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Lecture 1-Basics of ODE and Variable Separable Form

The document provides an overview of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) including definitions, examples, and methods for solving separable ODEs. It defines ODEs as differential equations involving one independent variable. The order is the highest derivative, and degree is the power of the highest derivative. Linear ODEs have the dependent variable and derivatives occurring only to the first degree, while non-linear ODEs do not meet this. Several examples are given. The document then explains how to solve separable ODEs by separating variables and integrating both sides. Three example problems demonstrate this process.

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16 views11 pages

Lecture 1-Basics of ODE and Variable Separable Form

The document provides an overview of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) including definitions, examples, and methods for solving separable ODEs. It defines ODEs as differential equations involving one independent variable. The order is the highest derivative, and degree is the power of the highest derivative. Linear ODEs have the dependent variable and derivatives occurring only to the first degree, while non-linear ODEs do not meet this. Several examples are given. The document then explains how to solve separable ODEs by separating variables and integrating both sides. Three example problems demonstrate this process.

Uploaded by

shauryanshsonurajvansi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MTH166

Lecture-1
Basics of Ordinary Differential
Equations
Unit 1: Ordinary Differential Equations

(Book: Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Jain and Iyengar,Chapter-4)

Topic:

Separable form (ODE)

Learning Outcomes:

1. Definition of Ordinary Differential Equation.

2. Solution of ODE by Variable separation method

3. First order Homogeneous Differential Equations.


Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
A differential equation can be defined as an equation containing derivatives
of various orders and the variables.
A differential equation which involves only one independent variable is called
an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
Let 𝑦 be the dependent variable and 𝑥 be an independent variable.
We denote the derivatives as:
2𝑦 3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑦 ′ , 2 = 𝑦 ′′ , 3 = 𝑦 ′′′ , 𝑒𝑡𝑐.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
Order: The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order
derivative occurring in the equation.
Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the degree (power) of the
highest order derivative occurring in the equation, after the equation has been
made free of radicals and functions in its derivatives.
Linear: A differential equation is linear, when the dependent variable and its
derivatives occur only in first degree and no products of the dependent
variable and its derivatives or of various order derivatives occur.
Non-Linear: A differential equation which is not linear, is called non-linear.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
Some examples of ordinary differential equations are:
1. 𝑦 ′ = 6𝑥 2
Order = 1, Degree = 1, Linear.
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 16𝑦 = 2𝑥
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Linear.
3. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = log 𝑥
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Linear.
4. 𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2
Order = 2, Degree = 1, Non-Linear.
Polling Quiz
The equation: y𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 0 is a:

(A) A linear ODE with order 1 and degree 1

(B) A non-linear ODE with order 1 and degree 1

(C) A linear ODE with order 1 and degree 2

(D) A non-linear ODE with order 2 and degree 2


ODE Solvable by Variable Separable form

Let the given ODE be:


𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ( Separating the variables)
ℎ 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
⟹‫׬‬ = ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
ℎ 𝑦

⟹ 𝐴 𝑦 = 𝐵 𝑥 + 𝐶 which is the required solution.


Solve the following differential equations:
Problem 1: 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝒚′ = 𝒚
𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 =𝑦 (1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⟹ = (Separating the variables)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥

1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⟹ ‫𝑦 ׬‬ =‫׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
log 𝑥

𝑓′ (𝑥)
⟹ log 𝑦 = log log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬ = log 𝑓(𝑥)

⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑐 log 𝑥


⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐 log 𝑥 Answer.
Problem 2: 𝒚′ = 𝒆𝒙+𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒚

𝑑𝑦
Solution: = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
⟹ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (Separating the variables)
𝑒𝑦

⟹ ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ‫ 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (Integrating both sides)

𝑥3
⟹ −𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + +𝑐
3

𝑥3
⟹ 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 + +𝑐 =0 Answer.
3
Problem 3: 𝒂𝒙𝒚′ = 𝒃𝒚, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎

𝑑𝑦
Solution: 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 (1)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
⟹ = (Separating the variables)
𝑦 𝑎 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ‫𝑦 ׬‬ = ‫𝑥׬‬ (Integrating both sides)
𝑎

𝑏
⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐
𝑎

𝑏Τ
⟹ log 𝑦 = log 𝑐𝑥 𝑎

𝑏Τ
⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑎 Answer.

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