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8 Prolog4 Input Output

This document discusses input and output in Prolog. It covers reading and writing to the console and files, setting the input and output streams, character input/output, and provides examples of writing to a file and a simple question/answer program that reads provinces and outputs their capitals. Control structures like repeat and cut are also introduced for looping and stopping backtracking in programs.

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dongmianjun
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23 views

8 Prolog4 Input Output

This document discusses input and output in Prolog. It covers reading and writing to the console and files, setting the input and output streams, character input/output, and provides examples of writing to a file and a simple question/answer program that reads provinces and outputs their capitals. Control structures like repeat and cut are also introduced for looping and stopping backtracking in programs.

Uploaded by

dongmianjun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSI2120 A

Programming Paradigms

1
• Course overview
• Introduction to programming
paradigms
• Review: The object-oriented
Topics paradigm in Java
• Imperative and concurrent
programming paradigm: Go.
• Logic paradigm: Prolog.
• Functional paradigm: Scheme.
• Office hours offered from Feb 22
– March 1st (please check
Announcement Brightspace and the
announcement)
• Thursday Feb 23 (4:00 -5:20 pm)
live Tutorial session for assignment
1 go/ comprehensive assg_part1
Announcement Go Concurrent
• (TA: Bamdad)
• Comprehensive
assigenemnt_part1 Go -> due date
extended to Friday Feb 26th
Announcement • TA (Bamdad) will help and mark
it
• Assignment 1 (GO) will be posted
tonight -> Due date March 1st
Announcement • TA Ooha, Hari
Input -Output

• Reading and writing to console


• Reading and writing to file
• Character i/o
Input-Output

• Write to the screen or to a file


• Read from the keyboard or from a file
• Writing terms with the built-in predicate
write/1
– write(X). adds the value of X to the
currently active output stream (by default
the console).
– Example:
• write(1+2) outputs 1+2
– nl is the new line command, i.e.,
• writeln(X) :- write(X), nl.
– tab(N) outputs N spaces
More Output Commands

• write/1 vs. display/1


– Both, write and display output to the
current streams
– write displays operators as operators
– displays ignores all operator definitions
– Example:
write(3+4), nl, display(3+4), nl.
• Output:
3+4
+(3,4)
YES
Input
• Reading terms:
• read/1 is for input from the currently open
stream.
– The term has to be followed by a . (dot)
and return at which point the read goal will
succeed and X will be instantiated to the
entered characters.
– The prompt is system dependent, e.g., a :
(colon).
• Example :
?- read(X).
|: a(1,2).
X = a(1,2)
Interactive Example
age(X, Y) :- ?- age(teddy, 22).
write('Give the age of'), Give the age of
teddy: 23.
write(X), write(': '),
No
read(Y). ?- read(X + Y).
?- age(teddy, Z). :2 + 3.
Give the age of teddy: 22. X = 2
Z = 22 Y = 3
Yes Yes
Repeat Predicate (built-in)

• The built-in predicate repeat is a way to generate


multiple solution through backtracking.
• Definition
repeat.
repeat :- repeat.
• Example
test :- repeat,
write('Answer to everything? (num)'),
read(X),
(X=:=42).
Calculator Example:

• Read an arithmetic expression from a stream


• Calculate result
• Exit on end
calculator :- repeat, % loop forever
read(X), % read expression
eval(X,Y), % our evaluation
write(Y), nl, % output result
Y = end, !. % stopping condition

eval(end, end) :- !. % end evaluates to itself


eval(X, Y) :- Y is X. % otherwise calculate
The repeat

Example of use :
? - calculator.
: 2 + 3.
5
: 3 + 2 * 4 -1.
10
: end.
end
YES

2021-02-23
Control of Backtracking in Calculator

• Calculator
– if end test fails, we backtrack until repeat succeeds
again
• The “Cut “ ! stops backtracking across it
– More details in the next lecture
• Calculator
– if end succeeds, we don’t backtrack across it to find
more solutions
Opening and Closing a File
• Predicate open/3
– argument 1: Filename
– argument 2: File mode: write, append or read
– argument 3: Instantiated with the name of the stream
(file handle) that must be used to manipulate the
stream status (close, set_input, etc.)
• Modes for writing:
– write mode opens the file and puts the stream marker
at the beginning of the file.
• existing content is overwritten
– append mode puts the stream marker at the end of
the file
• Predicate close/1
– takes a file handle and closes the stream
Reading and Writing
• The current input and output stream can be set,
affecting all input and output commands (e.g., read,
write, etc.)
– set_input(X)
• user_input is the keyboard
• Query with current_input(X)
– set_output(X)
• user_output is the console
• Query with current_output(X)
• All the read and write predicates can take an extra
parameter for the file handle
– write(X, Y). X is the file handle (as above)
– read(X,Y) get(X, Y) get0(X,Y)
Example: Write to File

Write X to file
writeFile(X):- open('test.txt', append, F),
write(F, X), nl(F),
close(F).
Default Input and Output Stream

• Alternative (simpler) ways to set the current input and


output stream
– see(Filename). Filename becomes the current
output stream; opens file in write mode
– seen. Closes current output stream and reverts back
to the console.
– tell(Filename). Filename becomes the current
input stream
– told. Closes current input stream and reverts back
to the keyboard.
Character Input and Output

• put_char(Character) puts a character code into the


current stream
– character can either be an integer (e.g.,
ASCII_Code) or a character,e.g., ‘a’
– put(ASCII_Code) also exists as a non-ISO primitive
• get_char(Character) gets a character into the current
stream
– Non-iso primitives
• get0(X) unifies the variable X with the ASCII
code character entered .
• get(X) is the same as get0 but skips spaces.
Example: Province.pl
capital(ontario,toronto).
capital(quebec,quebec).

start :- write('The capitals of Canada'),nl,


askP.

askP :- write('Province? '), read(Province),


answer(Province).

answer(stop) :- write('thank you'),nl.


answer(Province) :- capital(Province,City),
write(City),write(' is the capital of '),
write(Province),nl,nl,
askP.
Example (continued)

? - start.
The Capitals of Canada
Province? ontario.
the capital of ontario is toronto

Province? quebec.
the capital of quebec is quebec

Province? stop.
thank you
true.
Summary

• Input and output: Streams


– Reading and writing to console
– Reading and writing to file
– Looping with Repeat
– Character i/o

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