Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    General Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Drug-Drug Interactions

    Uploaded by

    raneemalnaamneh
    This document discusses general pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics. It specifically focuses on pharmacokinetics and the process of drug absorption. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption refers to the passage of drugs from the site of administration into systemic circulation through various mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Factors that influence a drug's absorption include route of administration, the absorbing surface, systemic circulation, water and lipid solubility, ionization, valency, and pharmaceutical preparation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    General Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Drug-Drug Interactions

    Uploaded by

    raneemalnaamneh
    19 views9 pages
    This document discusses general pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics. It specifically focuses on pharmacokinetics and the process of drug absorption. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption refers to the passage of drugs from the site of administration into systemic circulation through various mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Factors that influence a drug's absorption include route of administration, the absorbing surface, systemic circulation, water and lipid solubility, ionization, valency, and pharmaceutical preparation.

    Original Description:

    Hobgoblin Bobby henhouse nhmm

    Original Title

    4_5940761612360092714

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses general pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics. It specifically focuses on pharmacokinetics and the process of drug absorption. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption refers to the passage of drugs from the site of administration into systemic circulation through various mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Factors that influence a drug's absorption include route of administration, the absorbing surface, systemic circulation, water and lipid solubility, ionization, valency, and pharmaceutical preparation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views9 pages

    General Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Drug-Drug Interactions

    Uploaded by

    raneemalnaamneh
    This document discusses general pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics. It specifically focuses on pharmacokinetics and the process of drug absorption. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Absorption refers to the passage of drugs from the site of administration into systemic circulation through various mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Factors that influence a drug's absorption include route of administration, the absorbing surface, systemic circulation, water and lipid solubility, ionization, valency, and pharmaceutical preparation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    General Pharmacology

    ➢Pharmacokinetics
    ➢Pharmacodynamics
    ➢Drug-drug interactions
    2
    1. Pharmacokinetics: Describe what the body does to the drug. This
    includes: absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of durg.
    2. Pharmacodynamics: Describe what the drug does to the body. This
    includes the mechanism of action, pharmacological action, adverse effects,
    and the pharmadodynamic drug-drug interaction.
    3. Pharmacotherapeutics: Describe uses of drug for prevention, diagnosis
    and treatment of diseases.
    Drug: Chemical substance that affects biologic systems of living
    organism.
    Drug nomenclature:
    3 1.Chemical name: Describe chemistry of the drug e.g. acetyl salicylic acid.
    2.Generic (Non-proprietary or approved) name: This is the
    abbreviated and approved name of the drug. It is the official medical
    name assigned by the producer in collaboration with the food & Drug
    Board and Nomeneclature committee. Each drug has only one name all
    over the world and it is not capitalizes e.g. aspirin, atenolol, amlodipine,
    and captopril. Very few drug have two generic names e.g (“paracetmol-
    acetaminophen”, “neostigmine-prostigmine”, “epinephrine-
    adrenaline”, “norepinephrine-noradrenaline”, “meperidine-
    pethidine”).
    3.Brand (Proprietary or Trade) name: These are names given to the
    drug by the manufacturing and marketing company, and they are
    copyrighted terms selected by the manufacturer e.g. Aspocid, Inderal,
    Tonormin, Myodura, and Capoten.
    PHARMACOKINETICS
    4 ABSORPTION
    Definition: Passage of drugs from site of administration
    to systemic circulation.
    the mechanisms of drug absorption follow the
    mechanisms of drug movement across the biological
    membranes, which include:
    1. Passive diffusion: The most common and most
    important mechanism, it includes:
    A. Rapid movement of lipid-soluble drug across
    the cell membrane.
    B. Movement of water-soluble drugs across the
    aqueous channels (water pores).
    5
    2. Facilitated diffusion:
    No energy is required as the drugs are carried to inside of the cell according
    to the concentration gradient by :
    a. Carrier protein.
    b. Drug transporter.
    3. Active transport:
    Energy is required because the drug movement may be against the
    concentration gradient by :
    a. Drug transporter.
    b. P-glycoprotein drug transporter extrudes drug outside the cells, and it is
    responsible for drug resistance.
    6
    4. Endocytosis and exocvtosis:
    Usually occur by drugs of high molecular
    weight. The drug binds to the cell membrance,
    dips in and enveloped by the cell membrane,
    a tear in the cell membrane allow the drug to
    move inside/ outside the cell.
    The tear is healed immediately.
    2. Factors affecting absorption:
    7
    A) Factors related to the patient:
    1.Route of administration: I.V. and inhalation > I.M. > S.C. > Oral >
    Topical.
    2.Absorbing surface:
     Vascularity (Alveoli > Skeletal muscle > S.C.tissue).
     Surface area (Alveoli > Intestine > Stomach).
     Pathological conditions: Diarrhea & malabsorption oral
    absorption.
    3. Systemic circulation :
    H.F. & shock absorption oral and I.M. routes are not suitable.
    4. Specific factors: Intrinsic factor is essential for vitamin B12
    absorption.
    B) Factor related to the drug:
    8 1. Water and lipid solubility:
    Both are needed for absorption
    Completely water-insoluble compounds are not absorbed (e.g. barium
    chloride).
     Lipid solubility absorption ( lipid /water partition coefficient)
    2. Ionization:
    Non-ionized (uncharged) better absorption
    Depends on pKa of the drug and pH of the medium
    Quaternary ammonium compounds ionized poor absorption
    Streptomycin has high pKa always ionized not absorbed
    orally
    9

    3. Valency : Ferrous iron (Fe+2) is absorbed better than ferric iron (Fe+3)
    4. Nature: Inorganic compounds (small particles) > organic compounds
    ( large particles)
    5. Pharmaceutical preparation:
    Dosage form: Solution > Suspension> tablet
    Shape, size of particles and rate of disintegration and dissolution of
    tablets
    Excepient (filler): Ca+2 salts oral absorption of tetracyclines

    You might also like