MATERIAL, SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

MEMBERS
GUTIERREZ, JAY-AR GROUP
ACIDERA, PRINCESS ABBIGAIL

2
VILLACORTA, JERRY
GROSPE, MARK
FLORES, IVERSON
JARANILLA, RAFFY
MAURICIO, ERIKA BIANKA
ARIOLA, JAYVEE
NORCIO, CLARA JEN
 MATERIAL, SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Structure of
Materials

Structure of Atom Amorphous

Table Of Periodic Table

Materials

Lattice, Basis, Unit

Content Atomic Bonding

Cells and Crystal
Structures

Interstitial Sites
Blinding Energy
and Interatomic
Crystal Structures
Spacing
of Metals
Structure of Material

-Jay-ar Gutierrez
What Is Atomic Structure in
Atomic structure and Ionic
Arrangement ?
 Level of Atomic Arrangement

Inert Monoatomic Gases Have no regular ordering of Atoms such us

or Noble Gases
Short-range order (SRO)

Are those
materials or
elements including
water vapor ,
Nitrogen gas,
Amorphous silicon
and Silicate gas
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM CONSISTS
OF TWO PARTS:

O PARTS:

AN ATOMIC NUCLEUS
EXTRA NUCLEUS PART
 THE TINY ATOMIC NUCLEUS IS THE
CENTER OF AN ATOM. IT CONSTITUTES
POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES
“PROTONS” AND UNCHARGED PARTICLES
“NEUTRONS.” ON THE OTHER HAND, THE
EXTRA NUCLEUS PART IS A MUCH
LARGER REGION. IT CONSISTS OF A CLOUD
OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES
CALLED AN ELECTRON. ELECTRONS
REVOLVE IN ORBIT AROUND THE
NUCLEUS. THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN
THE PROTONS AND ELECTRONS HOLDS
THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM TOGETHER.
 • GENERALLY, ALL ATOMS EXCEPT HYDROGEN CONSIST OF THESE
THREE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES. HYDROGEN IS AN EXCEPTION TO ALL
ATOMS AS IT CONTAINS JUST ONE PROTON AND ONE ELECTRON BUT
LACKS NEUTRONS. THE NUMBER OF PROTONS INDICATES WHAT
ELEMENT AN ATOM IS. WHEREAS THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
INDICATES THE TYPE OF REACTIONS THAT WILL HAPPEN IN AN ATOM.

• THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS IN THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM CONSISTS OF A

FIXED NUMBER OF PROTONS. ALSO, THE PROTON ATTRACTS THE SAME
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS THEREBY MAKING AN ATOM ELECTRICALLY
NEUTRAL. THE ADDITION OR REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM AN ATOM
RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF IONS.
Periodic
Table
Introduction
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of
the elements, arranges the chemical elements into
rows ("periods") and columns ("groups"). It is an
organizing icon of chemistry and is widely used in
physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the
periodic law, which says that when the elements are
arranged in order of their atomic numbers an
approximate recurrence of their properties is evident.
The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks. Elements in
the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics.
Vertical, horizontal and diagonal trends characterize the periodic table. Metallic
character increases going down a group and decreases from left to right across a
period. Nonmetallic character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic
table to the top right.
Dmitri Mendeleeve
- Russian chemist who developed the periodic
classification of the elements. Mendeleev found
that, when all the known chemical elements
were arranged in order of increasing atomic
weight, the resulting table displayed a recurring
pattern, or periodicity, of properties within
groups of elements. In his version of the periodic
table of 1871, he left gaps in places where he
believed unknown elements would find their
place. He even predicted the likely properties of
three of the potential elements. The subsequent
proof of many of his predictions within his
lifetime brought fame to Mendeleev as the
founder of the periodic law.
 Atomic Number
•This refers to how many protons an atom of
that element has
•No two elements have the same number of
protons
Atomic Mass
• Atomic Mass refers to the "weight" of the atom.

• It is derived at by adding the number of

protons wih the number of neutrons.
Valence Electrons
• are electrons in the outer energy level of an
atom.
• These are the electrons that are transferred or
shared where atoms bond together.
Rows or Periods
• is a row of chemical elements. All elements in
a row have the same number of electron shells.
• from left to right
• the same number of electron shells.
• Every element in Period 1 (1st row) has 1 shell
for its electron (H and He)
• All of the elements in Period 2 have two shells
for their electrons.
• It continues like this all the way down the table.
Columns or Groups
• All the members of a family of elements have
the same number of valence electrons and
similar chemical properties.
• Column = group = families
• same number of valence electrons (electrons
in outer shell)
• They share similar characteristics with the
other elements in their family.
• Group 1: 1 valence electron
• Group 2: 2 valence electrons
• Group 13: 3 valence electrons
• Group 14: 4 valence electrons
• Group 15: 5 valence electrons
• Group 16: 6 valence electrons
• Group 17: 7 valence electrons
• Group 18: 8 vaoence electrons
Properties of Metal
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• shiny
• Ductile (can be stretched into thin wires)
• Malleable (can be pounded into thin sheets)
• A chemical property of metal is its reaction
with water which results in corrosion
Properties of Non-Metals
• Poor conductors of heat and electricity
• Not ductile or malleable
• brittle and break easily
• Dull
• Many non-metals are gases
Properties of Metalloids
• Have properties of both metals and non-
metals.
• Solids that can be shiny or dull.
• Conduct heat and electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as metals.
• they are ductile and malleable.
Region: Metals
Group 1: Alkalai Metals
• 1 valence electrons
• Very Reactive
Group 2: Alkaline Earth
Metals
• 2 valence electrons
• Very reactive, but less than
alkali metals
Group 3-12: Transition Metals
• 1-2 valence electrons.
• Less reactive than alkaline
earth metals because they
don't give away their electrons
as easily.
• bottom 2 row are the
lanthanide
and actinide series.
Lanthanide Series
• shiny reactive metals
• most found in nature

Actinides Series
• radioactive and unstable
• most are man-made not
stable in nature
Region: Metalloids
Region: Non-Metals
Group 17: Halogens
• 7 valence electrons
• Very reactive
• non-metals
Group 18: Noble Gases
• 8 valence electron (except
helium which has 2)
• "Happy" because their outer
electron shell is filled!
• non-reactive (inert) gases
• non-metals
Thank
you!
Prepared by: Villacorta
Atomic
bonding
Atomic
bonding All materials are made up of
atoms. These atoms are held
together by forces called
interatomic bonds. The bonds act
like springs, linking each atom to
its neighbour.
Atoms are arranged in different ways in different
materials. Two important aspects of atomic
packing are the number of bonds per unit area,
And the angle of bonding:
Bond Length Bond Angle
Interatomic bonding can be
categorized as:

Primary Bonding
Secondary Bonding
 Primary Bonding

Primary bonds involve sharing or donating

electrons between atoms to form a more
stable electron configuration.
Primary Bonding

All elements except inert gases have an

unfilled valence shell. For example, sodium
has a nucleus containing 11 protons and
orbiting shells containing 11 electrons. The
outer shell has one valence electron.
Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Metallic Bonding
 Secondary bonds
Secondary bonds are not bonds with a valence electron being
shared or donated. They are usually formed when an uneven charge
distribution occurs, creating what is known as a dipole (the total
charge is zero, but there is slightly more positive or negative charge
on one end of the atom than on the other).
 Hydrogen Bonding

In hydrogen bonding, the hydrogen is

attached directly to an element which is
electronegative. This causes the hydrogen to
acquire a significant positive charge.
Thank You
BINDING

ENERGY
AMOUNT OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO
SEPARATE A PARTICLE FROM A
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES OR TO
DISPERSE ALL THE PARTICLES OF THE
SYSTEM. BINDING ENERGY IS
ESPECIALLY APPLICABLE TO
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES IN ATOMIC
NUCLEI, TO ELECTRONS BOUND TO
NUCLEI IN ATOMS, AND TO ATOMS
AND IONS BOUND TOGETHER IN
CRYSTALS.
INTERATOMIC

BONDING
 EACH BONDING MECHANISM
BETWEEN THE ATOMS IN A SOLID IS A
RESULT OF THE ELECTROSTATIC
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE
NUCLEI & THE ELECTRONS. THE
DIFFERING BOND STRENGTHS &
DIFFERING BOND TYPES ARE
DETERMINED BY THE ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURES OF THE ATOMS
INVOLVED.
INTERATOMIC

SPACING
The Equilibrium distance
between atoms is caused by a
balance between repulsive
and attractive forces.

Equilibrium separation occurs

when no net force acts to
either attract or separate the
atoms is at a minimum .
 THANK
YOU
By Johnrey Iver B. Flores
 AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

Material in which such a disordered structure is produced directly from the liqiud
state during cooling are called “glasses” and so amorphous metals are commonly
referred to as “metallic glasses”or “glassy metals”.
Production of Amorphous
Material:

. Physical Vapor Deposition

. Solid-State Reaction
. Melt Spinning
. Mechanical alloying
Crystalline Material
Applications
:Amorphous silicon are used in solar cells.
:Amorphous metal knives are used in medical fields,such as ophthalmic
medicine.
:Electronic surveillence uses amorphous material.
:The low magnetization loss is used in high efficiency transform at line
frequency and some higher frequency transformers.
:Thin films of magnetic glass are used in audio and video recording
INTRODUCTION
TO CRYSTAL
STRUCTURES
LATTICE, BASIS, AND UNIT CELLS
WHAT IS A CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE?
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
 TO START OFF, A
CRYSTALLINE IS...

- one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or

periodic array over large atomic distances.
-in simple terms, it is a material that contains crystal or
possesses characteristics of a crystal.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
-A crystal is a material which contains atoms, molecules or
ions, that are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic
structure which are held together by interatomic forces or
chemical bonds

-Some of the properties of crystalline solids depend on the

crystal structure of the material, the manner in which
atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially arranged.
CRYSTAL LATTICE
- a geometrical arrangement of the
atoms, ions or molecules of the
crystalline solid as points in space.

- in this sense, lattice means a three-

dimensional array of points coinciding
with atom positions or sphere center.
LATTICE
VS.
UNIT CELL
TO CONCLUDE, A UNIT CELL
IS...
-A unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice that shows the three-
dimensional pattern of the entire crystal.

-The atomic order in crystalline solids indicates that small groups of atoms
form a repetitive pattern. Thus, in describing crystal structures, it is often
convenient to subdivide the structure into small repeat entities called unit
cells.
 UNIT CELLS FOR MOST
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES ARE
PARALLELEPIPEDS OR PRISMS
HAVING THREE SETS OF
PARALLEL FACES, ONE IS
DRAWN WITHIN THE
COLLECTION OF SPHERES ,
WHICH IN THIS CASE HAPPENS
TO BE A CUBE.
 UNIT CELL: CUBIC
STRUCTURES
(SIMPLE CUBIC, BODY
CENTERED CUBIC, AND
FACE CENTERED CUBIC)
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!
For all purpose For Presenration
Interstitial Sites.
What is interstitial site?
 Interstital Sites.
The empty space that exists between the packing of atoms (spheres)
in the crystal structure is known as an interstitial site, hole, or void.
These locations, which are referred to as interstitial sites, have a
volume that a hard spherical atom can be inserted into without
distorting the "rigid" crystal structure.
A crystal structure's interstitial sites are related to various lattice
atom counts in their immediate vicinity. The largest hard sphere
interstitial that can fit in the site is shown by the gray sphere in the
middle of each coordination figure.
What is Interstitial Defects?
It happen when a small atom fills the interstitial site of a larger atom’s crystal
structure.
When the interstitial site is not empty, it is considered an “interstitial defect.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND IONIC ARRANGEMENTS OCTOBER 16, 2023

CRYSTAL
STRUCTURES
OF METALS

Material, Science and Engineering

 1 Define Crystal Structure of METALS

To be
2
Types of Crystal Structure

discuss... 3
Most Common Metallic Structure

4 Important Characteristics
 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
OF METALS

Let's
Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with
begin!
which atoms or ions are arranged with respect to one another.

Material, Science and Engineering

 Let's define terminologies

Definition of Terms

Crystalline
Material/Crystallinity Crystal structure Unit Cell Lattice

repeating or ` structure that is is used in the context of

periodic carry over subdivided into crystal structures in this
the manner in which
large atomic sentence means a three-
atoms ions or small repeat
distances 3d pattern molecules are specially dimensional art of terms
in which an atom is
entities. coinciding with atom
arranged
bonded to its positions or sphere
nearest neighbour. centre.
14 Types of Crystal
Structure

1. Simple 4. Simple 7. Simple 10. Face- 12. Simple

tetragonal orthorhom centered monoclinic
cubic
orthorhombic
bic

2. Face- 5. Body- 8. Body- 11. 13. Base-

centered centered centered Rhombohe centered
orthorhombic
cubic tetragonal dral monoclinic

3. Body 6. 9. Base- 14. Triclinic

centered Hexagonal centered
orthorhombic
cubic simple
 Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) / Cubic
3 1
Close Packed (CCP)

Important 2 Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)

Crystal
Structures 3 Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
 COORDINATION NUMBER ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR
(CN) (APF)

Important
Character the sum of the sphere of all
atoms within a unit cell
istics of a number of atoms, ions, or
(assuming the atomic hard
sphere model) divided by the
Crystal molecules that a central
atom or ion holds as its
unit cell volume

Structure nearest
 Properties:
Low packing
effiency

Simple Cubic Low number of

nearest

Crystal
neighbour
adjoining each

(SCC/SC)
atom

Po

There is only one lattice point at

each corner of the cube-shaped
unit-cell; they mark the position
of either a single atom or the
same group of atoms known as
the matter which is repeated
across the lattice.
 Properties:
Low young
modulus

Face- Low yield

strength

Centered
Low hardness
Good ductility

Cubic (FCC)
and high ability
for forming

Al, Cu. Ni,

Au, Ag, Pb

The crystal structure found for

many metal has a unit of cubic
geometry with atoms located at
each of other corners and the
center of all the cube faces.
 Properties:
High yield
strength

Body- High young

modulus

Centered
High hardness
High tensile

Cubic (BCC)
strength
Limited ability
to forming

Cr. V, Mo,
Mn, Fe, Nb

The crystal structure also has a

cubic unit cell with atoms
located at all eight corners and
a single atom at the cube
center.
 Properties:
Brittle
Low yield

Hexagonal strength
Inability to

Close-Packed
forming

(HCP)
Mg, Zn, Co,
Ti, Cd

The unit cell consists of three

layers of atoms: the top and the
bottom layers contain six atoms
and the corners of the hexagon
and the one atom at the center of
each hexagon. Another plane that
provides three additional atoms to
the unit cell is situated between
the top and the bottom
 GROUP 2

THANK
YOU