’
close acur
deallocate acur
select @total=0
fetch next from tcur into @tid,@tname
end
close tcur
deallocate tcur

exec theatre_amount

drop procedure theatre_amount

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create procedure sen_movie_details
as
set nocount on
declare @mid varchar(20),@mname varchar(20)
declare @sname varchar(20),@location varchar(20)
declare @tname varchar(20)
declare @sdate datetime
declare @sid varchar(20)
Query - Page #8

print "MovieName "+"Studio "+"Location "+"TheatreName "

+"ReleaseDate"
print "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
declare mcur cursor scroll
for
select m.m_id,m.m_name,s.s_name,s.loc from sen_movie m,sen_studio s
where s.s_id=m.s_id
open mcur

fetch next from mcur into @mid,@mname,@sname,@location

while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print @mname +" "+@sname+" "+@location

declare acur cursor scroll

for select distinct t.t_name,scr.sdate from sen_movie m,sen_theatre t,sen_screening scr
where scr.m_id=@mid and t.t_id=scr.t_id
open acur
fetch next from acur into @tname,@sdate
while(@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print " " +@tname + " " + convert(
fetch next from acur into @tname,@sdate
end
close acur
deallocate acur
print "-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
fetch next from mcur into @mid,@mname,@sname,@location
end

close mcur
deallocate mcur

exec sen_movie_details

drop procedure sen_movie_details

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from sen_acting
select * from sen_movie;
select * from sen_director;
select * from sen_actor;
select * from sen_studio;
select * from sen_screening;
select * from sen_theatre;
select * from sen_collection;
select * from sen_installment
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Test III
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Two Wheeler Service Station-----------------------------

Project Specification :

A two-wheeler service station needs to record details about the vehicles that come in for
servicing each day. The vehicles that come in for servicing are done maintenance type servicing
which will include labourers to perform the job and each vehicle type(eg: Suzuki, Kawasaki,
Escorts, Kinetic) can have different maintenance types(eg: engine maintenance, gearbox
maintenance, electrical maintenance..) and more than one vehicle type can have the same
maintenance type. A vehicle type number identifies each vehicle type. It is necessary to record
the approximate time that each vehicle type needs for servicing. The total time that a vehicle
type needs for servicing for a maintenance type is msplit into labor types and the approximate
time needed for each labor type is recorded in advance, which is a one-time recording of
details

These details are recorded so that when vehicles come in for servicing, the maintenance types
that are needed for that particular vehicle are identified and the approximate time that it
will take for servicing the vehicle and the approximate cost (without the parts replacement
cost if any) can be presented to the customer.

A Regn No identifies each vehicle that comes in for servicing and a job card is allotted for
that particular vehicle. The details in the Job card should include the vehicle Regn No, the
job card number, the vehicle type, the types of servicing the vehicle needs, the labor charge
for the service, and the parts replacement cost for any part that is replaced in the vehicle,
the total KM run as identified from the odometer, vehicle in time, expected out time,
the customer name, his address and contact number, the supervisor name for that vehicle and
other miscellaneous details. All these details are entered prior to the vehicle being taken
to the service depot. The labels for the details to be entered have to be pre printed in the
form that will be displayed for data entry, after the vehicle type is identified.
Each Vehicle type has a different type of Job Card.

After the vehicle is taken to the service depot, the supervisor for that particular vehicle
is intimated and he allots tasks for the laborers working under him, to service the vehicle.
Each supervisor has around five laborers working under him. One laborer can be asked to
service more than one vehicle per day, depending upon the workload assigned for him.
The supervisor after allotting a task for each laborer constantly maintains the status of
their work and other miscellaneous details (eg: replacement of a part in the vehicle (or)
expected time of completion). All the details are provided to the clerk who generated the
job card, who then updates the Parts charge column in the job card and then generates a bill
for the customer based on the details in the job card.

Identify the entities and draw an E-R Diagram

You are required to create a clustered index on all the primary keys and non clustered index
for all the foreign keys.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create Table sen_vehicle
(
v_id varchar(10) constraint sv_pk primary key,
v_name varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_maintenance

(
m_id varchar(10) constraint sm_pk primary key,
m_name varchar(20)
);

Create Table sen_service_cost

(
v_id varchar(10) constraint sc_fk1 foreign key references sen_vehicle(v_id),
m_id varchar(10) constraint sc_fk2 foreign key references sen_maintenance(m_id),
cost float,
constraint sc_pk primary key(v_id,m_id)
);

Create Table sen_servicing

(
Query - Page #2

s_id varchar(10) constraint ss_pk primary key,

j_id varchar(10) constraint ss_fk1 foreign key references sen_job_card(j_id),
l_id varchar(10) constraint ss_fk2 foreign key references sen_labour(l_id),
m_id varchar(10) constraint ss_fk3 foreign key references sen_maintenance(m_id),
sdate datetime
);

Create Table sen_replacement

(
s_id varchar(10) constraint sr_fk1 foreign key references sen_servicing(s_id),
t_id varchar(10) constraint sr_fk2 foreign key references sen_stores(t_id),
constraint sr_pk1 primary key(s_id,t_id)
);

-- Index Table--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create Table sen_labour
(
l_id varchar(10) constraint sl_pk primary key nonclustered,
lname varchar(30) not null,
address varchar(30),
sup_id varchar(10) constraint sl_fk foreign key references sen_labour(l_id)
);

Create Clustered index sen_labour_index

on sen_labour(sup_id)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Create Table sen_stores

(
t_id varchar(10) constraint sst_pk primary key,
tnmae varchar(30) not null,
qih int,
uprice float
);

Create Table sen_job_card

(
j_id varchar(10) constraint sj_pk primary key,
reg_no varchar(20) not null,
v_id varchar(10) constraint sj_fk1 foreign key references sen_vehicle(v_id),
lcharge float, -- labour charge
kran int, -- kilometer ran
sup_id varchar(10) constraint sj_fk2 foreign key references sen_labour(l_id),
total_cost numeric(8,2),
in_date datetime not null,
exp_date datetime not null,
d_date datetime,
ready bit,
cus_name varchar(20),
phone varchar(20)
);
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger sen_job_card_insert
on sen_job_card
for insert
as
declare @jid varchar(10)
select @jid = j_id from inserted
update sen_job_card set lcharge=0,total_cost=0 where j_id= @jid
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger sen_servicing_insert
on sen_servicing
for insert
as
declare @lid varchar(10)
declare @jid varchar(10)
declare @amount float

select @lid = l_id,@jid=j_id from inserted

if(@lid in (select l_id from sen_labour where sup_id =

(select sup_id from sen_job_card where j_id=@jid)))
begin
Query - Page #3

select @amount = sc.cost from sen_service_cost sc,sen_servicing s,sen_job_card c,inserted i

where i.j_id=c.j_id and c.v_id = sc.v_id and i.m_id = sc.m_id
update sen_job_card set lcharge= lcharge + @amount,total_cost=total_cost + @amount where j_id=@jid

end
else
begin
print ’Invalid Labourd id under Supervisior id’
rollback
end
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_vehicle values(’V001’,’TVS-XL Super’);
insert into sen_vehicle values(’V002’,’SUZUKI MAX 100’);
insert into sen_vehicle values(’V003’,’SUZUKI MAX 100-R’);
insert into sen_vehicle values(’V004’,’YAMAHA 100 CC’);
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_maintenance values(’M001’,’Engine’);
insert into sen_maintenance values(’M002’,’Gear Box’);
insert into sen_maintenance values(’M003’,’Electrical’);
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V001’,’M001’,450)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V002’,’M001’,750)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V002’,’M002’,300)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V003’,’M001’,750)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V003’,’M002’,300)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V003’,’M003’,150)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V004’,’M001’,820)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V004’,’M002’,340)
insert into sen_service_cost values(’V004’,’M003’,150)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_labour values(’SP01’,’Senthil’,’Salem’,null)
insert into sen_labour values(’SP02’,’Sabitha’,’Salem’,null)

insert into sen_labour values(’L001’,’Ravikumar’,’Salem’,’SP01’)

insert into sen_labour values(’L002’,’Anjala’,’Tiruchengode’,’SP01’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L003’,’Sudamani’,’Rasipuram’,’SP01’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L004’,’Munian’,’Rasipuram’,’SP01’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L005’,’Kurupan’,’kokkarayanpetti’,’SP01’)

insert into sen_labour values(’L006’,’Karuvayan’,’Salem’,’SP02’)

insert into sen_labour values(’L007’,’Vellian’,’Tiruchengode’,’SP02’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L008’,’Suppan’,’vellore’,’SP02’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L009’,’Pandian’,’perumapalayam’,’SP02’)
insert into sen_labour values(’L010’,’Murugan’,’Salem’,’SP02’)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_stores values(’T001’,’GearBox’,12,1200)
insert into sen_stores values(’T002’,’Alpa LightSet’,15,450)
insert into sen_stores values(’T003’,’Engine Oil’,15,120)
insert into sen_stores values(’T004’,’Silencer’,16,240)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_job_card(j_id,reg_no,v_id,kran,sup_id,in_date,exp_date,ready,cus_name,phone)
values(’J001’,’TN34-2725’,’V003’,1200,’SP02’,’03/26/2002’,’03/30/2002’,0,’Sukumar’,’04288-50255’)
update sen_job_card set ready=1,d_date=null where j_id=’J001’

insert into sen_job_card(j_id,reg_no,v_id,kran,sup_id,in_date,exp_date,ready,cus_name,phone)

values(’J002’,’TN28-0728’,’V001’,3000,’SP01’,’03/26/2002’,’03/26/2002’,0,’Nithiya’,’91427-4321’)

insert into sen_job_card(j_id,reg_no,v_id,kran,sup_id,in_date,exp_date,ready,cus_name,phone)

values(’J003’,’TN32-1782’,’V004’,1245,’SP01’,’03/26/2002’,’03/26/2002’,0,’Elaiyappan’,’04288-226255’)

insert into sen_job_card(j_id,reg_no,v_id,kran,sup_id,in_date,exp_date,ready,cus_name,phone)

values(’J004’,’TN47-9921’,’V003’,4303,’SP02’,’03/26/2002’,’03/26/2002’,0,’Ramesh’,’04287-61993’)

insert into sen_job_card(j_id,reg_no,v_id,kran,sup_id,in_date,exp_date,ready,cus_name,phone)

values(’J005’,’TN28-3210’,’V002’,4303,’SP02’,’03/27/2002’,’03/27/2002’,0,’Santhosh’,’04245-54993’)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_servicing values(’S001’,’J001’,’L006’,’M001’,’03/26/2002’)
insert into sen_servicing values(’S002’,’J001’,’L008’,’M003’,’03/26/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S003’,’J002’,’L001’,’M001’,’03/26/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S004’,’J003’,’L005’,’M001’,’03/26/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S005’,’J003’,’L004’,’M002’,’03/26/2002’)
insert into sen_servicing values(’S006’,’J003’,’L003’,’M003’,’03/26/2002’)
Query - Page #4

insert into sen_servicing values(’S007’,’J004’,’L006’,’M001’,’03/26/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S008’,’J004’,’L007’,’M003’,’03/26/2002’)
insert into sen_servicing values(’S009’,’J004’,’L008’,’M002’,’03/26/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S010’,’J005’,’L006’,’M001’,’03/27/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S011’,’J005’,’L007’,’M002’,’03/27/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S012’,’J006’,’L005’,’M001’,’03/28/2002’)

insert into sen_servicing values(’S013’,’J006’,’L004’,’M002’,’03/28/2002’)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
insert into sen_replacement values(’S001’,’T003’)
insert into sen_replacement values(’S002’,’T002’)

insert into sen_replacement values(’S004’,’T003’)

insert into sen_replacement values(’S005’,’T004’)

insert into sen_replacement values(’S008’,’T004’)

insert into sen_replacement values(’S011’,’T001’)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
select * from sen_vehicle
select * from sen_maintenance

select * from sen_service_cost

select * from sen_servicing
select * from sen_replacement
select * from sen_labour
select * from sen_stores
select * from sen_job_card

delete from sen_vehicle where v_id=’V005’ or v_id=’V006’

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.) You are required to display the total number of different types of vehicles that have
come in for servicing on a particular day
Ans:
create procedure sen_service_come_particular_day(@cday datetime)
as
if(exists
(select v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,count(v.v_id) ’Nos’ from sen_vehicle v,sen_job_card c
where c.v_id=v.v_id and c.in_date = @cday
group by v.v_name ))
begin
select v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,count(v.v_id) ’Nos’ from sen_vehicle v,sen_job_card c
where c.v_id=v.v_id and c.in_date = @cday
group by v.v_name
end
else
print ’No Records on that date’

exec sen_service_come_particular_day ’03/26/2002’

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.) At the end of each month you have to generate a report of the total number of
vehicles of all types that a particular labourer has serviced. The same information has
to be presented for all the supervisors who supervise the service of vehicles. The
report should have the employee name, vehicle type and the total vehicles that he
has serviced of that particular type.

Ans:
create procedure sen_labour_report(@lid varchar(10),@date datetime)
as
set nocount on
print ’Month ’ + convert(varchar,month(@date)) + ’ Year ’ + convert(varchar,year(@date))
print ’---------------------------------------------------------------’
select l.lname ’Labour Name’,v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,count(v.v_id) ’Nos’
from sen_servicing s,sen_job_card j,sen_labour l,sen_vehicle v
where s.l_id=@lid and s.j_id=j.j_id and j.v_id=v.v_id and s.l_id=l.l_id and
month(sdate)=month(@date) and year(sdate)=year(@date)
group by l.lname,v.v_name

select l.lname ’Supervisior Name’, v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,count(v.v_id) ’Nos’

from sen_job_card c,sen_labour l,sen_vehicle v
where c.sup_id=l.l_id and c.v_id=v.v_id and
month(c.in_date)=month(@date) and year(c.in_date)=year(@date)
group by l.lname,v.v_name
Query - Page #5

exec sen_labour_report ’L007’,’03/26/2002’

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.) On any date the details of Job Cards that have been raised have to be made available
Ans:
create procedure sen_job_card_details(@cdate datetime)
as
if(exists
(select c.reg_no ’Reg No’,v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,l.lname ’Supervisior Name’,left(convert(varchar,c.exp_d
from sen_job_card c,sen_vehicle v,sen_labour l
where c.v_id=v.v_id and c.sup_id=l.l_id and c.in_date=@cdate))
begin
select c.reg_no ’Reg No’,v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,l.lname ’Supervisior Name’,left(convert(varchar,c.exp_d
from sen_job_card c,sen_vehicle v,sen_labour l
where c.v_id=v.v_id and c.sup_id=l.l_id and c.in_date=@cdate
end
else
print ’No job cards for that day’

exec sen_job_card_details ’03/27/2002’

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.) On any day a report of the vehicles that have come in for servicing on the previous
day and have not been delivered to the customers has to be made available
Ans:
create procedure sen_previousday_not_delivered(@cdate datetime)
as
if(exists( select * from sen_job_card where in_date=convert(datetime,@cdate)-1 and d_date is null))
begin
select distinct c.reg_no ’Reg No’,v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,l.lname ’Supervisior Name’,
status = case ready
when 0 then ’Not Serviced’
when 1 then ’Serviced’
end
from sen_job_card c,sen_vehicle v,sen_labour l
where c.sup_id=l.l_id and c.v_id=v.v_id and c.in_date=convert(datetime,@cdate)-1 and c.d_date is null
end
else
print ’No Vehicles are bending those came previous day’

exec sen_previousday_not_delivered ’03/27/2002’

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.) For any vehicle the details of parts replaced/repaired have to be shown as a report
to the customer along with the cost of the part(if replaced) and labour cost(if repaired/
replaced)
Ans:
create procedure sen_vehicle_service_details(@j_id varchar(10))
as
declare @reg_no varchar(20)
declare @vid varchar(10)
declare @vname varchar(20)
declare @ltcost numeric(8,2)
declare @tcost numeric(8,2)
set nocount on

select @reg_no=reg_no,@vid=v_id from sen_job_card where j_id=@j_id

select @vname=v_name from sen_vehicle where v_id=@vid

print ’Reg-No : ’ + @reg_no + ’ Vehicle Type : ’ + @vname

print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’Labour Changes Summary’
print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’

select distinct m.m_name ’Maintenance Type’,sc.cost ’Labour Charge’

from sen_job_card c,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost sc,sen_servicing s
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.m_id = sc.m_id and c.v_id=sc.v_id and sc.m_id = m.m_id and c.j_id=@j_id

select @ltcost=sum(sc.cost)
from sen_job_card c,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost sc,sen_servicing s
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.m_id = sc.m_id and c.v_id=sc.v_id and sc.m_id = m.m_id and c.j_id=@j_id

print ’-----------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’Replacement/Repaired Summary’
print ’-----------------------------------------------------------------------’
Query - Page #6

select s.tnmae ’Tool Name’,s.uprice ’Price’

from sen_stores s,sen_servicing ss,sen_replacement r
where ss.j_id=@j_id and ss.s_id=r.s_id and r.t_id = s.t_id

print ’-----------------------------------------------------------------------’
select @tcost=total_cost from sen_job_card where j_id=@j_id
print ’ Total Amount ’ + convert(varchar,@tcost)
print ’-----------------------------------------------------------------------’

exec sen_vehicle_service_details ’J006’

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.) At the end of all days a report has to be generated of the vehicles that have been
promised for delivery on that day but could not be delivered
Ans:
create procedure sen_bending_promised_vehicle(@date datetime)
as
if(exists (select * from sen_job_card where exp_date-@date<=-1))
begin
select c.reg_no ’Reg No’,v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,left(convert(varchar,c.exp_date),11) ’Expected Deliv
from sen_job_card c,sen_vehicle v
where c.v_id = v.v_id and c.ready=0 and exp_date-@date <= -1
end
else
print ’No Bending vehicles’

exec sen_bending_promised_vehicle ’03/31/2002’

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.) Display the details of the common maintenance types of all the vehicles
Ans:

select v.v_name ’Vehicle Type’,m.m_name ’Maintenance Type’

from sen_vehicle v,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost c
where v.v_id=c.v_id and c.m_id=m.m_id group by v.v_name,m.m_name

select m.m_name ’Maintenance Type’

from sen_vehicle v,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost c
where v.v_id=c.v_id and c.m_id=m.m_id group by m.m_name having count(*)=4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.) Write a trigger that will update the QOH of the parts once a part is procured from the
store for fitting into the vehicle
(and)
9.) For each record that is inserted into the transaction table for each job card, a trigger
has to fire, to keep a running total of the cost that has been incurred for that particular
service. This detail has to be displayed on each insert
Ans:
create trigger sen_replacement_insert
on sen_replacement
for insert
as
declare @qty int
declare @tid varchar(10)
declare @price float
declare @jid varchar(10)
declare @total numeric(8,2)
select @qty=qih from inserted i,sen_stores s where s.t_id=i.t_id

if(@qty>1)
begin
select @tid=t_id from inserted
update sen_stores set qih=qih-1 where t_id=@tid
select @price=uprice from sen_stores where t_id=@tid
select @jid=j_id from sen_servicing s,inserted i where i.s_id=s.s_id
print @jid + convert(varchar,@price)
update sen_job_card set total_cost=total_cost+@price where j_id=@jid
select @total = total_cost from sen_job_card where j_id=@jid
print ’The running total cost is Rs ’ + convert(varchar,@total) + ’/.’
end
else
begin
print ’Unavailable qty in hand’
rollback
end
insert into sen_replacement values(’S012’,’T003’)
Query - Page #7

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.) At the end of each month the total revenue got by sale of parts and labour charges
has to be made available.The report should contain the part name and labour type
Ans:
create procedure sen_total_revenue(@date datetime)
as
declare @ltotal numeric(8,2)
declare @ttotal numeric(8,2)
declare @rev numeric(8,2)
set nocount on
print ’Month ’ + convert(varchar,month(@date)) + ’ Year ’ + convert(varchar,year(@date))
print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’Labour Charge Summary’
print ’----------------------------------------------------------------------’

select distinct m.m_name ’Labour Type’,sum(sc.cost) ’Total Cost’

from sen_job_card c,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost sc,sen_servicing s
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.m_id = sc.m_id and c.v_id=sc.v_id and sc.m_id = m.m_id and
month(c.in_date)= month(@date) and
year(c.in_date) = year(@date)
group by m.m_name

print ’---------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’Tools Sale Summary’
print ’---------------------------------------------------------------------’

select @ltotal=sum(sc.cost)
from sen_job_card c,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost sc,sen_servicing s
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.m_id = sc.m_id and c.v_id=sc.v_id and sc.m_id = m.m_id and
month(c.in_date)= month(@date) and
year(c.in_date) = year(@date)

select st.tnmae ’Tool Name’,sum(st.uprice)’Total Price’

from sen_job_card c,sen_servicing s,sen_replacement r,sen_stores st
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.s_id = r.s_id and r.t_id = st.t_id and
month(s.sdate)=month(@date) and year(s.sdate)=year(@date)
group by st.tnmae

select @ttotal = sum(st.uprice)

from sen_job_card c,sen_servicing s,sen_replacement r,sen_stores st
where c.j_id=s.j_id and s.s_id = r.s_id and r.t_id = st.t_id and
month(s.sdate)=month(@date) and year(s.sdate)=year(@date)

print ’---------------------------------------------------------------------’
print ’ Total Labour Charge is Rs ’ + convert(varchar,@ltotal) + ’/.’
print ’ Total Tools Sale is Rs ’ + convert(varchar,@ttotal) + ’/.’
select @rev=@ltotal+@ttotal
print ’ Total Revenue is Rs ’ + convert(varchar,@rev) + ’/.’
print ’---------------------------------------------------------------------’

exec sen_total_revenue ’03/26/2002’

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Create Table sen_login

(
user_name varchar(20) constraint sen_login_pk primary key,
uname varchar(30),
password varchar(15) not null
);

insert into sen_login values(’sen’,’Senthil’,’sen’);

select * from sen_login

delete sen_login where user_name=’senthil’

select * from sen_vehicle

select * from sen_maintenance

select * from sen_service_cost

select v.v_id,v.v_name,m.m_id,m.m_name,c.cost
from sen_vehicle v,sen_maintenance m,sen_service_cost c
Query - Page #8

where c.v_id = v.v_id and c.m_id=m.m_id

select * from sen_labour where sup_id is null

update sen_labour set sup_id=null where l_id=’SP02’

Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Test IV
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

create table sen_applicant

(
app_no varchar(10) constraint sen_app primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
city varchar(10),
address varchar(30)
)

insert into sen_applicant values(’A100’,’Senthil’,’Salem’,’T.gode’)

insert into sen_applicant values(’A101’,’kum’,’Salem’,’T.gode’)
insert into sen_applicant values(’A102’,’aravind’,’Salem’,’T.gode’)
insert into sen_applicant values(’A103’,’rajesh’,’Salem’,’T.gode’)

create table sen_registeration

(
reg_no varchar(10) constraint sen_reg_pk4 primary key,
app_no varchar(10),
cid varchar(10) constraint sen_reg_fk references sen_course(cid),
date datetime
)

drop table sen_registeration

insert into sen_registeration values(’R100’,’A100’,’C100’,getdate())

insert into sen_registeration values(’R102’,’A101’,’C100’,getdate())
insert into sen_registeration values(’R101’,’A100’,’C101’,getdate())

create table sen_course

(
cid varchar(10) constraint sen_reg_pk primary key,
cname varchar(20) not null,
pre_req varchar(20),
fee float,
pid varchar(10) constraint sen_course_fk references sen_professor(pid)
)

insert into sen_course values(’C100’,’JAVA’,’BE’,120,’P100’)

insert into sen_course values(’C101’,’C’,’BE’,500,’P101’)

create table sen_student

(
aid varchar (10) primary key,
sid varchar(10) constraint sen_stu_uni unique,
name varchar(20) not null,
cid varchar(10) constraint sen_stu_fk references sen_course(cid),
doj datetime
)

insert into sen_student values(’AA100’,’A100’,’Senthil’,’C100’,getdate())

insert into sen_student values(’AA101’,’A101’,’kum’,’C100’,getdate())

create table sen_professor

(
pid varchar(10) primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
city varchar(10),
state varchar(20),
phone varchar(15),
dob datetime
)

insert into sen_professor values(’P100’,’Suppan’,’Salme’,’sfsf’,’2424’,getdate())

insert into sen_professor values(’P101’,’Karuvayan’,’Salme’,’sfsf’,’2424’,getdate())
insert into sen_professor values(’P102’,’munion’,’bombauy’,’sfsf’,’2424’,getdate())
Query - Page #2

insert into sen_professor values(’P103’,’Vellian’,’Salme’,’sfsf’,’2424’,getdate())

select p1.name,p2.name from sen_professor p1,sen_professor p2

where p1.pid < p2.pid and p1.city=p2.city

create table sen_report

(
aid varchar(10) primary key,
mark float,
)

insert into sen_report values(’AA100’,80)

insert into sen_report values(’AA101’,40)

select s.sid,s.name,c.cname from sen_student s,sen_course c where s.aid in

( select aid from sen_report where grade=’First’) and s.cid=c.cid

create table sen_student

(
aid varchar (10) primary key,
sid varchar(10) constraint sen_stu_uni unique,
name varchar(20) not null,
cid varchar(10) constraint sen_stu_fk references sen_course(cid),
doj datetime
)

insert into sen_student values(’AA100’,’A100’,’Senthil’,’C100’,getdate())

insert into sen_student values(’AA101’,’A101’,’kum’,’C100’,getdate())

create table sen_bill

(
bill_no varchar(10) primary key,
date datetime,
cid varchar(10),
sid varchar(10),
fine float
)

insert into sen_bill values(’B100’,getdate(),’C100’,’A100’,null)

insert into sen_bill values(’B101’,getdate(),’C101’,’A100’,20)
insert into sen_bill values(’B102’,getdate(),’C100’,’A101’,null)

select sid,name from sen_student where sid not in

( select sid from sen_student where sid in
( select sid from sen_bill where fine is not null))
and sid in
( select sid from sen_student where sid in
( select sid from sen_bill where fine is null))

select sid from sen_student where sid not in

( select sid from sen_student where sid in
( select sid from sen_bill where fine is not null))

select b.cid,sum(c.fee) from sen_course c,sen_bill b where b.cid=c.cid group by b.cid

select * from sen_applicant

select app_no,name from sen_applicant where app_no in

( select app_no from sen_registeration group by app_no having count(*) >1)

select * from sen_registeration

select * from sen_student

select s.reg_no,s.app_no,s.cid from sen_registeration s where not exists

( select st.* from sen_student st where st.sid=s.app_no and st.cid=s.cid)
Query - Page #3
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRIGGERS - EXAMPLE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question: Create the following tables and impose the necessary constraints by using triggers.....
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tables:

Customers:-
c_id int (primary key)
cname varchar(20)
Address varchar(20)

Constraints to be imposed:-

1.) Insert: Primary key(c_id) Checking...

2.) Update: Ensure the primary key(c_id) should not be altered...

3.) Delete: do not allow the deletion if the c_id exists in the invoice Table....

Products:-
p_id int primary key
pname varchar(20)
qty_hand varchar(20)

Constraints to be imposed:-

1.) Insert: Primary key(p_id) Checking...

2.) Update: Ensure the primary key(p_id) should not be altered...

3.) Delete: do not allow the deletion if the p_id exists in the invoice Table....

Invoice:-
o_id int primary key
c_id int
p_id int
idate datetime
qty int

Constraints to be imposed:-

1.) Insert: Primary key(o_id) Checking...

Foreign key(c_id) checking in the customers table
Foreign key(p_id) checking in the products table
check the availability of the qty in the products table and store the current quantity i

2.) Update: Ensure the primary key(o_id) should not be altered...

The updated qty will be taken an effect in respected entry of the products table

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create Table sen_customers
(
c_id int,
cname varchar(20),
address varchar(40)
);

create Table sen_products

(
p_id int,
pname varchar(20),
qty_hand int
);

create Table sen_invoice

(
o_id int,
c_id int,
p_id int,
qty int,
idate datetime
Query - Page #2

);

select * from sen_invoice

select * from sen_products
select * from sen_customers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create trigger sen_customers_insert
on sen_customers
for insert
as
declare @n int
select @n=count(*) from inserted,sen_customers
where inserted.c_id=sen_customers.c_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print "Primary key violation:Duplicate c_id not allowed"
rollback
end

insert into sen_customers values (101,’Ashiwarya’,’3 Sidney square end,Sidney’);

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create trigger sen_customers_update
on sen_customers
for update
as
if(update(c_id))
begin
print ’Primary key c_id not allowed to change’
rollback
end

update sen_customers set c_id=101,cname=’kumarn’ where c_id=101

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create trigger sen_customers_delete
on sen_customers
for delete
as
declare @n int
declare @i int
select @i=c_id from deleted
select @n=count(*) from sen_invoice i,deleted d where i.c_id=d.c_id
if(@n<>0)
begin
print ’Could not be deleted, c_id exists in the products table’
rollback
end

delete sen_customers where c_id=101;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create trigger sen_products_insert
on sen_products
for insert
as
declare @n int
select @n=count(*) from inserted,sen_products
where inserted.p_id=sen_products.p_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print "Primary key violation:Duplicate p_id not allowed"
rollback
end

insert into sen_products values(202,’Dream Flower’,25);

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger sen_products_update
on sen_products
for update
as
if(update(p_id))
begin
print ’Primary key p_id not allowed to change’
rollback
end
Query - Page #3

update sen_products set p_id=202 where p_id=205;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Create trigger sen_products_delete
on sen_products
for delete
as
declare @n int
declare @i int
select @i=p_id from deleted
select @n=count(*) from sen_invoice i,deleted d where i.p_id=d.p_id
if(@n<>0)
begin
print ’Could not be deleted, p_id exists in the products table’
rollback
end

delete sen_products where p_id=201;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger sen_invoice_insert
on sen_invoice
for insert
as
declare @n int
declare @c int
declare @i int
select @n=count(*) from sen_invoice inv,inserted i where inv.o_id=i.o_id
if(@n>1)
begin
print ’Primary key violation:Duplicate o_id not allowed’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
if not exists (select * from inserted i,sen_customers c where i.c_id=c.c_id)
begin
print ’invalid customer: c_id not found’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
if not exists (select * from inserted i,sen_products p where i.p_id=p.p_id)
begin
print ’invalid product:p_id not found’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
select @c=(p.qty_hand-i.qty) from sen_products p,inserted i where i.p_id=p.p_id
if(@c<0)
begin
print ’could not be inserted,qty exceeds the qty in hand’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
select @i=p_id from inserted
update sen_products set qty_hand =@c where p_id=@i
print ’qty in hand updated successfully’
end
end
end
end

insert into sen_invoice values(5,100,200,5,getdate());

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
create trigger sen_invoice_update
on sen_invoice
for update
as
declare @old_qty int
Query - Page #4

declare @new_qty int

declare @i int
declare @c int
if(update(o_id) or update(c_id) or update(p_id))
begin
print ’coud not updated,olny qty and date allowed to change’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
select @old_qty=qty,@i=p_id from deleted
update sen_products set qty_hand=(qty_hand + @old_qty) where p_id=@i
select @new_qty=qty from inserted
select @c=(p.qty_hand-@new_qty) from sen_products p,inserted i where p.p_id=i.p_id
if(@c<0)
begin
print ’could not be updated,qty exceeds the qty in hand’
rollback
return
end
else
begin
select @i=p_id from inserted
update sen_products set qty_hand =@c where p_id=@i
print ’qty in hand updated successfully’
end
end

update sen_invoice set qty=1 where o_id=1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

select * from sen_invoice

select * from sen_products
select * from sen_customers
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FLIGHT EXAMPLE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

create table flight_master

(
f_num varchar(10) constraint fn_pkey primary key,
route varchar(50),
day_opt varchar(30),
air_type varchar(15),
arr_time varchar(30),
dep_time varchar(30),
f_class_seats int,
f_class_fare float,
b_class_seats int,
b_class_fare float,
e_class_seats int,
e_class_fare float
);

create table test_trans

(
f_num varchar(10) constraint ff_fkey foreign key (f_num) references flight_master( f_num),
pnr int,
pname varchar(20),
age int,
sex varchar(10),
address varchar(30),
date_of_travel datetime,
class varchar(20),
status varchar(20)
)

insert into flight_master values(’SA101’,’Singapore-to-Manila’,’16’,’B707’,’14:25’,’23:00’,5,6500.00,3,52

insert into flight_master values(’SA102’,’Singapore-to-Manila’,’16’,’A310’,’14:25’,’23:00’,5,6500.00,3,52
insert into flight_master values(’SA103’,’Singapore-to-Muscat’,’25’,’B707’,’15:25’,’24:00’,100,6500.00,15
insert into flight_master values(’SA104’,’Singapore-to-Dubai’,’34’,’A310’,’16:25’,’20:00’,100,6500.00,150
insert into flight_master values(’SA105’,’Singapore-to-KulaLumpur’,’17’,’A310’,’10:25’,’04:00’,100,6500.0
insert into flight_master values(’SA106’,’Singapore-to-Jakarta’,’26’,’B707’,’12:25’,’14:00’,100,6500.00,1
*****************************************************************************
Reservation Procedure
*************************************************************************************************

create procedure sen_reservation( @f_num varchar(10),

@date varchar(20),
@class varchar(20),
@name varchar(20),
@age int,
@sex varchar(10),
@address varchar(30),
@wstatus int)

as

declare @rec_num int

declare @day_num int
declare @c1 int
declare @c2 int
declare @day_opt varchar(20)
declare @pnr_no int
declare @flag int

select @flag=0

select @day_opt = day_opt from flight_master where f_num=@f_num

select @day_num = datepart(dw,@date);

select @c1= substring(@day_opt,1,1)

Query - Page #2

select @c2= substring(@day_opt,2,2)

if(@day_num=@c1 or @day_num=@c2) -- day check if

begin
select @rec_num=count(*) from test_trans where f_num=@f_num and date_of_travel=@date and class=@class
-- First class coding
if(@class=’First’)-- first class if
begin
if(@rec_num<5) -- seat checking if
begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans

if(@pnr_no is null) -- pnr checking if

begin
select @pnr_no = 101
end
else
begin
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
end

insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Confirmed’)

select @flag=1
select ’Fsucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)

end -- seat check if end

else
begin -- first class waiting code

if(@rec_num<7 and @wstatus=1)

begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Waiting’)
select @flag=1
select ’FWsucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)
end
end -- first class waiting code end
end -- first class if end

-- Economy class coding

if(@class=’Economy’)-- economy class if
begin
if(@rec_num<3) -- economy seat checking if
begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans

if(@pnr_no is null) -- pnr checking if

begin
select @pnr_no = 100
end
else
begin
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
end

insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Confirmed’)

select @flag=1
select ’Esucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)

end -- economy seat check if end

else
begin -- Economy class waiting code

if(@rec_num<5 and @wstatus=1)

begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Waiting’)
select @flag=1
select ’EWsucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)
end
end -- Economy class waiting code end
end -- econnomy class if end
Query - Page #3

-- Business class coding

if(@class=’Business’)-- Business class if
begin
if(@rec_num<3) -- Business seat checking if
begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans

if(@pnr_no is null) -- pnr checking if

begin
select @pnr_no = 100
end
else
begin
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
end

insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Confirmed’)

select @flag=1
select ’Bsucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)

end --Business seat check if end

else
begin -- Business class waiting code

if(@rec_num<5 and @wstatus=1)

begin
select @pnr_no=max(pnr) from test_trans
select @pnr_no = @pnr_no + 1
insert into test_trans values(@f_num,@pnr_no,@name,@age,@sex,@address,@date,@class,’Waiting’)
select @flag=1
select ’BWsucess’+convert(varchar,@pnr_no)
end
end -- Business class waiting code end
end -- Business class if end

if(@flag=0)
begin
select "housefull"
end

end -- day check if

else
begin
select ’wrongdate’
end

********************************************************************************************
Cancellation Procedure
*****************************************************************************
create procedure sen_cancellation(@pnr int,@cdate varchar(20))
as

declare @datediff int

declare @class varchar(20)
declare @amt float
declare @minpnr int
declare @waiting varchar(20)

select @datediff=datediff(day,date_of_travel,@cdate) from test_trans where pnr=@pnr

select @class = class from test_trans where pnr=@pnr
select @waiting= status from test_trans where pnr=@pnr

select @amt=case @class

when ’First’ then 6500
when ’Business’ then 5200
when ’Economy’ then 4700
end

if(@datediff=0) -- if he cancel the same date

begin
select (@amt*(90.0/100.0))
delete test_trans where pnr=@pnr
Query - Page #4

select @minpnr = min(pnr) from test_trans where class=@class and status=’Waiting’

if(@minpnr !=0 and @waiting !=’Waiting’)

begin
update test_trans set status=’Confirmed’ from test_trans where pnr=@minpnr
end
end -- same date if end

if(@datediff>0) -- more than one day

begin
select (@amt*(80.0/100.0))
delete test_trans where pnr=@pnr
select @minpnr = min(pnr) from test_trans where class=@class and status=’Waiting’

if(@minpnr !=0 and @waiting !=’Waiting’)

begin
update test_trans set status=’Confirmed’ from test_trans where pnr=@minpnr
end
end -- more than one day if end

if(@datediff is null) -- if the pnr no not exists in the database

begin
select ’invalidpnr’
end

*****************************************************************************

exec sen_reservation ’SA101’,’3/17/2002’,’Business’,’Senthil’,23,’Male’,’T.gode’,1

exec sen_cancellation 100,’3/18/2002’

drop procedure sen_cancellation

drop procedure sen_reservation

select * from test_trans

delete test_trans

select f_class_seats,b_class_seats,e_class_seats from flight_master where f_num=’SA101’

select count(*) from test_trans where f_num=’SA101’ and class=’First’

select ’senthil’+convert(varchar,10)

select * from flight_master

Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BANK CPP PROGRAM

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Computerized Bank

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

static int A_no=1000;

class Account
{
protected:
int Acc_no;
char name[20];
char address[20];
float balance;
Account *link; // Link to another node;
};

class Transaction
{
protected:
int Acc_no;
char mode[10]; // Mode of Transaction Cash/Cheque
char t_date[15]; // Transaction Date
char type[15]; // Deposit/Withdraw
float transact_amount;
Transaction *link; // Link to another node
};
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class Alist : public Account
{
private:
Alist *head,*prev,*cur,*temp;
public:
void Load_Account_Records();
void Open_Account();
void List_all_Accounts();
float List_Account(int);
void Modify_Account(int);
void Delete_Account(int);
void Update_Balance(int,float);
void Store_Account_Records();
};

class Tlist : public Transaction

{
private:
Tlist *head,*prev,*cur,*temp;
public:
void Load_Transaction_Records();
float Make_Transaction(int);
void List_Transaction(int,float);
void List_Daily_Transaction(char *);
void List_Monthly_Transaction(char *);
float Modify_Transaction(int,char *,char *,char *);
float Delete_Transaction(int,char *,char *,char *);
void Store_Transaction_Records();

};
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Alist Class member function definitions
void Alist :: Load_Account_Records()
{
ifstream ifile("Accounts.dat",ios::binary | ios :: in | ios :: nocreate );
Query - Page #2

head = prev = cur = temp = NULL;

// static int A_no = 1000;

if(!ifile.fail()) // If the file exist

{
ifile.seekg(0,ios::end); // Move file pointer to end

int Total_Records = ifile.tellg()/sizeof(Alist);

ifile.seekg(0,ios::beg); // Move the File Pointer to beginning

if(Total_Records == 0)
{ A_no= 1000; return; }

Alist A;

for(int i=1;i<=Total_Records;i++)
{
ifile.read((char *)&A,sizeof(Alist));

cur = (Alist *) new Account;

if(i==1)
{
head = cur;
head->link = NULL;
}
else
{
prev->link = cur;
cur->link = NULL;
}

cur->Acc_no = A.Acc_no;
strcpy(cur->name,A.name);
strcpy(cur->address,A.address);
cur->balance=A.balance;
prev = cur;
}// End of For loop

A_no = cur->Acc_no;

}// End of IF loop

ifile.close();

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: Open_Account()
{
cur = (Alist *) new Account;
cur->link = NULL;

cur->Acc_no = ++A_no;
cout<<"Acc_No : "<<cur->Acc_no<<endl;
cout<<"Name : ";
cin>>cur->name;
cout<<"Address : ";
cin>>cur->address;

again:
cout<<"Balance Not < 500 "<<endl;
cout<<"Initial Balance : ";
cin>>cur->balance;
if(cur->balance < 500)
goto again;

if(head==NULL)
{ head = cur;
prev = cur;
}
else
Query - Page #3

{
prev->link = cur;
prev = cur;
}

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: List_all_Accounts()
{
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<" Acc_no Name Address Balance "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

temp = head;

while(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<temp->Acc_no<<" "<<temp->name<<" "<<temp->address<<" "<<temp->balance<<endl;
temp = (Alist *) temp->link;
}

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
float Alist :: List_Account(int a_no)
{
temp = head;

float balance = 0;

while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->Acc_no==a_no)
{
cout<<"Acc_No : "<<temp->Acc_no<<endl;
cout<<"Name : "<<temp->name<<endl;
cout<<"Address : "<<temp->address<<endl;
cout<<"Balance : "<<temp->balance<<endl;
balance = temp->balance;
break;
}

temp = (Alist *) temp->link;

}
return(balance);
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: Modify_Account(int a_no)
{
temp = head;

while(temp !=NULL)
{
if(temp->Acc_no == a_no)
{
cout<<"Acc_No :"<<temp->Acc_no<<endl;
cout<<"New Name :";
cin>>temp->name;
cout<<"New Address :";
cin>>temp->address;
break;
}

temp = (Alist *) temp->link;

}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: Delete_Account(int a_no)
{
temp = head;

Alist *p = head;

while(temp!=NULL)
Query - Page #4

{
if(temp->Acc_no == a_no)
{
if(temp==head) // Head Node
{
head = (Alist *) head->link;
delete temp;
}
else
{
p ->link = temp->link;
delete temp;
}
}
p = temp;
temp = (Alist *) temp->link;
}
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: Update_Balance(int a_no,float Transact_amount)
{
temp = head;

while(temp!=NULL)
{
if(temp->Acc_no==a_no)
{ temp->balance += Transact_amount;
break;
}

temp = (Alist *) temp->link;

}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Alist :: Store_Account_Records()
{
ofstream ofile("Accounts.dat",ios::binary | ios :: out);

temp = head;

while(temp != NULL)
{
ofile.write((char *)temp,sizeof(Alist));
temp = (Alist *) temp->link;
}
ofile.close();
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Transaction Class Member Functions
void Tlist :: Load_Transaction_Records()
{
ifstream ifile("Transaction.dat",ios::binary | ios :: in | ios :: nocreate );

head = prev = cur = temp = NULL;

if(!ifile.fail()) // If the file exist

{
ifile.seekg(0,ios::end); // Move file pointer to end

int Total_Records = ifile.tellg()/sizeof(Tlist);

ifile.seekg(0,ios::beg); // Move the File Pointer to beginning

Tlist T;

for(int i=1;i<=Total_Records;i++)
{
ifile.read((char *)&T,sizeof(Tlist));

cur = (Tlist *) new Transaction;

if(i==1)
{
Query - Page #5

head = cur;
head->link = NULL;
}
else
{
prev->link = cur;
cur->link = NULL;
}

cur->Acc_no = T.Acc_no;
strcpy(cur->mode,T.mode);
strcpy(cur->t_date,T.t_date);
strcpy(cur->type,T.type);
cur->transact_amount = T.transact_amount;
prev = cur;
}// End of For loop

}// End of IF loop

ifile.close();
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
float Tlist :: Make_Transaction(int a_no)
{
cur = (Tlist *) new Transaction;
cur->link = NULL;

cur->Acc_no = a_no;

cout<<"Mode : ";
cin>>cur->mode;

struct date d;

getdate(&d);

char temp[10];

itoa(d.da_day,cur->t_date,10);
strcat(cur->t_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_mon,temp,10);
strcat(cur->t_date,temp);
strcat(cur->t_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_year,temp,10);
strcat(cur->t_date,temp);

cout<<"Type : ";
cin>>cur->type;
cout<<"Amount : ";
cin>>cur->transact_amount;

if(head==NULL)
{ head = cur;
prev = cur;
}
else
{
prev->link = cur;
prev = cur;
}

if(strcmp(cur->type,"deposit")==0)
return(cur->transact_amount);
else
return( (-1) * (cur->transact_amount));

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Tlist :: List_Transaction(int a_no,float balance)
{
temp = head;

float total_deposit=0;
Query - Page #6

float total_withdraw=0;

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Date Deposit Withdraw "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

while(temp != NULL)
{
if(temp->Acc_no == a_no)
{
cout<<temp->t_date<<" ";

if(!strcmp(temp->type,"deposit"))
{ cout<<temp->transact_amount<<endl;
total_deposit += temp->transact_amount;
}
else
{ cout<<" "<<temp->transact_amount<<endl;
total_withdraw += temp->transact_amount;
}
}

temp = (Tlist *) temp->link;

}

cout<<"--------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Total "<<total_deposit<<" "<<total_withdraw
<<" Balance : "<<balance<<endl;
cout<<"---------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Tlist :: List_Daily_Transaction(char *today)
{
temp = head;

float total_deposit=0;
float total_withdraw=0;

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Acc_no Deposit Withdraw "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

while(temp != NULL)
{
if(!strcmp(temp->t_date,today))
{ cout<<temp->Acc_no<<" ";

if(strcmp(temp->type,"deposit")==0)
{ cout<<temp->transact_amount<<endl;
total_deposit += temp->transact_amount;
}
else
{ cout<<" "<<temp->transact_amount<<endl;
total_withdraw += temp->transact_amount;
}
}

temp = (Tlist *) temp->link;

}

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

cout<<"Total "<<total_deposit<<" "<<total_withdraw

<<" Net Balance"<<(total_deposit - total_withdraw)<<endl;

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
float Tlist :: Delete_Transaction(int a_no,char *mode,char *date,char *type)
{
temp = head;
Query - Page #7

Tlist *p = head;

float T_amount=0;

while(temp!=NULL)
{
if((temp->Acc_no == a_no && strcmp(temp->mode,mode)==0 && // If equal
strcmp(temp->t_date,date) == 0 && strcmp(temp->type,type)==0) ||
temp->Acc_no == a_no && strcmp(type,"DAll"))
{
if(temp==head) // Head Node
{
head = (Tlist*)head->link;
T_amount = temp->transact_amount;
delete temp;
}
else
{
p ->link = temp->link;
T_amount = temp->transact_amount;
delete temp;
}
}
p = temp;
temp =(Tlist*) temp->link;
}

if(strcmp(temp->type,"deposit")==0)
return( -1 * T_amount);
else
return(T_amount);

}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Tlist :: Store_Transaction_Records()
{
ofstream ofile("Transaction.dat",ios::binary | ios :: out);

temp = head;

while(temp != NULL)
{
ofile.write((char *)temp,sizeof(Tlist));
temp = (Tlist *) temp->link;
}
ofile.close();
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// Main Function
void main()
{
clrscr();

int choice,acc_no;

char today[15],mode[15],type[15];

char next = ’y’;

Alist A;

A.Load_Account_Records(); // Load all Records to Linked List

Tlist T;

T.Load_Transaction_Records(); // Load All Transaction Records to Linked List

while(next==’y’)
{
cout<<"1.Open New Account "<<endl;
Query - Page #8

cout<<"2.Make A Transaction "<<endl;

cout<<"3.List All Accounts "<<endl;
cout<<"4.List A Account "<<endl;
cout<<"5.List Daily Transactions "<<endl;
cout<<"6.Modify A Account "<<endl;
cout<<"7.Delete A Account "<<endl;
cout<<"8.Delete A Transaction "<<endl;
cout<<"9.Exit "<<endl;
cout<<"Enter Your Choice : ";
cin>>choice;

switch(choice)
{
case 1 : A.Open_Account(); break;

case 2 : cout<<"Enter Account Number : ";

cin>>acc_no;
A.Update_Balance(acc_no,(float)(T.Make_Transaction(acc_no)));
// cout<<T.Make_Transaction(acc_no)<<endl;
// getch();
break;

case 3 : A.List_all_Accounts(); getch(); break;

case 4 : cout<<"Enter Account Number : ";

cin>>acc_no;
int balance = A.List_Account(acc_no);

T.List_Transaction(acc_no,balance);
getch(); break;

case 5 : cout<<"Enter the Date : ";

cin>>today;
T.List_Daily_Transaction(today);
getch(); break;

case 6 : cout<<"Enter Account No : ";

cin>>acc_no;
A.Modify_Account(acc_no);
break;

case 7 : cout<<"Enter Account No : ";

cin>>acc_no;
A.Delete_Account(acc_no);

int return_something;

jump:
return_something = T.Delete_Transaction(acc_no,"DAll"," "," ");

if(return_something !=0) goto jump;

break;

case 8 : cout<<"Enter Account No : ";

cin>>acc_no;
cout<<"Enter Mode : ";
cin>>mode;
cout<<"Enter Date : ";
cin>>today;
cout<<"Enter Type : ";
cin>>type;

A.Update_Balance(acc_no,(T.Delete_Transaction(acc_no,mode,
today,type)));
break;

case 9 : next = ’n’; break;

}

clrscr();

}
Query - Page #9

A.Store_Account_Records();
T.Store_Transaction_Records();

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LIBRARY CPP PROGRAM

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Computerized Libarary

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<fstream.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<iomanip.h>

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

struct Book
{
int accession_no;
char title[20];
char author[20];
char publisher[20];
float price;
char purchase_date[20];
struct Book *link;
};

struct Member
{
int membership_no;
char name[20];
char address[20];
char current_date[20];
char exp_date[20];
float caution_deposit;
struct Member *link;
};

struct Issue_Register
{
int accession_no;
int membership_no;
char issue_date[20];
char return_date[20];
struct Issue_Register *link;
};

struct Book *Bhead,*Bprev,*Bcur,*Btemp;

struct Member *Mhead,*Mprev,*Mcur,*Mtemp;
struct Issue_Register *IRhead,*IRprev,*IRcur,*IRtemp;

int B_no = 100;

int M_no = 500;

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Functions declarations

void Load_Books_Records();
void Load_Members_Records();
void Load_Issue_Register_Records();

void Add_Book();
void Delete_Book();
void List_A_Book();
void List_All_Books();

void Add_Member();
void Delete_Member();
void List_A_Member();
void List_All_Members();
Query - Page #2

void Book_Issue();
void Book_Return();
void Book_Issue_Details();
void List_Overdue_Books();

void Store_Books_Records();
void Store_Members_Records();
void Store_Issue_Register_Records();

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Load Books Records Function definition
void Load_Books_Records()
{
ifstream iBfile("Books.dat",ios::binary | ios :: in | ios :: nocreate );

Bhead = Bprev = Bcur = Btemp = NULL;

if(!iBfile.fail()) // If the file exist

{
iBfile.seekg(0,ios::end); // Move file pointer to end

int Total_Records = iBfile.tellg()/sizeof(Book);

iBfile.seekg(0,ios::beg); // Move the File Pointer to beginning

if(Total_Records == 0)
{ B_no=100; return; }

struct Book B;

for(int i=1;i<=Total_Records;i++)
{
iBfile.read((char *)&B,sizeof(Book));

Bcur = new Book;

if(i==1)
{
Bhead = Bcur;
Bhead->link = NULL;
}
else
{
Bprev->link = Bcur;
Bcur->link = NULL;
}

Bcur->accession_no = B.accession_no;
strcpy(Bcur->title,B.title);
strcpy(Bcur->author,B.author);
strcpy(Bcur->publisher,B.publisher);
Bcur->price=B.price;
strcpy(Bcur->purchase_date,B.purchase_date);
Bprev = Bcur;
}// End of For loop

B_no = Bcur->accession_no;

}// End of IF loop

iBfile.close();

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Load Members Records Function definition
void Load_Members_Records()
{
ifstream iMfile("Members.dat",ios::binary | ios :: in | ios :: nocreate );

Mhead = Mprev = Mcur = Mtemp = NULL;

if(!iMfile.fail()) // If the file exist

{
Query - Page #3

iMfile.seekg(0,ios::end); // Move file pointer to end

int Total_Records = iMfile.tellg()/sizeof(Member);

iMfile.seekg(0,ios::beg); // Move the File Pointer to beginning

if(Total_Records == 0)
{ M_no=500; return; }

struct Member M;

for(int i=1;i<=Total_Records;i++)
{
iMfile.read((char *)&M,sizeof(Member));

Mcur = new Member;

if(i==1)
{
Mhead = Mcur;
Mhead->link = NULL;
}
else
{
Mprev->link = Mcur;
Mcur->link = NULL;
}

Mcur->membership_no = M.membership_no;
strcpy(Mcur->name,M.name);
strcpy(Mcur->address,M.address);
strcpy(Mcur->current_date,M.current_date);
strcpy(Mcur->exp_date,M.exp_date);
Mcur->caution_deposit = M.caution_deposit;

Mprev = Mcur;
}// End of For loop

M_no = Mcur->membership_no;

}// End of IF loop

iMfile.close();

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Load Issue_Register Function definition
void Load_Issue_Register_Records()
{
ifstream iIRfile("IRegister.dat",ios::binary | ios :: in | ios :: nocreate );

IRhead = IRprev = IRcur = IRtemp = NULL;

if(!iIRfile.fail()) // If the file exist

{
iIRfile.seekg(0,ios::end); // Move file pointer to end

int Total_Records = iIRfile.tellg()/sizeof(Issue_Register);

iIRfile.seekg(0,ios::beg); // Move the File Pointer to beginning

if(Total_Records == 0)
{ return; }

struct Issue_Register IR;

for(int i=1;i<=Total_Records;i++)
{
iIRfile.read((char *)&IR,sizeof(Issue_Register));

IRcur = new Issue_Register;

if(i==1)
{
Query - Page #4

IRhead = IRcur;
IRhead->link = NULL;
}
else
{
IRprev->link = IRcur;
IRcur->link = NULL;
}

IRcur->accession_no = IR.accession_no;
IRcur->membership_no = IR.membership_no;
strcpy(IRcur->issue_date,IR.issue_date);
strcpy(IRcur->return_date,IR.return_date);

IRprev = IRcur;
}// End of For loop

}// End of IF loop

iIRfile.close();

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Add Book function definition
void Add_Book()
{
Bcur = new Book;
Bcur->link = NULL;

Bcur->accession_no = ++B_no;
cout<<"Accession_No : "<<Bcur->accession_no<<endl;
cout<<"Title : ";
cin>>Bcur->title;
cout<<"Author : ";
cin>>Bcur->author;
cout<<"Publisher : ";
cin>>Bcur->publisher;
cout<<"Purchase Date : ";
cin>>Bcur->purchase_date;
cout<<"Price : ";
cin>>Bcur->price;

if(Bhead==NULL)
{ Bhead = Bcur;
Bprev = Bcur;
}
else
{
Bprev->link = Bcur;
Bprev = Bcur;
}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// List A Book Function definition
void List_A_Book()
{

Btemp = Bhead;

int a_no;

cout<<"Enter Book Accession No : ";

cin>>a_no;

while(Btemp!=NULL)
{
if(Btemp->accession_no==a_no)
{
cout<<"Accession_No : "<<Btemp->accession_no<<endl;
cout<<"Title : "<<Btemp->title<<endl;
cout<<"Author : "<<Btemp->author<<endl;
cout<<"Publisher : "<<Btemp->publisher<<endl;
Query - Page #5

cout<<"Purchase Date : "<<Btemp->purchase_date<<endl;

cout<<"Price : "<<Btemp->price<<endl;
break;
}

Btemp = Btemp->link;
}

if(Btemp==NULL)
cout<<"Book Not Found!!"<<endl;

}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Delete Book Function
void Delete_Book()
{
Btemp = Bhead;

Book *p = Bhead;

int a_no;

cout<<"Enter Accession No : ";

cin>>a_no;

while(Btemp!=NULL)
{
if(Btemp->accession_no == a_no)
{
if(Btemp==Bhead) // Head Node
{
Bhead = Bhead->link;
delete Btemp;
}
else
{
p ->link = Btemp->link;
delete Btemp;
}
}
p = Btemp;
Btemp = Btemp->link;
}

if(Btemp==NULL)
cout<<"Book Not Found!!"<<endl;

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// List_All_Books Function definition
void List_All_Books()
{
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<" Accssion_no Title Author Publisher "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

Btemp = Bhead;

while(Btemp!=NULL)
{
/* cout<<" "<<Btemp->accession_no<<" "<<Btemp->title<<" "<<Btemp->author<<
<<Btemp->publisher<<endl; */

cout<<setw(10)<< Btemp->accession_no<<" "<<setw(-13)<<Btemp->title

<<" "<<setw(-20)<<Btemp->author<<" "<<setw(-13)
<<Btemp->publisher<<endl;

Btemp = Btemp->link;
}

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Add Member function definition
Query - Page #6

void Add_Member()
{
Mcur = new Member;
Mcur->link = NULL;

Mcur->membership_no = ++M_no;
cout<<"Membership_No : "<<Mcur->membership_no<<endl;
cout<<"Name : ";
cin>>Mcur->name;
cout<<"Address : ";
cin>>Mcur->address;
cout<<"Caution Deposit : ";
cin>>Mcur->caution_deposit;

struct date d;

getdate(&d);

char temp[10];

itoa(d.da_day,Mcur->current_date,10);
strcat(Mcur->current_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_day,Mcur->exp_date,10);
strcat(Mcur->exp_date,"/");

itoa(d.da_mon,temp,10);
strcat(Mcur->current_date,temp);
strcat(Mcur->current_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_mon,temp,10);
strcat(Mcur->exp_date,temp);
strcat(Mcur->exp_date,"/");

itoa(d.da_year,temp,10);
strcat(Mcur->current_date,temp);
itoa((d.da_year+1),temp,10);
strcat(Mcur->exp_date,temp);

if(Mhead==NULL)
{ Mhead = Mcur;
Mprev = Mcur;
}
else
{
Mprev->link = Mcur;
Mprev = Mcur;
}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// List A Member Function definition
void List_A_Member()
{

Mtemp = Mhead;

int m_no;

cout<<"Enter Membership No : ";

cin>>m_no;

while(Mtemp!=NULL)
{
if(Mtemp->membership_no==m_no)
{
cout<<"Membership_No : "<<Mtemp->membership_no<<endl;
cout<<"Name : "<<Mtemp->name<<endl;
cout<<"Address : "<<Mtemp->address<<endl;
cout<<"Current_date : "<<Mtemp->current_date<<endl;
cout<<"Exp Date : "<<Mtemp->exp_date<<endl;
Query - Page #7

cout<<"Caution Dep : "<<Mtemp->caution_deposit<<endl;

break;
}

Mtemp = Mtemp->link;
}

if(Mtemp==NULL)
cout<<"Member Not Found!!"<<endl;

}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Delete Member Function
void Delete_Member()
{
Mtemp = Mhead;

Member *p = Mhead;

int m_no;

cout<<"Enter Membership No : ";

cin>>m_no;

while(Mtemp!=NULL)
{
if(Mtemp->membership_no == m_no)
{
if(Mtemp==Mhead) // Head Node
{
Mhead = Mhead->link;
delete Mtemp;
}
else
{
p ->link = Mtemp->link;
delete Mtemp;
}
}
p = Mtemp;
Mtemp = Mtemp->link;
}

if(Mtemp==NULL)
cout<<"Member Not Found!!"<<endl;

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// List_All_Members Function definition
void List_All_Members()
{
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<" Membership_no Name Address Exp Date "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

Mtemp = Mhead;

while(Mtemp!=NULL)
{
cout<<" "<< Mtemp->membership_no<<" "<<Mtemp->name<<" "<<Mtemp->address<<"
<<Mtemp->exp_date<<endl;
Mtemp = Mtemp->link;
}

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Book Issue function details
void Book_Issue()
{
int a_no,m_no;

cout<<"Accession No : ";
cin>>a_no;
Query - Page #8

cout<<"Membership No : ";
cin>>m_no;

IRtemp = IRhead;

while(IRtemp != NULL)
{
if(IRtemp->accession_no == a_no || IRtemp->membership_no == m_no)
{ cout<<" Book Can’t be issued !!!"<<endl; getch();
return;
}

IRtemp = IRtemp->link;
}

Btemp = Bhead;

while(Btemp !=NULL)
{
if(Btemp->accession_no == a_no )
goto out;
Btemp = Btemp->link;
}

if(Btemp == NULL)
{ cout<<"Invalid Accession No !!"<<endl; getch(); return; }

out:

Mtemp = Mhead;

while(Mtemp !=NULL)
{
if(Mtemp->membership_no == m_no )
goto out1;
Mtemp = Mtemp->link;
}

if(Mtemp == NULL)
{ cout<<"Invalid Membership No !!"<<endl; getch(); return; }

out1:

IRcur = new Issue_Register;

IRcur->link = NULL;

IRcur->accession_no = a_no;
IRcur->membership_no = m_no;

cout<<"Return Date : ";

cin>>IRcur->return_date;

struct date d;

getdate(&d);

char temp[10];

itoa(d.da_day,IRcur->issue_date,10);
strcat(IRcur->issue_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_mon,temp,10);
strcat(IRcur->issue_date,temp);
strcat(IRcur->issue_date,"/");
itoa(d.da_year,temp,10);
strcat(IRcur->issue_date,temp);

if(IRhead==NULL)
{ IRhead = IRcur;
IRprev = IRcur;
}
else
{
Query - Page #9

IRprev->link = IRcur;
IRprev = IRcur;
}

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void Book_Return()
{
int a_no,m_no;

cout<<"Accession No : ";
cin>>a_no;
cout<<"Membership No : ";
cin>>m_no;

IRtemp = IRhead;

Issue_Register *p = IRhead;

while(IRtemp!=NULL)
{
if((IRtemp->accession_no == a_no && IRtemp->membership_no==m_no))
{
if(IRtemp==IRhead) // Head Node
{
IRhead = IRhead->link;
delete IRtemp;
}
else
{
p ->link = IRtemp->link;
delete IRtemp;
}
}
p = IRtemp;
IRtemp = IRtemp->link;
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Book Issue Details function definition
void Book_Issue_Details()
{
IRtemp = IRhead;

cout<<"------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Accession_no Membership_no Issue_date Return_date "<<endl;
cout<<"------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

while(IRtemp != NULL)
{
cout<<" "<<IRtemp->accession_no<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->membership_no<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->issue_date<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->return_date<<endl;

IRtemp = IRtemp->link;
}

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Book Issue Details function definition
void List_Overdue_Books()
{
char today[20];

cout<<"Enter Date : ";

cin>>today;

IRtemp = IRhead;
Query - Page #10

cout<<"------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"Accession_no Membership_no Issue_date Return_date "<<endl;
cout<<"------------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

int x;

while(IRtemp != NULL)
{
x=strcmp(IRtemp->return_date,today);

if(x<0)
{
cout<<" "<<IRtemp->accession_no<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->membership_no<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->issue_date<<" ";
cout<<IRtemp->return_date<<endl;
}

IRtemp = IRtemp->link;

cout<<"-----------------------------------------------------------------"<<endl;

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Store Books Records Function
void Store_Books_Records()
{
ofstream oBfile("Books.dat",ios::binary | ios :: out);

Btemp = Bhead;

while(Btemp != NULL)
{
oBfile.write((char *)Btemp,sizeof(Book));
Btemp = Btemp->link;
}
oBfile.close();
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Store Members Records Function
void Store_Members_Records()
{
ofstream oMfile("Members.dat",ios::binary | ios :: out);

Mtemp = Mhead;

while(Mtemp != NULL)
{
oMfile.write((char *)Mtemp,sizeof(Member));
Mtemp = Mtemp->link;
}
oMfile.close();
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Store Issue Register Records Function
void Store_Issue_Register_Records()
{
ofstream oIRfile("IRegister.dat",ios::binary | ios :: out);

IRtemp = IRhead;

while(IRtemp != NULL)
{
oIRfile.write((char *)IRtemp,sizeof(Issue_Register));
IRtemp = IRtemp->link;
}
oIRfile.close();
}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Main Function

void main()
Query - Page #11

{
clrscr();

Load_Books_Records();

Load_Members_Records();

Load_Issue_Register_Records();

int choice;

char ch=’y’;

while(ch==’y’)
{
cout<<"Sen’s Book Paradise "<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"1. Add A Book "<<endl;
cout<<"2. Delete A Book "<<endl;
cout<<"3. List A Book "<<endl;
cout<<"4. List All Books "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"5. Add A member "<<endl;
cout<<"6. Delete A member "<<endl;
cout<<"7. List A member "<<endl;
cout<<"8. List All members "<<endl;
cout<<"-----------------------"<<endl;
cout<<"9. Book Issue "<<endl;
cout<<"10.Book Return "<<endl;
cout<<"11.Book Issue Details "<<endl;
cout<<"12.List Overdue Details"<<endl;
cout<<"13.Exit "<<endl;
cout<<"Enter your choice : ";
cin>>choice;

switch(choice)
{
case 1 : Add_Book(); break;

case 2 : Delete_Book(); break;

case 3 : List_A_Book(); getch(); break;

case 4 : List_All_Books(); getch(); break;

case 5 : Add_Member(); break;

case 6 : Delete_Member(); break;

case 7 : List_A_Member(); getch(); break;

case 8 : List_All_Members(); getch(); break;

case 9 : Book_Issue(); break;

case 10: Book_Return(); break;

case 11: Book_Issue_Details(); getch(); break;

case 12: List_Overdue_Books(); getch(); break;

case 13: ch=’n’; break;

} // end of switch st

clrscr();

} // end of while loop

Store_Books_Records();
Store_Members_Records();
Store_Issue_Register_Records();

}
Query - Page #12

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
Query - Page #1

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j;
/* Returning every element address
int *fun1();
int *p;

p=fun1();

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
printf("%d ",*(p+i*2+j));
printf("\n");
} */

/* Returning every array’s base address

int (*fun2())[3];
int (*q)[3];
q = fun2();

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%d ",*(*(q+i)+j));
printf("\n");
} */
/* Returning 2’d Array Base Address
int (*fun3())[2][3];
int (*q)[2][3];
q = fun3();

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%d ",(*q)[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

printf("\n %lu",q);
printf("\n %d",***q); */

int *fun1()
{
static int m[][2] = { {1,2},
{3,4} };
return (int *) m;
}

int (*fun2())[3]
{
static int m[][3] = { { 1,2,3 },
{ 4,5,6 } };

return m;
}

int (*fun3())[2][3]
{
static int m[][3] = { { 1,2,3 },
{ 4,5,6 } };
return (int (*)[2][3])m;
}
Query - Page #1

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
char names[][5] = { {"Sabit"},
{"Dee"},
{"Kumar"} };

char *names1[3] = { {"Sabit"},

{"Dee"},
{"Kumar"} };

char (*p)[5];
char (*q)[3][5];
char **m;
char *(*n)[3];

printf("Static Array");
printf("\n%s",*names);
printf("\n%s",names[0]);
printf("\n%s",&names[0][0]);
// printf("\n%s",*++names); Error

printf("\nPointer Array");
printf("\n%s",names1[0]);
printf("\n%s",*names1);
printf("\n%s",&(**names1));

p = names;

printf("\nStatic Array Coping");

printf("\n%s",*p);
printf("\n%s",p[0]);
printf("\n%s",&(**p));
printf("\n%s",*++p);

q = &names;

printf("\nStatic Array Address coping");

printf("\n%s",**q);
printf("\n%s",&(***q));
printf("\n%s",*((*q+1)));

m = names1;

printf("\nDynamic Array Coping");

printf("\n%s",*m);
printf("\n%s",*++m);
printf("\n%s",&(**m));

n = &names1;

printf("\nDynamic Array Address coping");

printf("\n%s",**n);
printf("\n%s",*(*n+1));