PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION - knowledge was the necessary precondition

MIDTERMS REVIEWER for putting these skills and abilities into

BSED FIL 1-1 | PCM 0006-17 | MR. ERFE practice.

COURSE ORIENTATION | LESSON 1

PLM VISION
The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila shall be the
premier people’s university pursuing public interest and
national development.

PLM MISSION
The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila shall form critical-
minded and service-oriented leaders and innovators in various
disciplines through accessible and relevant quality education,
transformative institutional research and extension services,
and key linkages.

LESSON 2: OVERARCHING/UNDERLYING FRAMEWORKS,

PRINCIPLES, AND KEY CONCEPTS
a. Communicative Competence (Canale & Swain 1980,
1983)
— being combined together to communicate with other
people.
— ability to communicate require four (4) different sub-
competencies:
1. Grammatical
- Knowledge of language code.
- Ability to create grammatically correct
utterances.
(vocabulary, grammatical rules, pronunciation,
spelling, etc.)
2. Sociolinguistic
- Knowledge of sociocultural rules of LESSON 3: THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
language. CHAPTER 1 – Foundations of Communication (Verderber et
- Ability to produce sociolinguistically al., 2017)
appropriate utterances.
3. Strategic COMMUNICATION - the process through which we express
- Ability to solve communication problems as intupret, and coordinate messages with others.
they arise. MESSAGES - verbal utterances, visual images, nonverbal
4. Discourse behavior, used to convey thoughts and feelings.
- Ability to produce coherent and cohesive ENCODING - the process of putting out thoughts and feelings
utterances. into words and nonverbal behavior.
locution is what was said and meant, DECODING - the process of interpreting another’s message.
illocution is what was done. FEEDBACK - responses to messages.
perlocution is what happened as a result. CANNED PLAN - a mental library of scripts each of us draws
When somebody says, "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, from to create messages based on what we worked on the
the illocutionary act is a request: "please give me some salt" past.
even though the locutionary act (the literal sentence) was to SCRIPT - an actual text of what to say and do in a specific
ask a question about the presence of salt. The perlocutionary situation.
act (the actual effect), might be to cause somebody to pass the COMMUNICATION CONTEXT – the physical, social, historical,
salt. psychological, and cultural situations that surround a
communication event.
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY PHYSICAL SITUATION – location, environmental
- framework for categorizing educational conditions (temperature, lighting, noise level), distance
goals. between communicators, seating arrangement, and time of
day.
 SOCIAL PRESENCE – a sense of ‘being there’ with COMPLEMENTARY FEEDBACK – a message that signals
another person virtually. agreement about who is in control.
HISTORICAL SITUATION – background provided by SYMMETRICAL FEEDBACK – a message that signals
previous communication between the participants. disagreement about who is in control.
SOCIAL SITUATION – nature of relationship that exist INTIMACY – the degree of emotional closeness in a
between the participants. relationship.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SITUATION – moods or feelings SPONTANEOUS EXPRESSIONS – spoken without much
each person brings to a conversation. conscious thought.
CULTURAL SITUATION – the beliefs, values, CONSTRUCTED MESSAGES – formed carefully and thoughtfully
orientations, underlying assumptions, rituals that belong to a whenever own scripts are inadequate for the situation.
specific culture. CULTURE – a system of shared beliefs, values, symbols, and
COMMUNICATION SETTING – the different communication behaviors.
environment within which people interact. ETHICS – a set of moral principles hold by a society, group or
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – the interactions that individual.
occurs in a person’s mind when he or she is talking with herself BRIGHT SIDE MESSAGES – both ethical and appropriate.
or himself. DARK SIDE MESSAGES – not ethical or appropriate.
INTERPERSONAL – informal interaction between two people HARD DARK SIDE – honest, damage relationship,
who have an identifiable relationship with each of them. ethical, inappropriate.
EASY DARK SIDE – dishonest, maintain good
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION – 3 to 20 people who come relationship, unethical appropriate.
together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or EVIL DARK SIDE – both dishonest and damaging
arriving at a decision. relationship.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – one participant, the speaker, COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE – the impression that
delivers a message to a group of more than 20 people. communicative behavior is both appropriate-effective in a
COMMUNICATION PROCESS – a complex set of three different given situation.
and interrelated activities intended to result in shared CREDIBILITY – a perception of a speaker’s knowledge,
meaning. trustworthiness, and warmth.
MASS COMMUNICATION - communication delivered through SOCIAL EASE – communicating without appearing to be
mass media to laege segments of the population at the same anxious or nervous.
time. COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION – fear or anxiery
MESSAGE PRODUCTION – what we do when we encode a associated with real or anticipated communication with
message. others.
MESSAGE INTERPRETATION – what we do when we decode a TRAIT-like a C.A – feel anxious in most speaking
message. situation.
INTERACTION COORDINATION – the actions each participant AUDIENCE-based C.A – feels anxious speaking with
takes to adjust their behavior to that of their partner. only a certain group or people.
CHANNEL – the route travelled by the message and the means SITUATIONAL C.A – short-lived, during a specific
of transportation. encounter.
EMOTICONS – textual images that symbolizes the sender's CONTEXT-based – only in particular situation.
mood, emotion, or facial expression. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
ACRONYMS – abbreviations that stand in for common phrases. WHY IS COMMUNICATION IMPORTANT TO OUR LIVES?
MEDIA RICHNESS – how much and what kind of information PHYSICAL NEEDS - A meta-analysis of nearly 150
can be transmitted via a particular channel. studies and over 300,000 participants found that socially
SYNCHRONITY – the extent to which a channel allows for connected people—those with strong networks of family and
immediate feedback. friends—live an average of 3.7 years longer than those who are
INTERFERENCE/ NOISE – any external sight or sound that socially isolated.
interferes with the process of achieving, sharing meaning. A lack of social relationships jeopardizes coronary
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE – thoughts and feelings that compete health to a degree that rivals cigarette smoking, high blood
with the sender message for our attention. pressure, blood lipids, obesity, and lack of physical activity.
PHYSICAL NOISE – any external sight or sound that distract us Socially isolated people are four times more
from the message. susceptible to the common cold than are those who have
INDEX – measure of the emotional temperature of our active social networks.
relationship at the time. ➢Divorced, separated, and widowed people are five
TRUST – the extent to which partners have faith that their to ten times more likely to need mental hospitalization than
partner will not intentionally do anything to harm them. their married counterparts. Happily married people also have
CONTROL – the degress to which one participant is perceived lower incidences of pneumonia, surgery, and cancer than do
to be more dominant or powerful. single people. (It’s important to note that the quality of the
relationship is more important than the institution of marriage
in these studies.)
By contrast, life that includes positive relationships
created through communication leads to better health. As
little as ten minutes per day of socializing improves memory
and boosts intellectual function.
➢Conversation with others reduces feelings of
loneliness and its accompanying maladies.
➢Stress hormones decline the more often people
hear expressions of affection from loved ones.
Research like this demonstrates the importance of
having satisfying personal relationships. Not everyone needs
the same amount of contact, and the quality of communication
is almost certainly as significant as the quantity.
➢The key point is that personal communication is
essential for our well-being.
IDENTITY NEEDS – Wild Boy of Aveyron
SOCIAL NEEDS - Research suggests a strong link
between effective interpersonal communication and
happiness. In one study of more than 200 college students, the
happiest 10 percent described themselves as having a rich
social life. (The very happy people were no different from their
classmates in any other measurable way such as amount of
sleep, exercise, TV watching, religious activity, or alcohol
consumption.)
➢In another study, women reported that
“socializing” contributed more to a satisfying life than virtually
any other activity, including relaxing, shopping, eating,
exercise, TV, or prayer.
LESSON 4: NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
➢Married couples who are effective communicators
In face-to-face communication, as much as 60% of the social
report happier relationships than less skillful husbands and
meaning is a result of nonverbal behavior (Burgoon & Baeve,
wives—a finding that has been supported across cultures.
2003)
WORKING DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION – commonly used to describe
Communication is:
all human communication events that transcend
- continuous,
spoken/written words.
- transactional process,
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS – bodily acrions
- involving participants
and vocal qualities that typically & company a verbal message.
- who occupy different but overlapping
KINESICS – the interpretations of body motions used in
environments,
communication.
- and create relationships through
GESTURES – movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that
simultaneous exchange of messages,
we use to describe or to emphasize.
- which are affected by external, physical,
ILLUSTRATORS – gestures that augment a verbal message. (ex.
internal, physiological, psychological, and/or
Up, down, left, right)
semantic noise.
EMBLEMS – gestures that can be substitue for words.
ADAPTORS – gestures that respond to a physical need.
COMMUNICATION MODELS:
EYE CONTACT (GAZE) - how and how much we look at people
with whom we are communicating.
FACIAL EXPRESSION – the arrangement of facial muscles to
communicate emotional states or reactions to messages.
EMOTICONS – typed symbols that convey emotional aspects
of an online messages.
POSTURE – the position and movement of the body.
BODY ORIENTATION – posture in relation to another person.
HAPTICS – the interpretation of touch.
VOCALICS – the interpretation of a message based on the para
linguistic features.
 - frequent coughing
PITCH – the highness or lowness of vocal tone. - looking away while speaking; or
VOLUME – the loudness or softness of tone. - quick sideway glances.
RATE – the speed at which a person speaks. DEFENSIVENESS – may be indicated by the following:
QUALITY – the sound of a person’s voice. - arms crossed high on chest;
INTONATION – the variety, melody, or inflection in one’s voice. - crossed legs;or
VOCALIZED PAUSES – extraneous sounds or words that - pointing an index finger at another person.
interrupt fluent speech. (ex. Uhhh, ah,) INSECURITY – is often exhibited by:
PROXEMICS – the interpretation of a person’s use of space. - hands completely in pocket;
PERSONAL SPACE – the distance you try to maintain when you - constant fidgeting.
interact with other people. - Chewing on a pencil;
PHYSICAL SPACE – the physical environment over which you - Frequent coughing
exert control. - Biting fingernails; or
ARTIFACTS – objects and possessions we use to decorate the - Hand wringing.
physical space we control. FRUSTRATION – is frequently shown by:
ENDOMORPH – round and heavy body type. - Tightness of a person’s jaw;
MESOMORPH – muscular and athletic body type. - Rubbing back of neck; or
ECTOMORPH – body type that is lean and has little muscle - Drawing eyebrows together.
development. LISTENER BOREDOM or INDIFFERENCE is indicated by:
CHRONEMICS – the interpretation of a person’s use of time - Eyes not focused at speaker or looking
MONOCHRONIC TIME ORIENTATION – a time elsewhere;
orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time. - Head in hand
POLYCHRONIC TIME ORIENTATION – a time - Sloppy or informal body posture; or
orientation that emphasize doing multiple things at once. - Preoccupation with something else.
HOW DOES PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AFFECT
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION CUES ON ATTITUDE NEGOTIATIONS?

POSITIVE ATTITUDES – may signal a sincere effort to achieve

win/win results.
Speakers indicate respect and honesty by keeping their eyes
focused on the eyes of the listener(s).
CONFIDENCE – is often exhibited by:
- hands in pockets with thumbs out;
- hands on lapel of coat;
- steepled fingers or hands;
- good body posture (e.g., square shoulder
and a straight back); or
- hands on hips.
INTEREST – may be exhibited by one or more of the following: Arrangement A:
- tilted head toward speaker; - Typical for contract negotiations
- sitting on edge of chair; - Indicates and fosters unity.
- upper body leaning in sprinter’s position; or Arrangement B:
- eyes focused on speaker. - May tend to give one party an advantage
CAREFUL EVALUATION – of that is being said is frequently over the other.
indicated by one or mor of the following: Arrangement C:
- peering out over eyeglasses; - Shows a need for space between two parties
- chin cupped between thumb and fingers; - That space could mean more formality or
- putting hands to bridge of nose; or less trust.
- stroking chin Arrangement D:
EAGERNESS – is often demonstrated by: - May be most conducive to win/win
- rubbing hands together; negotiations.
- smiling excessively; or - The round shale is usually associated with
- frequent nodding of the head. equality.
NEGATIVE ATTITUDES – may sjgnal a deceitful nature or a
win/lose approach negotiation.
Deception or dishonesty is often demonstrated by:
- frequent blinkinh
- hand covering mouth while speaking;