Unit-2 Functions.

 Function:-
Let A and B are two non empty sets and if each number of element in set A
is associated with one and only one element of set B by some rule or
relation or correspondence is called to be a function from A to B .
It is denoted by f:A→B.

 Domain, Co-domain and Range of function:-

Let f:A→B be a function ,
Then set A is called domain of function.
The set B is called co-domain of function
The set of images of all elements is called range of function f.
It is denoted by 𝑅𝑓.

 Types of function:-
1) One-one function:-
Let f:A→B be a function ,if for any two different elements have different
images then f is said to be one-one function.
i.e. 𝑎1 ≠ 𝑎2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ A
⟹f(𝑎1 ) ≠ f(𝑎2 ).
2) many-one function:-
Let f:A→B be a function, if any two different elements have same images
then this function is called many-one function.
i.e. 𝑎1 ≠ 𝑎2 ; 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ∈ A
⟹f(𝑎1 ) = f(𝑎2 ).
3) On-to function:-
Let f:A→B be a function, each element in set B have pre images at least
one element in set A then f is on-to function from A→B.
4) Equal function:-
If two functions f and g are defined on same domain and for each element
'a' of domain f(a)=g(a) then f and g are called equal function.
It is denoted by f=g.

Type equation here.

 i.e. f:A→B , g: A→C for all a∈ A f(a)=g(a) then f=g.

 Ex:- Let f(x)=5x-6 and g(x)=𝒙𝟐 ; A={2,3} then f=g?

 Let x=2
f(x) = 5x-6 g(x)= 𝑥 2
f(2) = 5(2) - 6 g(2)= (2)2
= 10 - 6 =4
=4
∴ f(2)=g(2)=4
Let x=3
f(x) = 5x-6 g(x)= 𝑥 2
f(3) = 5(3) - 6 g(2)= (3)2
= 15 - 6 =9
=9
∴ f(3)=g(3)=9
∴ f=g

 Ex:- Let f(x)= 2𝒙𝟐 - 1 and g(x)= 2x-1 and x ∈ {0,1,2} then prove that f=g.
 Let x=0
f(x)= 2𝑥 2 - 1 g(x)= 2x-1
2
f(0)= 2(0) - 1 g(0)=2(0)-1
= 0-1 =0-1
= -1 = -1
∴ f(0)=g(0)= -1
Let x=1
f(x)= 2𝑥 2 - 1 g(x)= 2x-1
f(1)= 2(1)2 - 1 g(1)=2(1)-1
= 2-1 =2-1
=1 =1
∴ f(1)=g(1)= 1
Let x=2
f(x)= 2𝑥 2 - 1 g(x)= 2x-1

Type equation here.

 f(2)= 2(2)2 - 1 g(2)=2(2)-1
= 8-1 =4-1
=7 =3
∴ f(2)=7 and g(2)=3
∴ f ≠ g.

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
 Ex:- Let f(x)= ; x∈Z-{3} , g(x) = x + 3 ; x∈Z then prove that f=g?
𝒙−𝟑
 Let x∈Z-{3} ; let x=-1,0,1.
x = -1
𝑥2− 9
f(x) = g(x)= x + 3
𝑥−3
(−1)2 − 9
f(-1)= g(-1) = (-1) +3
(−1)−3
1− 9
= =2
−4
−8
=
−4
=2
∴ f(-1)=g(-1)= 2
x=0
𝑥2− 9
f(x) = g(x)= x + 3
𝑥−3
(0)2 − 9
f(0)= g(0) = (0) +3
(0)−3
0− 9
= =3
−3
−9
=
−3
=3
∴ f(0)=g(0)= 3
x=1
𝑥2− 9
f(x) = g(x)= x + 3
𝑥−3
(1)2 − 9
f(1)= g(1) = (1) +3
(1)−3
1− 9
= =4
−2
−8
= =4
−2

Type equation here.

 ∴ f(1)=g(1)= 4
here we cannot find f(3) because for function f ; x∈Z-{3}
and g(x) = x +3 ; x∈Z
g(3)= 3+3 =6
∴ f(3) does not exists & g(3)= 6
∴ f≠g
𝟐𝒙+𝟑
 Ex:-Let f(x)= then find f(1)+f(4) - f(0)
𝒙+𝟓
 Let x= 1
2(1)+3 2+3 5
f(1)= = =
(1)+5 6 6
let x= 4
2(4)+3 8+3 11
f(4)= = =
(4)+5 9 9
let x=0
2(0)+3 0+3 3
f(0)= = =
(0)+5 5 5
5 11 3 131
∴ f(1)+f(4) - f(0)= + - =
6 9 5 90

𝒙(𝒙−𝟐)
 Ex:-If g(x) = then find g(-1) + g(-2) + g(0).
𝒙−𝟏
 Let x= -1
(−1)((−1)−2) (−1)(−3) 3 3
g(-1) = = = = -
(−1)−1 −2 −2 2
Let x= -2
(−2)((−2)−2) (−2)(−4) 8 8
g(-2) = = = = -
(−2)−1 −3 −3 3
Let x= -1
(0)(0−2) 0(−2) 0
g(0) = = = = 0
0−1 −1 −1
3 8 25
∴g(-1) + g(-2) + g(0) = - +( - ) + 0 = -
2 3 6

 Ex:-Find the range for f: A→B ; f(x) = 2x-1 ; A={2,4,6}

 for x=2
f(x) = 2x-1
f(2)= 2(2) - 1 = 4-1 = 3

Type equation here.

 for x=4
f(x) = 2x-1
f(4) = 2(4)-1 = 8 - 1 = 7
for x=6
f(x) = 2x-1
f(6) = 2(6)-1 = 12 - 1 = 11
∴ Range of f :{ f(2) , f(4) , f(6) }
∴ 𝑅𝑓 = {3,7,11}.

 Ex:- If f: A→B , f(x)= 2x-3 , 𝑹𝒇 = {-3 , -1 , 0 } then find the domain A of f.

 Let x= -3 Let x=1 Let x= 0
f(x)= 2x-3 f(x)= 2x-3 f(x)= 2x-3
-3= 2x -3 1 = 2x -3 0= 2x - 3
-3+3=2x 1+3 = 2x 3=2x
2x=0 2x = 4 x= 3/2
x=0 x=2

∴ Domain A ={ 0 ,2 ,3/2}

 Some special types of function :-

 Demand function :-
The demand of a commodity depends upon its Price. the relationship
between demand & Price is called a demand function .
If demand is d & the price is p then d= F(P) represent demand function.

 Demand law :.

Demand law states as follows :

"other things remaining the same, if the Price of commodity increases, its.
demand decreases & if Price decreases its demand increases."

Type equation here.

 Supply function :
The relationship between Supply S & Price P is Called supply function.
S = F (P).

 Cost function :
The total cost C in producing x units of an item can be given by C = f(x) ,
which is a cost function
Here ,C(x) = A + Bx ;where, A = fixed cost ,B = Variable cost Per unit.

 Revenue function:-
The total amount received
i.e. the revenue R depends upon the number of units Sold x.
Hence R= f(x) is the revenue function.
If the demand function is of the form P= F(x) then the total revenue
function R(x) = X.P= x. f (x)

 Profit function:
Profit function = Revenue function - Cost function
P(x) = R(x)- C(x)

Ex:- If the demand function is d= f(P) = 200-3𝒑𝟐 find the demand when
p=5.
 d= F(P) = 200 - 3𝑝2
P= 5
d= F(5) = 200-3(5)2
= 200 - 3(25)
= 200-75
= 125

Ex:- The demand function of sugar in the market is d= F(P) =1605 - 5𝒑𝟐
Find demand of Sugar for Price Rs. 5, 6 & 8 Per Kg. respectively. At
what

Type equation here.

 Price the demand of sugar will be zero?
 The demand function is d= F(P) = 1605 - 5𝑝2
for P=5, d=F(5) = 1605 - 5(5)2
=1605 - 125
= 1480 kg.
for P= 6 , d= F(6) = 1605 - 5(6)2
=1605 - 5(36)
= 1605 - 180
= 1425 kg.
for p=8, d= f(8) = 1605 - 5(8)2
= 1605 - 5(64 )
= 1285 Kg.
when the demand is Zero
d= 0
0 = f(p) = 1605 - 5𝑝2
1605 = 5𝑝 2
𝑝2 = 1605/5 = 321
p = √321
p = 17.92

𝟑𝒙𝟐
Ex:- If the revenue Function of a commodity is R = 125x - find the
𝟐
revenue for demand X=20
 for X=20
3𝑥 2
R = 125x -
2
3(20)2
R = 125(20) -
2
= 2500 - 600
= 1900

𝟓𝟎−𝟐𝒑
Ex:- If the demand function is x = find the revenue function. Also find
𝟑
the revenue when the demand is of 10 units.

Type equation here.

 50−2𝑝
 x=
3
3x = 50 - 2 P
2P = 50 - 3x
50−3𝑥
P=
2

R(X) = x. P
50−3𝑥
=x. ( )
2
50𝑥−3𝑥 2
R(X) =
2

for X=10,
50(10)−3(10)2
R (10) =
2
500−300
=
2
= 100

𝒙𝟐
Ex:- A Firm manufactures x Pressure cooker at a total cost of + 𝟏𝟑𝒙 +
𝟑𝟎
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎. find the cost of manufacturing 30 Pressure cooker.
𝑥2
 for X = 30,C(x) = + 13𝑥 + 5000
30
(30)2
= + 13(30) + 5000
30
= 5420 RS.

Note:- The breakeven point is the point at which total cost & total revenue
are equal.

Ex:- The fixed cost of a factory is Rs. 50,000 and the variable cost Per unit is
Rs. 60. If the selling price Per unit is Rs 100, find breakeven Point.
 Selling a Price Per unit is Rs 100
let x be the no. of units then,
R(x)= x. p=100x
total cost C(x)=A+ B x = 50,000 + 60 x

Type equation here.

at breakeven Point R(x) = C(x)
100x = 50,000 + 60 x
100x-60x =50,000
40x = 50,000
x=50000/40
x= 1250 units.

Type equation here.