LABORATORY REPORT SUBMISSION FORM

CEB 30503 WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

Form 03
To: (Name of lecturer-in-charge for that particular experiment) Integrated Exp. No.:

From:
1. (Student Name, Student ID) LUQMAN NUL HAKIM BIN ROZAZAT (55222120156)
2. (Student Name, Student ID) KHAIRUL AMIN BIN AHMAD SHUKRI 55213218051
3. (Student Name, Student ID) ALTURKI ABDULSALAM FOUZI ABDULSALAM 55213117240
4. (Student Name, Student ID)
5. (Student Name, Student ID)

We agree / disagree that the attached is our own work, except where specifically stated.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Coagulant & Flocculant Treatment Process Date of Experiment

Due Date: Office use only: RECEIVED Office Use only RECEIVED BY
Time Date

CRITERIA VERY POOR GOOD VERY EXCELL

POOR GOOD ENT

INTRODUCTION (15%)
1. State the background to the experiment and analysed
parameters.
2. Summarise the theories including formulations related to the 3 6 9 12 15
experiment and parameters.
3. State briefly the obtained learning outcomes in your own words.

METHOD (20%)
1. Explain step by step in performing the experiment and analysing
parameters (Include reasons or precautions for respective step if
there is any). Use a clearly visible format and label of the pictures
4 8 12 16 20
and figures.
2. Properly cite references of standard method (where applicable).
3. Explain any chosen prediction or modelling tool used.

DATA AND RESULTS (10%)

Include the raw data as taken in the lab together with the analysis
2 4 6 8 10
data. Presentable results and figures.

DISCUSSIONS (30%)
1. Explanations of the referred tables and/or graphs are presented
2. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective
of the experiment. 6 12 18 24 30
3. Must show the sample of calculations if necessary
4. Any citing must tally with those in the references.
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION (10%)
1. Attainment of the learning outcomes
2. Summary of the results relates to the theory 2 4 6 8 10
3. Recommendation for future studies
REFERENCES (5%) 1 2 3 4 5
FORMATTING (5%) 1 2 3 4 5
APPENDICES (5%) 1 2 3 4 5
*To be compiled at the front page of written report by group.
 1.0 OBJECTIVE

i. To comprehend the idea of settling, flocculation, and coagulation.

ii. To achieve the ideal coagulant and flocculant flow rates for the coagulation-flocculation process.
iii. To evaluate how well turbidity is reduced.

2.0 THEORY

Both dissolved and suspended solids are present in wastewater. To remove the suspended
particles from the water, flocculation and coagulation are utilised. The source, charge, particle size,
shape, and density of suspended particles vary. These variables affect how coagulation and
flocculation are applied. The negative charge of suspended particles in water causes them to resist
one another when they are close to one another because they have the same kind of surface charge.
(Bulger, K. 2019) Therefore, without the use of coagulation and flocculation, suspended particles
will remain in suspension and not clump together and settle out of the water. The subsequent
processes of flocculation and coagulation allow for particle collision and floc development.
Sedimentation then follows this. Coagulation must be completed before flocculation can take place,
and flocculation must be completed before sedimentation can take place. (Bulger, K. 2019)

To balance the negative charges on non-settleable particles, coagulant chemicals are introduced to
the water that have charges opposite to those of the suspended solids. The little suspended particles
might cling together once the charge has been neutralised. Microflocs are these slightly bigger
particles that are invisible to the unaided eye. Clear water should surround the freshly created
microflocs. To appropriately spread the coagulant and encourage particle collisions, a high-energy,
rapid-mix is required.(Saritha, V., 2017) The particle size goes from submicroscopic microfloc to
visible suspended particles during flocculation, a gentle mixing stage. When microfloc particles
encounter, they combine to form pinflocs, which are bigger, more observable flocs. With more
collisions and interactions with more inorganic (coagulant) or organic polymers, floc size continues
to increase. (Farooq S., 2013)

Macroflocs are formed and high molecular weight polymers, called coagulant aids, may be
added to help bridge, bind, and strengthen the floc, add weight, and increase settling rate. The
most used coagulant aids àre synthetic polyelectrolytes (Brandt, M., 2017).
3. EQUIPMENTS AND REAGENTS

- Tap water
- Die powder/ wastewater
- Beaker
- Turbidity meter
- pH meter.
- 5 L of 1% PAC or Alum fro 5 L fill in Coagulant Tank
- 3 L of 0.1 % of Polymer and fill in Flooculant Tank
- 3 L of 1% of NaOH (Prepare in proper container)
- Preparation of sample dilute with die / wastewater

(Photo of the machine used in this experiment)

 3.0 PROCEDURE

General Start up procedure

1. Drained the feeding tank D1

2. Drained the settler D4
3. The plastic hose was connected through to the feeding pump G2
4. The electrical connections was carried out to the pump G1
5. Closed the Valve V1 and V9
6. Closed the valve V4 of the reactor R1
7. Closed the valve V6 of the reactor R2
8. Closed the valve V8 of the reactor D4

Experiment procedure

1. Switch on the power supply. The automatic or differential switch was connected and the START button was
press, the plan is ready for manipulation
2. Fill the tank D1 with the 200L wastewater sample to be treated
3. Switch pump G1 to 1 for mix of sample wastewater
4. Fill the tank D2 with the solution 5L of 1% of alum or PAC
5. Fill the tank D3 with the solution 500 ml of 0.1% of POLYMER
6. Start the pump G2, switch to 1
7. Set the flow rate [ Q ] 100 L/hr
8. Wait until ½ of sample in tank R1, Start the motor M1, switch to 1 & motor 2 will start automatically.
9. Start the pump G3, switch to 1
10. Set the flow rate FI3 .Flow rate base on calculation DOSE of alum or 1% PAC.
11. Control the pH sample in R1 to optimum pH
12. Control pH to optimum pH by adding 1% of NaOH manually
13. Sample from R1 will flow to R3 tank
14. Wait until half of the sample in R3 then turn on the G4 pump
15. Set the % flow rate of DOSE of 0.1% polymer
16. Sample treated overflowed to sedimentation tank D4
17. After finished, the turbidity of D1, D2, D3 ,D4 were measured.

Shut down procedure

1. After experimenting complete, switch off all the pump, motor & switch off main power
2. Open all valve to remove sample / solution from the tank
3. Clean all the tank D1,D2,D3 ,D4,R1,R2 & R3
4.0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION

Initial turbidity [NTU] 814 NTU

Initial pH 9.16

Final turbidity 58.7 NTU

Final pH 10

Table 1

Before (mg/L) After (mg/L)

ND 0.12
Cu (Copper)

10.3 2.80
Fe (Ferum)

2.35 2.13
Zn (Zinc)

21 9
Suspended solids

Table 2
5.0 DISCUSSION

Turbidity (NTU) and pH reached final levels of 58.7 NTU and 10, respectively. Both pH and
coagulant dose affect the coagulation process. As seen by the experiment's findings, the
ideal pH in the R1 has allowed for the maximum amount of turbidity reduction. Physically, it
is seen that the created brown flocs were substantial and anchored. The ideal alum dose of
1 g L-1 also contributes to the high turbidity reduction. Aluminum salts hydrolyze when they
are dissolved in water, creating a variety of products, including cationic species that can
attach to negatively charged particles and balance their charge. During the experiment, the
bioavailability of the trace elements Cu, Fe, and Zn was also examined. Cu, Fe, and Zn had
initial values of ND, 10.3, and 2.35 mg/L, respectively. The first measurement for suspended
solid (SS) was 21 mg/L. Cu, Fe, and Zn final values are 0.12, 2.8, and 2.13 mg/L,
respectively. It was 9 mg/L for the final suspended solid (SS) value. The concentration of
suspended solids and the concentration of heavy metals are correlated. This is because
during primary settling, heavy metals are removed by eliminating the solids to which they are
bound. The sorption/desorption of heavy metals in the primary settler as well as their
speciation or partitioning in the influent wastewater affect the removal capacity.

(Photo showing the coagulation and the flocculation process)

6.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it can be claimed that the coagulation and flocculation process has been
effectively carried out based on the findings of the experiment because they are consistent
with what the theory has suggested.
7.0 REFERENCES

Brandt, M., & Ratnayaka, D. (2017). Coagulant Aid.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/coagulant-aid

Bulger, K. (2019). Industrial Wastewater Jar Testing in 9 Steps.

https://www.dober.com/greenfloc/resources/jar-testing

Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Muhammad Fauzul Imron, Che Engku Noramalina Che Engku Chik,
Amina Adedoja Owodunni, Azmi Ahmad, Mohammad Mohammad Alnawajha, Nurul
Farhana Mohd Rahim, Nor Sakinah Mohd Said, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nor Azman
Kasan, Suzylawati Ismail, Ahmad Razi Othman, Hassimi Abu Hasan,
What compound inside biocoagulants/bioflocculants is contributing the most to the
coagulation and flocculation processes?,
Science of The Total Environment, Volume 806, Part 4, 2022,150902,
ISSN 0048-9697,

Saritha, V., Srinivas, N. & Srikanth Vuppala, N.V.

Analysis and optimization of coagulation and flocculation process. Appl Water Sci 7, 451–
460 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0262-y

Farooq Sher, Atiq Malik, Hao Liu,

Industrial polymer effluent treatment by chemical coagulation and flocculation,
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,
Volume 1, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 684-689, ISSN 2213-3437,