TT } Board & Com ATOMIC STRUCTURE Compete Exams Atom For a long time atom was considered smallest unit which cannot be Subdivided. But atom of smaller units like proton, neutron and electron. Some other particles like TMmeson, jI-meson, k meson etc are also present which are very short lived. BME $a is stin Positron, neutrino, antnece> oy Particle Mass Charge Special Remark =] Electron 9.110 "kg 16x10 "°C Discovered by J.J. Thomson | Proton 1.67 « 10°” kg +16x10°C Discovered by Gold Stein Neutron 1.67 «1077 kg Discovered by Chadwick | Positron 41.6 x10" ‘Anderson | n° - 264 Me | m meson mn -273Me Yukawa | n- 273 Me | J Discovery of Cathode Rays To produce cathode rays, discharge tube is used. Discharge tube : It is a long glass tube fitted with two electrode at ends of tube and a vacuum pump. Function of vacuum pump : To keep the desired pressure inside the tube Electrode Vacuum Pump J.J. Thomson took a discharge tube and applied a potential difference of 10000 volt across electrodes at 2 pressure of 10°? mm of Hg. He found some glowing behind anode. It means some invisible rays produced at cathode strike behind anode and produce fluorescence. He named them cathode rays. Properties of Cathode Rays (i) These rays have mechanical energy and travel in straight line. (ii) These rays are deflected towards positive plate of electric field. It means these are made up of negative charged particle called electron. [Electron term was coined by Stoney| (iii) Characteristics observed is independent from nature of gas. (v) Mulliken determined the charge on electron which is 1.602 x 10"? C. ‘y) _ Specific charge on electron is calculated by J.J. Thomson.o> — Charge to mass in presence of electrical an (i) Magnitude of the negative charge on particle (i) Mass of particle (ii) Strength of magnetic field Knowledge Cloud ratio : JJ. Thomson argued that amount of deviation of the particles from their path id magnetic field depends on Cathode Anode The apparatus to determine the charge to the mass ratio of electron ctric field is applied, cathode rays When electric field is applied, deviation from path takes place. If only ele bsence of any field, cathode rays strike at A. If only magnetic field is applied, cathode rays strike at C. In at strike at B. By careful balancing electric and magnetic field strength, it is possible to bring back the electron to path followed as in the absence of electric and magnetic field and hit the point B. Note : In electric field, F on cathode ray particle = gE In magnetic field, F on cathode ray particle = (vxB) By carrying accurate measurements on the amount of deflection, he calculated 4 : In this experiment, some fine oil droplets were allowed to enter Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment through a tiny hole into the upper plate of electrical condenser. These oil droplets were produced by atomiser. .cted to the ionization by X-rays. The electrons produced by the ionization ‘Thus oil droplets acquire negative charge. When sufficient amount be accelerated, retarded or made stationary. Millikan coulomb and the magnitude of electrical The air in the chamber was subje of air attach themselves to the oil drops. of electric field is applied, the motion of the droplets can observed that the smallest charge found on them was -1.6 x 10-'? gon the droplets is always an integral multiple ofthe electrical charge ‘ee. [a = ne charge, Charged il drops alia A) 4 ‘Small hole Atomizer «= ‘ — X-ray from Telescope \ the source b \ Oil droplet Charged plate (-) under observation4 Structure of Atom applied 10,000 volt potential difference at Discovery of anode rays cathode. He cathode. This was due to striking of took a discharge tube having perforated = mm of Hg, He observed something glowing behin between anode and cathode. Goldstei pressure of 10 invisible rays produced ‘These invisible rays are named as canal rays oF anode F=YS Properties () These rays deflect positively charged particle. wiied electric fied. It means these are made up of towards negative plate of PI Note : IH, gas is taken inside the discharge {ube then anode rays are made up of proton. is on nature of 92: (i) Property of anode rays depend: and have mechanical energy. (i) These rays travel in straight line Discovery of Neutron Chadwick in 1992 found the evidence for the production of neutron in the following nuclear reaction 4Be® + He? —> #C+ an Neutron is chargeless particle and have mass slightly greater than that of proton.> mass = CRs xi *4 Aamoche. gut probes coat st - > con jem porters > eng toyBoare *§ 1. Z Thomson's Model of Atom 41d, Thomson in 1898, proposed a model of atom wich looked more or les like plum pudding or rasin pudding He assumed atom to be spherical body in which electrons are unevenly distributed in a sphere having positive charge which balance the electrons charge. Its called Plum pudding model. Or Positive sphere O-\-eXectron ° °} ° Important Feature of This Model : The mass ofthe atom is assumed to be uniformly distribuled over whole atom. Failure : It Rutherford's Model Rutherford's Model is based on a-scattering Experiment «after Rutherford's a-scattering experiment, which proved atom to be quite diferent.oe) reer atti: — Rutherford's gold foil experiment is also known as Geiger-Marsden experiment. In this experiment a Narrow Se Oe beam of a-particles was allowed to strike a thin gold foil (about 1000 atoms thick). crpartcles (He nucleus 3 are positively charged particles that have (+2) charge and have @ mass of 4 u. He expected that o-particles would be deflected by the sub-atomic particles in the gold atoms. But totally unexpected results were obtained Beam of a-particles \ Incident beam 6 ++ Nucleus | of ewpartses 7? T-#$# #5476) 1 space Back scattering <—L occupied by Sh 1 RS Detected Defected G-particle a-scattering Thin gold foil ‘Scattering of a-particles by a gold foll Observations : (2) Most of the a-particles passed through the gold foil undeflected. (0) Some of the a-particles were deflected by small angles (©) Very few particles deflected back. One out of every 12,000 alpha particles appeared to rebound, Conclusions : ((@)_ Since most of a-particles passed undeflected, $0 majority of space inside the atom is empty. (b) Since very few particles deflected, hence the positive charge of an atom occupies a very litle space. Dc) Even lesser number of apart vere deflected by 180°, (complete deflection, ths indicate i i a charge is concentrated in a very small volume called nucleus. Coe eas dein Og OES On the basis of his experiment, Rutherford proposed an atomic model, according to which, an atom consists in of two distinct parts : 5 Lorsed Ls ot broperdtn the Corde () Nucleus ea. smelt g pai : 2 12 ee eee end (i) Extra nuclear part 77ams. #42 £ i) The Nucleus - Centre of an atom : Jous. The diameter. ° (@) All atoms contain a small, heavy postvely charged body a its cone called nucleus (a) y of nuclet — m explains the emptiness of the atom. tom which explai leus is [os parts of diameter of an at (b) The entire mass of an atom resides in the nucleus. eee aie the of protons. of nucleus is due to presence The ‘itive charge o re sson devotee the ‘atomic number’ of an atom. nt 7(iy Extra-nuclear part : (a) Since, an atom is electrically neutral, so total number of protons in the nucleus iS ‘equal to the total number of electrons present outside the nucleus in orbits (b) Negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus at a very high speed and attracted by the electrostatic force from the nucleus, This attraction is counterbalanced by an outward centrifugal force _keeping the electron in its orbit. fee giyvatan 42 mode (© 3 apeu'hen storm whee Jatem with the nucleus playing role Limitation of Rytherford's Atomic Mode! . bility of atom : Since atom contains oppositely charged particles, they should attract atom should collapse but Rutherford told that electronic rotations are attributed to balance between inward electrostatic force of attraction and outward centrifugal force each other and Centrifugal force: f— eecrsate traction Fig. : The centrifugal force of an electron and the inward electrostatic force But according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, if any charged particle (electron) shows acceleration in the electric and magnetic field of another charged body (protons), it loses energy and the radius also decreases, its path becomes spiral and finaly it falls into nucleus and hence the atom should be unstable. Fo atts ox. phe arr SVOULD conepre, Herure, 5 ene ss, yp Aafsprire aes ea Nucleus LAvom 4 gutle Shee. no Fig. : The rotating electron gradually loses energy and finaly falls into the nucle" en —Dissimilariti Peron pln between Nuclear Atomic Model and (i) The sun and the while the nucleus an charged. (ii) The revolution of the planets in the solar system is governed by gravitational forces, while the revolution of electrons around the nucleus is governed by electrostatic forces. (iii) In the solar system, there is only one planet which revolves in any particular orbit, but in the nuclear atomic model more than one electron may rotate in any particular orbit. planets are very big bodies and uncharged id electrons are very small objects and