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Lab 02

This document discusses measuring the RMS (root mean square) value of an AC sinusoidal waveform. It defines RMS value as the square root of the average of the squared instantaneous values of the waveform. This represents the equivalent DC voltage or current that would produce the same power dissipation in a circuit. The document provides the theory and equations for calculating RMS value. It describes an experiment using an oscilloscope, power supply, and circuit components to generate sinusoidal waveforms and measure RMS voltages and currents at different frequencies and circuit configurations in order to analyze power transfer in AC circuits.

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26 views5 pages

Lab 02

This document discusses measuring the RMS (root mean square) value of an AC sinusoidal waveform. It defines RMS value as the square root of the average of the squared instantaneous values of the waveform. This represents the equivalent DC voltage or current that would produce the same power dissipation in a circuit. The document provides the theory and equations for calculating RMS value. It describes an experiment using an oscilloscope, power supply, and circuit components to generate sinusoidal waveforms and measure RMS voltages and currents at different frequencies and circuit configurations in order to analyze power transfer in AC circuits.

Uploaded by

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Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Laboratory 2: RMS Value of an A.C.

Sinusoidal Waveform

Objective:

To investigate the RMS value of an A.C sinusoidal waveform and the power

consumed by the circuit.

Theory & Its Equation

In electronics circuits, the signal is associated with an AC (Alternating current) and DC


(Direct Current). The sinusoidal wave or sine wave represents the periodic AC signal
that varies with time and fluctuates between positive and negative cycles. While DC
signal/waveform represents the magnitude of voltage and current values easily and
stable. But the magnitude of the current and voltage values of the AC signal should be
calculated by using its instantaneous values, a peak value of the signal, peak to peak
value, average value, and RMS voltage. This article describes the RMS voltage theory
and its methods.
What is the RMS Voltage?
The term RMS stands for “Root Mean Square value”. The RMS value represents the
voltage value of an AC signal equivalent to the DC voltage. The amount of power
dissipated or heating effect is the same in both AC and DC signals. The values of a
sinusoidal signal vary with time because the magnitude of the current and voltage
values always change with time and it is not applicable for DC circuits (magnitude
constant).
In simple words, it can be defined as the square roots of the average values of the
squares of all the instantaneous values of an AC signal. It is denoted by Vrms or Irms
This can be obtained by squaring the input values and calculating the average value of
an AC signal. The square root of the average value obtained gives the root mean square
voltage.
RMS Voltage Theory
In general AC and DC signals are represented in the form of voltage or current
waveforms. We knew that the magnitude of the DC signal is constant and it is very easy
to calculate. But the AC signal fluctuates between negative and positive half cycles and
varies with time. So, it is difficult to find the magnitude of the voltage and current values
of the alternating waveform. This theory can be explained from the alternating
waveform as shown below.
RMS Voltage Theory
The most effective method to find the magnitude of the voltage values of the sinusoidal
waveform is the calculation of RMS Voltage value. We can compare the amount of
power of AC and DC signals given to the load or circuit. This voltage refers to the DC
equivalent voltage of an AC signal because the amount of power dissipated or heating
effect of both AC and DC waveforms in the given circuit is the same.
That means the power delivered to the load of a DC is equivalent to the RMS voltages of
a sine wave (AC signal). This gives the effective voltage value and it is denoted by Veff
or Ieff. If the supply voltage is 220V-240V, then the RMS voltage values of an AC are
also 220V-240V, which is equivalent to the power of DC voltage.
If the RMS voltages of AC and DC signal are the same, then the amount of power
dissipated in the circuit is also the same. This is also known as an effective voltage
which is equivalent to the DC voltage in providing power to the circuit.

Materials:

Feedback training kit

Multimeter (V.O.M)

D.C. miliameter 0-1000mA

A.C miliameter 0-250mA

2- channel oscilloscope

Initial Settings:

Connect the power supply unit to be main supply line. DO Not switch in yet.
Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.1

2. Set the potentiometer to its mid position.

3. Switch on the power supply unit and set the source voltage to 10 VDC, as shown

on the voltmeter.

4. Transfer the voltmeter across the potentiometer (mid position and one leg)

5. Get an appropriate time base on the oscilloscope to have a good trace of the

waveform and draw the trace or waveform you see on another sheet of paper.

6. Now vary the settings of the potentiometer decreasing and then increasing its

value. Notice the waveform on the oscilloscope and its reading or the voltmeter

reading.

7. Now change the source voltage to 10 VAC peak-to-peak at 60 Hz as shown on

the oscilloscope and then draw the trace or waveform you see on another sheet

of paper

8. Switch off the power supply unit (both D.C and A.C source) connect the circuit

as shown in figure 1.2

9. Set the potentiometer to its mid position and initially set the slide to the left.

10. Switch on the power supply unit and set the D.C source voltage to 5v as shown

on the voltmeter. The lamp should be on, but dim. Notice the intensity of the

lamp.

11. Switch the slide to the right and adjust the potentiometer until the intensity of the

lamp is roughly the same as before.


12. To ensure that intensity of the lamp is same for both positions switch the slide

switch left and right adjusting the potentiometer at the same time, until the

intensity of the lamp is identical for both switch position.

13. On the table 1.1 record the readings of the D.C and A.C voltage and current as

shown on the voltmeter, ammeter and oscilloscope.

14. Switch off the power supply unit.


Table 1.1

Measured Value Calculated RMS(*


√ ❑)
DC Voltage (V) AC Voltage p-p AC voltage peak AC voltage peak
(V) (V)
5V 14.14V 7.07V 7.07V

Measured Value Calculated Value


RMS(* √ ❑)*2 RMS(* √ ❑)
DC current (mA) AC current (mA) AC current p-p AC current peak
(mA) (mA)
32.47mA 27.43mA 77.58mA 38.79mA

Table 1.2
❑
Angle Yn Yn2 ❑
∑
❑
Yn = 40.52
❑
10° 0.52 0.27
∑
❑
√❑ = 2.12
30 ° 1.50 2.25
50° 2.30 5.29
70 ° 2.82 7.95
90 ° 3.00 9.00
110 ° 2.82 7.95
130 ° 2.30 5.29
150 ° 1.50 2.25
170 ° 0.52 0.27

Conclusion:

For this experiment, the group is able to distinguish the difference between a pure
resistive circuit, pure capacitive circuit and pure inductive circuit as well as
identify the relationship between AC voltage and current when forming the sinusoidal
waveform. With this concept, it is observed that there is a slight increase of voltage and
current as well as their effective values due to the decrease of resistance. The
sinusoidal waveform of a voltage and current depends on where it will pass through
whether it’s a resistor, a capacitor or an inductor. In a pure resistivity circuit (pure R), the
voltage and current reach their peak at the same time which shows that neither of the
two is leading and lagging or both are in a time phase with one another

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