Current Concepts of Gravity: The M-String Theory of Witten, Holographic

Mass Model of Haramein, Compton Particle Theory of Mayer and the

Entropic Gravity Theory of Verlinde as Compared to The Twin-Bipolaron
Gravity Concept

Dirk K. F. Meijer* and Anthony P. Bermanseder**

* University of Groningen, The Netherlands; mail: [email protected]
**Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia, mail: [email protected]

Summary : This comparison of recent Gravity concepts, relates to the recent papers of Haramein et al., on “The
Holographic Origin of Mass and Gravity”, the article of Mayr on the “Compton particles and Quantum Forces”,
the earlier “M-String theory of Witten” as well as the” Entropic Gravity Theory” of Verlinde, versus the Twin-
Bipolaron Gravity concept of Meijer et al., that all attempt to extend the theoretical foundation of physics and
quantum physics. Firstly, the Twin-Bipolaron concept, based on phonon-guided electron-proton pairs, describes
an electromagnetic coupling as a Black Hole equivalent to the gravitational field. This introduces the property of
Gravity as a 'natural monopolar' superconductive current flow. Secondly, this 'monopolar electricity' can then be
described as a consequence of particular Planck-String couplings, preceding the birth of the thermodynamic and
classically relativistic cosmogenesis, in a unified self-state of unbroken Super-Matter/ Anti-matter symmetry.
The known five string classes are encompassed by the Twin Bipolaron model and the Bipolaron model so
demystifies the nature of M-theory as the collection of the background dependent string classes. In 2019,
Haramein et al., defined a spherical volume unit or voxel for space, which was called the oscillating Planck
Spherical Unit (PSU), being seen as the most fundamental unit of energy, also representing a bit of information.
The number of PSUs that can tile the surface of the spherical object under consideration represents a surface
density which gives the information content of the surface in terms of PSU. With surface entropy η and volume
entropy R. Haramein et al., define a non-dimensional ratio that expresses the surface-to-volume entropy and
represents the information potential transfer or rate of information exchange between the volume and the
surface of the spherical system. This holographic mass demonstrates that every proton is connected to every
other proton in the universe, via the micro-wormhole network of multiply-connected space-time geometry. A
closely related theory was proposed picturing electrons and protons as Compton particles. Like in the
Holographic mass model, an inner structure of fermions is proposed consisting of packed elementary dipoles,
similar to the Planck Spherical Units of Haramein, also having a connective role in the cosmos. Mayer
demonstrates the crucial role of entropy and information in fractal cosmic architecture, in line with the Entropic
Gravity conjecture of Verlinde. It is concluded that all of the theories highlight the proton as a fundamental
modality for Gravity/Dark Energy creation in a holographic, scale-invariant, toroidal context. Yet, the
Holographic Mass and Compton Parricle theories are devoted to the inner structure of the proton, build up from
Planck units, whereas the Bipolaron concept sees the proton as “never alone”, being paired with an electron as
well as a cloud of informational guiding phonons, so forming the quasi-particle polaron. This informational
aspect resembles the theory of Verlinde, that conceives gravity to be a compensatory reaction to the
displacement of information. The present Bipoaron boson/fermion construct, with its implicit phonon guiding
and informational “pilot wave” aspects, could therefore act as a 5th gauge “Gravitone” of an adapted Standard
Model. A Black Hole Horizon of holographic information at the very center of every atom/el. particle, implies a
cosmic wormhole matrix structure that may continually bridge the physical to the metaphysical Universe.

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1. Short Introductions to the Twin-Bipolaron Gravity Concept

We have earlier paid attention to the history of Gravity research , among others, reviewing the work of Wong,
Fedi and Sbitnev, of Haisch, Rueda and Puthoff as well as Axelrod, (Meijer et al., 2023b) and first introduced the
Bipolaron Gravity theory in (Meijer et al. 2023 a.). The Bipolaron-Gravity concept, is based on symmetry
breaking from 5D to 4 D, oscillating phonons are created that can form quasi-particles with proton-electron
pairs, together framed as “Bi-Polaron Gravitones”. Either attractive or repulsive charge interactions of polarons,
(toroidal confined electron/proton composites) or pairs of chiral vacuum vortices can, in principle, generate
Gravity and Dark Energy forces respectively. Similar charge interactions may occur in the process of
electron/positron (matter/antimatter) interaction, by which Gravity/Dark Energy would be coupled to particle
annihilation in the ZPE setting. This sound (phonon)- mediated creation of Gravity/Dark Energy can, in principle,
yield a comprehensive and unified Gravity theory on the basis of both Quantum mechanical and Relativity
frameworks. The present “Bipolaron concept” requires a 3D dynamic space-time lattice constitution, with
vortex/torus operators at its corners, constituting a fractal multiple-scale structure, as proposed by Axelrod,
2023. At each scale the vortex energy is stored in double-helical torus, allowing a mechanism of energy
exchange between a plurality of discrete spatial scales. Vortices play the role of the dominant energy storage
element of the vacuum structure, and are generated as a response to the demand for energy compression.

Figure 1: The concept of the Twin-Bipolaron “Gravitone”, as a generator of Gravity and Dark Energy, that occurs
via 5D to 4D symmetry breaking (inset left), producing a discrete set of phonons in a toroidal setting (inset right
above) that form quasi-particles by covering fermions such as electrons and protons (inset right at the bottom)

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with phonons, thereby forming polarons. The resulting Bipolarons exhibit right-handed and left handed spin that,
through their rotational interactions, are instrumental in the generation of Gravity and Dark Energy, respectively,
as determined by the direction of vortices spin ( Gravity/Dark energy depicted by the red arrow in the middle).
The polarons may be produced and /or become associated with a quantum vacuum lattice with a hexagonal
structure as proposed by Axelrod, 2023, (inset right below). The latter may enable a Casimir type of Dark Matter
particle generation by Dark Energy quantum frequency squeezing, (see inset middle left). The dual Twin-
Bipolaron structure is situated also in a supposed adjacent Mirror universe with Matter/Anti-matter cosmic
symmetry (center of figure), explaining the relative low Ant-Matter density in our universe. The involvement of
magnetic monopole confinement is shown (middle at the bottom) as operating at the inner center of the double
torus structure (inset middle right). The generation of Gravity can also be interpreted as space distortion via a
Dirac String, connected to a magnetic monopole, providing the related mechanism of Relativity- based Gravity

Consequently, the central idea in the Twin-Bipolaron concept is that protons are never alone: they attract
electrons by their opposite charge and in addition this stable construct is covered with a shell or a cloud of
phonons of various thickness/ density. It is assumed that phonons were abundantly present in the 5D to 4D
symmetry breaking, either as stemming from a previous university (cyclic cosmology), and later by the decay of
neutrons (see Fig. 1).Phonons as sound wave/particles are very similar to photons that rather are light
wave/particles and exhibit varying but discrete frequencies, in which photons are manifested in the vacuum,
whereas phonons only occur in solids, fluids or superfluids, the latter being also relevant for primordial
conditions at the transitional start of our universe. The various frequencies of the phononic quantum
fluctuations can be grouped in bands as a series of 12 tones, according to harmonic principles. We established
that these phonons all have a discrete frequency value, ranging over a wide spectrum of Hz to GHz, rendering
the 12-tone to be a scale-invariant pattern. The latter property provides the Bipolaron structure with a self-
similar character and is compatible with quantum holography, similar to the Holographic mass solution of
Haramein et al. Yet, the latter theory in which both protons and electrons were described as being composed of
packed spherical Planck energy units (refs) treat both particles as separate entities, and does not assume a
guiding role of phonons as in the quasi-particle modality of the Bipolaron model.

The latter suggestion is based on a multiply connected universe, that can be modeled by toroidal holographic
topology, in which at each fractal level discrete states of the quantum system encode the particular information.
This is stored in a holographic event horizon of the 6D boundary of the abovementioned primordial 5-D
configuration space (ref)s. This mechanism is present in both of the compared concepts.

The primordial quantum oscillations, in the form of phonons with a mathematically defined acoustic or musical
spectrum of energies, as mentioned above, represents a scale invariant (fractal) 12 tone system, and was earlier
framed by us as the Acoustic Quantum Code of Resonant Coherence. This modality was later adopted in the
integral theory of cosmos creation by Wong and Chow et al., 2022, called the “Piano-keybord General Music
Code”, (see also Chow et al, 2022). The Acoustic quantum code was inferred from the revealing of an
underlying frequency distribution of recently detected Gravity waves, the CMB acoustic spectrum, detected
ZPE field EMF fluctuations, EMF values of Superconductor energy gaps, Boson and BSE energy distribution, EMF
values of beneficial/detrimental effects on Life conditions, in addition to manifestation of Coherent/Decoherent
EEG brain waves, as well as the frequency spectrum of Neuronal Microtubule oscillations, and finally the Black-
body frequency distribution at the Planck scale (Meijer, 2023). This collective evidence, therefore, revealed an
all pervading guiding principle in the Universe, functioning as a dynamic information field of harmonic sounds
that actualizes the successive steps in the ongoing fabric of reality (Meijer and Wong, 2022).

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Table 1: The general character of the Acoustic quantum code of resonant coherence revealed in a spectrum of
animate and non-animated processes/conditions

The Bipolaron principle is supposed to have existed before space-time and therefore even prior to the Planck-epoch, as a
Genesis Boson in the dedicated form of a Bipolaron modality. This concept may become the first Platonic-Neo-Platonic
Penrose identification of the Self-simulation. This concept is known as a ‘first thought’ or as a ‘first sound’ or ‘first word’ of
creation of the Universe, following a state of unconsciousness. The story of the Bipolaron model , however, goes even
further back into a pre-space-time era, where this ‘sacred Fibonacci geometry’ became utilized to create the fundamental
constants of nature. So the ‘first sound’ , known as the” OM” is reflected in the equation mc = E = hf , coupling the
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quantum mechanics to quantum relativity, the latter encompassing both special and general relativity.

The gravity / dark energy generation can both be realized assuming polaron dipole charge interactions and by counter-
rotational vortex energies that could be directly instrumental in the creation of gravitational and dark energy forces.

The two oppositely charged polarons in Fig. 2, are entangled and will be held together by Coulomb forces, to be conceived
as an electron that circles the proton. This unit will not collapse, since it borrows sufficient zero-point energy to keep the
electron cycling intact (Setterfield, 2002, Massie 2012, Daywitt, 2009). The magnetic component in Fig. 2 (see blue circular
arrows) is crucial for the supposed dual bipolarion/ bipolaron charge interactions, since the associated phonons represent,
per definition, a surrounding electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic influence was earlier proposed to be instrumental
in aligning the two polaron units such that repulsive and attractive charge interactions can effectively be realized. In the
absence of such fields the particular dipoles would be randomly oriented and no gravity/dark energy forces would be
induced, (Hajdukovic, 2014).

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Figure 2: The Phonon-guided Bipolaron Gravity Concept in a nutshell, showing Bipolarons (pairs of electron and
proton, both associated with a phonon cloud, (inset middle below), exhibit attractive and repulsive charge
interactions, that in the vacuum lattice (inset left below) generate Gravity and Dark energy forces. Magnetic
monopoles from the ZPE serve to confine the bipolaron structure. These processes can be described by Toroidal
geometry (inset nested Double Torus, right below), with a magnetic monopole center.

Bipolarons have been described in many studies and, among others, were shown to be formed in BSE
condensates (see Camacho-Guardian et al., 2018 and the many references therein). Thus, our primary charge
mediated model depicted in Fig.2, would require an alignment of the polaron units by charge- structured
lattices in the ZPE field context, that remains to be identified. Therefore, at present we favor a mechanism that
is based on chiral rotational vortex interactions as depicted in Fig. 1.

In addition, since apart from electron/proton pairs also positron/ anti-proton pairs could be involved (see Meijer
et al., 2023), a double or Twin Bipolaron could be involved in which the two bipolarons are separated according
to a matter/antimatter symmetric cosmology, see Fig.1. Both sides of the Bipolaron have both state and anti-
state properties, as in a unified field The mirror super-symmetry is simply given by the negative energy
decreasing and positive energy increasing in the properties of the unified field manifested by the nature of the
Bipolaron. The attraction and repulsions are on both sides and may occur without charge differentiation, as the
structural definition of its distinction is simply the cyclic or anti-cyclic permutation of the quantum geometry. The
quasi-particle (fermions covered with photons or phonons) structure, embraced in the recent publications
(Meijer et al., 2023 a ; b), derives from the Action Law: Action = Charge Squared, as a direct consequence of the
Quantum Hall effect and its superconductivity equations.

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General relativity is by nature background independent and so the true unification, must emerge from space-
time parameters as a string Newtonian background. This is achieved in the Twin Bipolaron parameters as
derived from the Planck Harmonic Oscillator, also described in a quantum gravitational wormhole mass. This, by
calculating as the Weyl-mass mps=mW as the bipolaron mass in ZPE form, with the bipolaron mass in dark matter
form, being the physicalized consciousness definition at 14.03 TeV.

Being defined as a DM-bipolaron in units of Volume x Angular Acceleration, the Dirac magnetopole charge e* is
made manifest in this angular radially independent quantum acceleration df/dt in the Horn toroidal volume of
the bipolaron as the hypersphere of Riemann as a 3-dimensional surface of the quantum tunnelling also known
as the Newman-Kerr wormhole ringularity of volume 2 Rw. Rw2 = 2 2Rw3 and where Rw = Rwormhole = Rweyl = RDM-
bipolaron. As the limit for the angular quantum acceleration df/dt is simply the square of the global bipolaron
frequency as the electromagnetism long range gauge in fDE-bipolaron=3x1030 Hz*, the properties for the DM-
bipolaron can be calculated from its form as a Compton-de Broglie elementary particle from the wave matter
equation of de Broglie.

Meijer’s Twin Bipolaron eliminates the need for the existence of super partners for the fermion-boson coupling
in the unified field in the doubled mirror-parity nature of the Bipolaron. The bipolaron structure manifests as a
Majorana form of coupling state and anti-state in a Dirac-Majorana modular self-duality. The latter is initially
manifested in the decoupling of gravitation from the unified field Goldstone gauge super state, in the self-
intersecting (S-duality) in strong-weak interaction coupling and displacement inversion T-duality, to be
conceived as an attached Dirac monopole from the (open-closed) Planck-boson string.

The nature and properties of the Twin Bipolaron then manifest a mirror super-symmetry for a (closed-cyclic de
Sitter with open Anti de Sitter) Twin-Universe, evolving in a parallel cosmology coupling a gravitationally
retarded thermodynamic Lightpath of c-invariance to an antigravitational Lightpath. The latter is originally
generated by a tachyonic superluminal de Broglie matter waves. This, in the instanton- inflaton parameters of
the Bipolaron, as initial- and boundary conditions, are causative for the birth of time and space, as they arise
from the pre-spacetime epoch of the bipolaronic self-transformation. The self-referential nature of the universe
then emerges in a cyclic cosmology of the space-time universe, self-intersecting with its own evolving and
imaged ‘mirror universe’. This in an inversion of an explicate order of entropy in a positive physicalized
progression, with an implicate order of its negative meta-physicalized propagation of negentropy.

The here implied adaption of the standard model, by taking the Twin-Polaron, as a fifth connecting principle
(gauge), may ultimately supplement the following deficiencies in the current Standard model:

1) The assumption of Dark Matter/Dark Energy, without defining their origin and nature. The Bipolaron model
submits that Dark Matter can arise from Dark Energy by a Casimir type of quantum wave frequency squeezing,
in a quantum lattice (cavity) context.
2) The inclusion of Anti-Matter on the basis of limited insight in its structure and related problem of its virtually
missing in our presently conceived universe. The Bipolaron concept positions Anti-matter in a Mirror or Shadow
Universe.
3) The lack of integration of Gravity/ Dark energy in the Standard Model, with currently no established
detection of the Graviton, is now complemented by the hypothetical “ Gravitone” - Bipolaron mechanism, that
generates Gravity/Dark Energy through either rotational phonon guided fermion vortices or polaron charge
interactions, in a manner compatible with principles of Quantum Mechanics and Relativistic physics.

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4) The failure of direct detection of Magnetic Monopoles. We submit that the magnetic monopole is a
superstring class from the pre-spacetime transition, as finalized in the Twin Bipolaron as the physicalization
superstring class. The Twin-Bipolaron so becomes a transformed magnetic monopole from the Witten M-theory
and related GUT-proposals, encompassing all five string classes.
5) A lacking explanation of “cosmic fine-tuning “ or better, the integral role of probabilistic significance
intervals and the like. The natural constants derive from the Genesis of Bosons as the pre-defined Twin
Bipolaron. Bermanseder, 2015, has published an algorithm showing how those fundamental constants emerge
from the ‘sacred quantum geometry’ in the Pythagoras-Fibonacci mathematics, as related to discrete values of
natural constants.
6) The lack of proper definition of supposed quantum fluctuations as the initiating mechanism of the
Universe, is now conceived by us as a distinct set of discrete phonon oscillations. The orthodox quantum
fluctuation to create the universe is fallacious in the sense of this orthodoxy misinterpreting the ‘virtual
Heisenberg’ matrix as ‘unreal’ or ephemeral. This ‘virtuality’ becomes the ubiquitous magneto colour charge
permutation scenario, which is exactly the monopole induction in the Bipolaron depiction.

2. Haramein’s Schwarzschild Proton Generates Gravity in the Unified Field

Nassim Haramein et al., 2023 have calculated a geometric solution for the gravitational field. In his earlier paper
"Quantum Gravity and the Holographic Mass", they describes gravity in a classical algebraic way by calculating
the density of the space both within and on the outside of the event horizon of a proton.
The seemingly "empty" vacuum of space is actually a nearly infinitely dense super-fluid medium made of tiny,
very small, frothing bubbles of energy. These are sometimes called the "quantum foam", each of these
miniscule vibrations represents a spherical wave form, or quanta, that is the diameter of the smallest
possible measurable distance, the Planck length.

The following text represents a short summary of the recent Haramein, 2023 article on the Holographic
Mass and Gravity:

General relativity clearly demonstrates a relationship between mass-energy and the structure of space-time that
has real physical effects we call gravity where massive objects made of elementary particles producing their
mass curve spacetime resulting in a gravitational force. However, application of the same principles at the
particles level yields gravitational forces that are so infinitely small that they are found to be insignificant. Yet, at
the proton nuclear scale, extremely large confining forces are found which would require extremely high energy
levels (or masses) to be produced in the context of general relativity.

In fact, those very high levels of energy were actually predicted by early quantum field theory (QFT) resulting in
the so-called ’bare mass’ of particles but renormalized by modern quantum electrodynamics (QED) and
quantum chromodynamics. Furthermore, from deep studies of QFT and the divergence of the bare mass, one
can ask a more fundamental question: is quantum vacuum fluctuations responsible for the bare mass shielding
or the source of the mass itself and the resulting forces?

This leads to a clear re-examination of our concept of mass. This field of ’virtual’ particles is at the source of
many of our modern particle theories of QFT, one of them being the Higgs fields with a non-zero vacuum
expectation value producing mass which only predicts ∼ 1 - 5% of the mass of the proton, or for the explanation

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of the little jiggle of an electron as in the Lamb shift. Consequently, both cosmological gravitational theory and
quantum theory imbues very physical values to the structure of space itself with effects which have very
fundamental and real attributes in reality. Here, we demonstrate that mass and thus energy are emerging
properties of the fundamental dynamics of space at the quantum level. We reconcile these two views of the
structure of space and demonstrate that mass energy is an emergent property of spacetime at the quantum
level that unifies gravity, the strong force at all scales under one mechanism.

In Haramein’s computation, it was demonstrated that coherent modes of the correlation functions at the
characteristic time of the proton correctly result in the emergence of its mass directly from quantum vacuum
fluctuation modes. We find as well that this energy value is consistent with a Casimir cavity of the same
characteristic distance. As a result, we developed an analytical solution describing both the structure of
quantum spacetime as vacuum fluctuations and extrapolate this structure to the surface dynamics of the proton
to define a screening mechanism of the electromagnetic fluctuations at a given scale.

Figure 3: Surface versus Volume Entropy, Related Electron mass solution and Atomic Structure of Hydrogen (right
below).

This can be demonstrated when we consider a dipole model of the atom where the dipole length is represented
by the coordinates x(t). The resulting harmonic oscillator equation which considers the radiation reaction field
ω02τx˙ (in the small-damping approximation ω0τ ≪ 1) and the zero-point energy with the natural frequency of
the system. It then follows that the foundations of quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle are firmly

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rooted in the dynamics of ZPE vacuum fluctuations that defines the bath (or field) in which particles appear,
evolve and interact. Thus, contrary to popular belief, the uncertainty principle is a consequence, not the source
of ZPE. Attempts to renormalize infinities in quantum theory have consequences to the structure of space-time,
explored by many, and meet within black holes, at singularity, where spacetime diverges to infinity as a result of
general relativity. In the last few decades, explorations of these consequences have been explored extensively in
astrophysical applications of quantum mechanics from the holographic principle of Juan Maldacena, Gerard
t’Hooft and Leonard Susskind to Wheeler’s quantum foam, and the virtual micro-black holes of Stephen
Hawking as well as in the correspondence between quantum entanglement and spacetime as in Einstein-Rosen
bridges (ER = EPR).

It is central that the vacuum energy divergence occurs when an infinite amount of scales is considered
underlying the possible fractal nature of spacetime at the quantum scale, which is found as well at the
cosmological scale at black hole singularity. Furthermore, spacetime vacuum that appears flat at a large scale is
in fact extremely energetic and fluctuating at the small scale of the quantum world. However, the continuous
process of creation-annihilation creating continuous distortion of spacetime occurs at very short distance scales.
Quantum fluctuations of the geometry of spacetime are so violent that the usual picture of a smooth spacetime
with a metric on it breaks down. Instead, one should visualize spacetime as a ’quantum foam’, a superposition
of all possible topologies which only looks smooth and placid on large enough length scales

Wheeler investigated the possibility that the mass and charge of elementary particles could be described from a
quantum geometrodynamic point of view. This would mean that mass and charge of elementary particles, such
as the electron, would result from a collective and coherent disturbance of vacuum fluctuations associated with
the metric and gravitational fluctuations generated by the creation-annihilation of Planck size micro-wormholes.
Here, Haramein et al., have used two different approaches to describe the relationship between
electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations and spacetime curvature resulting in a natural cut-off value of the
spacetime structure at the quantum scale.

Similar to these results. already in 1967. prominent physicist Andrei Sakharov explored the possibility of a
microscopic foundation to gravitation from quantum vacuum fluctuations that he coined ’the metric elasticity of
space’, where he utilized the Planck length cut-off as well and found an equivalence between the
electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum and the gravitational constant G. Considering that the rest mass of
the proton is known, Haramein’s computation precisely finds the energy equivalent of a proton from a coherent
structure of vacuum fluctuations at that scale. In this non-trivial result, one finds a clear origin of the mass-
energy emerging from quantum vacuum fluctuations at the Planck scale, through a decoherence or screening
mechanism that generates the proton rest mass.

From a completely different approach of an external point of view, this correlation time τp can be as well
thought of as the characteristic of a resonant cavity of a length, generating a Casimir force equivalent to an
energy gradient by eliminating the short wavelength of vacuum fluctuations. Thus, considering the proton as a
resonant cavity, we sum all the cavity resonant modes ν and obtain once again equation. where the cavity
modes are given by ν = rc. Here the computation finds a precise value (limited by the precision on the proton
radius) for the hadronic mass and clearly suggests, as we will demonstrate further, that the nuclear confining
force analogous to the Casimir effect, and the mass, arise from the ZPE quantum vacuum fluctuations dynamics.
In fact, Haramein et al., note that the binding pressure force arising from a Casimir resonant cavity at a
characteristic distance of a proton is on the same order of magnitude as the strong interaction.

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Therefore, the voxel appears to be a spherical foam bubble of radius 2ℓ and mass-energy mℓ. It is consistent
with the initial description of a spherical cavity given as the harmonic oscillator (Fig. 3). Furthermore, the space
filling nature of the computation must be kept in the context of a dynamical foam of spherical bubbles
appearing and disappearing, as creation and annihilation cycles, resulting in a space-filling symmetry. These
Planck spherical bubble units, or spherical quantum harmonic oscillators, constitute the fabric of spacetime
structure at the Planck scale and have been previously termed as Planck Spherical Units (PSU). The PSU is the
elementary oscillator of ground state energy. Thus, the fluctuation time of a PSU cycle is of the order of the
Planck time, with each foam bubble following a creation and annihilation cycle of period. The PSU as the
elementary constituent of space-time, forms a plasma-like superfluid structure, flowing at all scales. At the
quantum scale, this flow is found as the ZPE fluctuations ρvac, which is consistent with Dirac’s analysis of the
potential vector Aµ resulting in a velocity of an underlying medium. Similarly, but in our case occurring in a time
independent manner (stationary process) and true at all scales, the Planck plasma energy density undergoes
phase transitions resulting in a reduction of coherence and thus of energy. The first noteworthy observation is
that the relationship between the rest mass density and the vacuum density naturally generates the well-known
gravitational coupling constant relating the nuclear force strength to the apparently weak gravitational
Newtonian force.

The above results give us a direct, remarkable, and non-trivial geometric relationship between the decoherence
of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations ρvac, the origin of mass, and scales of the forces involved
between the gravitational potential and the nuclear force. Furthermore, it provides an insight into the
geometric mechanism that produces a reduction of energy at the proton scale and, as we will see later, at
various scales of baryonic matter and at the cosmological scale.

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Figure 4: Holographic mass as the Schwarzshild mass (upper part) and its geometric representations below

Thus, the authors find a clear relationship between the first screening and the fundamental physics of spacetime
producing a gravitational horizon. This is another remarkable result considering that only vacuum fluctuations at
the quantum scales were considered with a surface screening mechanism that now clearly relates to the semi-
permeable structure of the event horizon of a black hole given by the Schwarzschild solution rs. Furthermore,
this gives one a profound insight on the structure and geometry of the surface horizon of a black hole congruent
with the holographic principle and Bekenstein black hole entropy conjecture], where here the surface
pixelization by PSU η represents the information energy encoded on the surface utilized in the Hawking-
Bekenstein entropy of a black hole 16 π η , (Fig. 3 and 4), with kB the Boltzmann constant. From this expression
of Hawking entropy which eventually leads to Hawking temperature of a black hole, the surface pixelization η
can be seen as a surface information. In our case, from quantum mechanics and geometric consideration alone,
we obtain a fundamental result of general relativity.

Haramein finds that the black hole mass M, responsible for intense gravitational force and spacetime curvature,
originates from a certain level of decoherence in electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations screened by the
information entropy stored at its surface η. Yakov Zeldovich, ´ demonstrated, based on previous work from
Gertsenshtein and Landau, that electromagnetic waves under specific conditions are converted into
gravitational waves, contrary to the classical approach, where one would expect the black hole formation to be
the result of an accretion of infalling material to a critical limit. The results rather demonstrates that black hole
formation is the result of a natural space-time behavior emerging from a state of coherency of the collective
quantum vacuum fluctuation oscillators in a region of space at different scales. The mechanism that defines
these states of coherency are related to the angular momentum of an oscillator, as described originally by Max
Planck

The coupling of the oscillators produces collective behaviors or a quantum vortex in a turbulent flow of the
space-time manifold in a region of space generating what one observes as a black hole. The details of such fluid
dynamics, that was coined a Planck Plasma flow and their relationship to the electromagnetic field and the
gravitational manifold will be derived later. Consequently, the vacuum fluctuations are the source of mass, and
the shielding is due to the dynamical properties of the PSU flow which is similar to quark-gluon plasma at
thermal and chemical equilibrium with their color charge and force. This shielding is related to the horizon
surface of a black hole. Furthermore, this mechanism is in accordance with Stephen Hawking analysis of the
early universe formation finding that “a sufficient concentration of electromagnetic radiation can cause
gravitational collapse” forming primordial and elementary black holes of Planck length and Compton
wavelength size.

One can consider the continuing aggregation of self-gravitating islands of PSU oscillators, forming scale
relationships in the Planck plasma, since it undergoes phase transitions from the event horizon into a less
coherent phase carrying less energy. This mechanism of energy screening can be represented as self-gravitating
oscillators curving space-time to encapsulate the internal energy reducing the available effective energy of the
decoherent phases. Between the Compton wavelength horizon and the charge radius surface, the Planck plasma
flow transits from single PSU to kernel-64 aggregates.

Therefore, the application of such approach should be found to be scalable to vastly larger characteristic
distances than the proton such as our universe as a whole. In fact, by applying the screening mechanism at the

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universe scale ηu and computing the universe density ρu (Fig.3). Haramein finds the exact measured critical
density at current time which includes baryonic matter and so-called dark matter and dark energy. However,
from the results , the authors have found a direct relationship of the energy phase transition from the density
structure of the quantum vacuum to the black hole and rest-mass density resulting, as demonstrated above. to
an evaporation time of 1035 billion years.

As well, Rees and Carr have exploited the relationship between the proton and electron (the fine-structure
constant α and the mass ratio µ, to refine the scale. Such relationship was explored in the context of the
holographic mass solution of the electron, where the mass of the electron is extracted from quantum vacuum
fluctuations utilizing the same mechanism presented here for the proton. Therefore, the quantum vacuum
energy or information within a Compton proton volume is equivalent to the information or critical density ρcrit in
the universe. Furthermore, it should be noted that by utilizing the proton charge radius instead of the Compton
wavelength in the volume Vp, we find a value of 26.6% of the mass of the universe which is very close to the
26.8%, typically given for the contribution of dark matter in the universe. This represents a direct conceptual
holographic model of the information-energy both relating the quantum scale to the cosmological scale through
vacuum fluctuations with very specific scaling factors and defining an entangled state of black holes hubs
connected by a wormholes network as in ER = EPR .

Furthermore, while the volume of a proton seems to hold an equivalence of information-energy in terms of
vacuum fluctuations as the volume of our universe, the surface information of all protons Npηp is equivalent to
the surface information of the universe ηu pixelized by kernel-64. The last two computations imply not only an
intimate relationship between protons and the universe but also demonstrate that the screening coefficient of a
scale may have energy ratio relationships to much larger scales implying a fractal structure. In this case all the
pixelization surfaces of the proton are equivalent to the screening of the quantum vacuum fluctuations resulting
in the mass-energy density of the universe. Thus, the local holographic screening of a system has non-local
relationships to other scales (fractal-like structure) in a network of information transfer that generates gradients
across scales producing pressures or forces that we experience and measure both at the quantum scale and
cosmological level. The scaling law emerging from the Planck plasma vortex flow and spacetime filaments
results from the dynamic equilibrium of forces and energy density gradients between scales at different
temperatures. This unification of mass and forces is derived from electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations
only in a mechanism driven by an energy density phase transition of the vacuum Planck plasma flow resulting in
pressure and energy gradient that make up the fundamental structure of matter and its agglomeration into
organized matter for scaling systems from the Planck scale to the Universal scale.

As inferred by Lorusso (2023): We find that the proton charge radius rp forms a sphere such that the PSUs in its
volume have a total mass equal to the Planck mass mP and the PSUs on its surface have a total mass equal to the
observed proton mass mp, with all PSUs carrying the same fractional mass. This leads to a proton radius equal to
0.8412 fm, which is in perfect agreement with its current CODATA value of 0.8414(19) fm. All atoms are
composed of protons and electrons. If the universe consists entirely of Planck spheres (PSUs), each with a radius
equal to the Planck length, then 1) the proton is a large composite sphere that equilibrates the PSUs in its volume
with the PSUs on its surface, and 2) the electron has a toroidal form that equilibrates the PSUs along its
circumference with the PSUs on its surface. Like the proton PSU relation, the electron PSU relation includes no
extraneous coefficients or numerical factors. So, this coordination between the circumference of the electron
torus and its thickness is striking. The thickness of the electron torus with minimum velocity and minimum

12
surface area is given by the proton radius reduced in exact proportion to the number of protons that would fit on
an electron torus with maximum velocity and maximum surface area. The electron’s Compton wavelength, which
is determined by its rest mass (λe = h/mec), not only constrains the electron’s circumference but also limits the
extent of its precession. In this way, the electron torus equilibrates the PSUs along its Compton wavelength
circumference with the PSUs on its surface to produce the electron mass.

Therefore, Lorusso recently concluded: Although there will always be reasonable doubt as to the fundamental
composition of the universe, the case for PSUs is quite substantial on its own terms, and all the more plausible
when compared to alternatives that leave even the proton radius a total mystery. In this universe of spheres, hot
and cold, big and small, the oscillating Planck Spherical Unit may ultimately prove to be its most fundamental
sphere.

3. Our Commentary on Haramein’s Holographic Mass model

Haramein calls the tiny spherical information bits Planck spherical units or PSUs. The PSUs on the interior of the
proton's event horizon pack together in a perfectly space-filling overlapping 3D Flower of Life structure ( Fig.3),
with each sphere's centre being connected by a tetrahedral geometry lattice. The PSUs within the proton
volume holographically project on the proton surface event horizon as "flat" equatorial circles in a flower of life
tiling pattern. In this image, the first equation describes the ratio between the proton surface area and the
surface Planck circles showing that the number of equatorial circles on the Proton surface equals 10 40 Planck
length diameter circles. The second equation shows the number of Planck spherical units contained within the
proton, which is 1060. In the third equation (Fig. 3), the external surface horizon is divided by the internal
volume and then multiplied by the Planck mass to give the total value of the proton mass. With a simple
classical geometric calculation, Haramein obtains the mass of the proton according to the standard model, as
measured from the outside, in the laboratory: 10 -24 gm.

13
Figure 5: Protons with proton spherical units (PSU’s), can communicate on the basis of entangled information
units

Haramein then calculates the external Planck circles divided by the internal Planck spheres to obtain the
gravitational mass of the proton, which equals 1014 which is the exact amount of mass needed for the
proton to obey what is called the Schwarzschild condition of a black hole. Protons are quantum scale black
holes. Gravity is the ratio of volume to surface area. Haramein’s proposal in the formulation:

2mplanck/R =2{Ap/Alc}/{Vp/Vls} = 2ApVls/AlcVp ,

That reduces to the simple scale proportion between the Planck scale and the proton scale and is a simple
expression for the Compton radius for the Planck mass in terms of the Compton mass for the proton. This
scaling then approximates the relationship between the two particular self-states or eigenvalues in the
‘holographic mass’ proposal of Nassim Haramein. To calculate his holographic proton mass, Haramein presumes
the radius of the proton to be 1.32x10-15 m, which is the charge radius for the proton as a Compton wavelength
distributed in proportionality to the atomic mass number A as roA⅓ for ro in the range (1.2-1.5)x10-15 m and a
mean of 1.35 femtometres. The actual Planck-density is: ρP=mP/LP3=2πc5/hG2=5.17x1096 kg/m3 using a 'cubic
volume' for the Planck Length. It is because of this huge density and compared to the actual matter density in
the universe (including the 'dark energy') of 3Ho2/8G~8.8x10-27 kg/m3; that a 96+27=123 order of magnitude
discrepancy exists between the quantum physics of the vacuum and the matter containing universe.

Despite the debatable conclusions of Haramein, regarding a holographic Schwarzschild proton, his
idea of relating a quantized surface area of a black hole to its quantized encompassing volume. Does
indeed enable his unification physics to emerge from this concepts.

The product of the Planck mass and the Planck length becomes a general factor in any Schwarzschild radius RS
Since the Haramein model cannot only be applied to the proton, but also to the monopole as the first
transformation of the Planck mass into the monopole mass, as indicated in the Planck length oscillation
described by the references to string-membrane theory in the Haramein-Rauscher metrics. Nassim Haramein’s
factor 2 seems here to emerge as a necessary coefficient to synergize the Schwarzschild metric with the
gravitational potential force per unit mass GM/R2 and with the squared Lightpath x2 = c2t2 = R2 substituted by an
angular quantum-spin acceleration frequency over time differential df/dt, but my also be caused by using the
diameter instead of the radius (see later).

In order to define the Bipolaron in its dark matter form in units of the gravitational parameter in a lower
dimension, requires coupling to the Dirac magneto charge in a higher dimension e* = (Volume)x(df/dt).

This formulation then, in fact, seems to define the concept for a physicalized consciousness quantum in
this form of the dark matter Bipolaron. Yet, Meijer’s Bipolaron crystallizes in its properties from its
central geometric position as Dirac’s magnetic monopole.

This, by extending the one-dimensional nature of the Dirac string in the continuity of a mathematical point-
particle or logistical singularity and manifesting in space-time as a quantum gravitational Kerr-Newman
wormhole ringularity. The coupling between mass and electromagneto-polar charge is given by the unification
condition for the respective fine-structures Goke = 1 as a Planck-h-Stoney-ke unification for a Planck mass mplanck

14
and a Planck length lplanck with an electro-pole Coulomb charge e and a magneto-pole Dirac charge e*. Go is
Newton’s gravitational constant, ke = 1/4o is the Coulomb constant, h is Planck’s constant, mo is the magnetic
permeability with electric permittivity o in ‘free space’, c is the speed of light and Re defines the classical
electron radius with a the electromagnetic fine-structure alpha . This, as a star(*)-unit unification form  =
60e2/h = 1/137.047642, that differs from a (SI) measured 1/137.0360 by 8.5 parts per 105 as an alpha variation.
A pure integerbased definition for alpha = 1/137 then differs in the fractals 0.036 and 0.0476 from the
electromagnetic finestructure constant as a pure number 1/137.

From the Grand Unification of the Planck Length Oscillation, (as a Minimum Displacement Parameter), in the
String Epoch prior the so-called Quantum Big Bang (in Stoney Units) of e/c2 = lplanck√alpha. This by mapping
electrocharge e in lower dimensional space-time, from the higher dimensional space-time onto the Planck-
Length Oscillation in the higher dimensional space-time, say 3D ↔ 12D. In particular the Planck-length
oscillation crystallizes the coupling between electro-polar Coulomb charge and magneto-polar Dirac charge in
the product of the Planck displacement oscillation. This, as a function of the alpha electromagnetic fine-
structure and the Planck mass in the Stoney-Planck fine-structure unification identitied in the mensuration
modulation of the pre-spacetime epoch.

The Planck-Length-Oscillation PLO of the forwards-backwards ‘bounce’ unifies the Planck-Stoney units in the
finestructure unification of gravitation and electromagnetism from the pre-spacetime (time-space) realm to
manifest the gravitation centre of space-time.
But the Geometric Mean GM is different and requires e/c2 = lplanck √ on the left to be ‘mirrored’ in lplanck/√ =
Gomplanck/ c2√ = hGo/2[ec] on the right to obtain lplanck as the midpoint. Here [ec] is a singular monopole mass
of the Grand-Unification-Theory GUT expressed as an energy conversion E = mc2 = [ec]c2 = c3 eV as 2.7x1016 GeV.

The PLO so transforms the Planck length and the Planck mass in the charge coupling between the electropole
Coulomb charge e and the magnetopole Dirac charge. As shown in the earlier paper (Bermanseder, 2023), the
fine-structure unification between mass and electric charge requires 2GoMmonopole2/hc = 2kee2/hc for Mmonopole
= kee = 30ec|mod.

So, the Planck-Monopole transform ending in the Bipolaron, is 30 monopole masses from the Planck mass for
mplanck.√ = kee = (Coulomb constant)x(Coulomb charge) incorporating lightspeed c in the singular monopole
mass ec|mod.

Then, the PLO in Compton energy form bounces the geometric mean, diverging from the arithmetic mean in the
factor 0.404407, in inverse proportion of the displacement interval to the mass emerging from it in the quantum
gravity by the inversion properties of the string classes in T-duality of the radius inversion properties and in S-
duality of the strong-weak coupling inversion. Numerically you have the PLO at 0.1784 Lp units (10-35 m) at the
left and you have 4.0016 Lp units on the right of 1 Lp unit in the middle. These are equal displacements of the
PLO from the centre. This decrease in the Planck length as Lp = G omp/c2 so shows a fluctuating gravitational
parameter GM (constant for an inverse proportionality between G o and M) for the space-time cosmology
described by black hole physics as the Schwarzschild metric doubles the Planck length to compensate for the
AGM divergence(2x0.6686=1.3372). This can be used in the variation of Newton’s Gravitational constant as a
distribution of the 30 monopole masses [ec] in the form of G(n,t) = G oXn{1+1/30+1/30+…+1/30} = 2GoXn, to
define the Schwarzschild metric for a spherical static Black Hole. Now 30 monopole masses from the primordial
origin are 30(4.8x10-11 kg ) =1.445x10-9 kg which is the Planck mass times √ as precisely the original geometric

15
mean of the PLO applied to the Planck mass as the inversion property of the string transformation as the left
manifesting and emerging on the right from:

mplanck√ = √{(hc/2Go)(2kee2/hc)} = kee = 30[ec] in the form [ec]/0.4045√ = 28.94[ec].

Figure 6: Bermanseder’s Shadow/Mirror Universe Concept

So here one has the ke e from the fine-structures defining the self-dual transformation of the Planck energy
into the monopole energy which induces the Bipolaron, this all from the initial condition of the fine-structure
Planck-Stoney unification. This transition from the Planck energy of order 10 19 GeV to the bipolaron energy of
order 107 GeV results in the Weyl-curvature energy of the bipolaron membrane area 22R2, This is doubled in
the Twin Bipolaron to the (2R)2 in order to form the Kerr-Newmann ringularity of the creation event. This also

16
manifested the magnetic monopole string of Dirac as a first ‘forwards’ or clockwise right-handed quantum
angular acceleration dynamic, meant to replace the mathematical point-particle singularity by a mathematical
space-time wormhole membrane of two dimensions.

This then defines the gravitational parameter GM, as being a lower dimensional equivalent for a higher
dimensional form of energy in the definition of a source energy quantum of the Bipolaron concept. This,
multiplied by the electro-polar charge quantum as being proportional to a dimensionless ratio given in the
electron mass divided by the Planck mass. For a wormhole source energy quantum in the Bipolaron, as the Dirac
magnetic monopole quantum with a global wormhole frequency, that is the gravitational parameter GM applied
to the electron mass in the charge coupling between the electropole and the magnetopole. This represents the
convolution synergy between the dimensional intersection for the gravitational parameter as monopolar
magnetic charge applied to the Planck mass and for G ome = 2e2/e* for the gravitational
parameter as monopolar magnetic charge applied to the electron mass.

In the Kerr-Newman metric, the characteristic length scale of RQ2 =Qe2Gke/c4 naturally produces the
gravitational parameter and the Schwarzschild boundary metric, in replacing the Coulomb electric charge Qe
with the Dirac magnetic charge Qm for RQ2 = Qm2(Goke)/c4 for RQ = GoMBH/c2 = ½RS . The angular momentum J =
GMBH2/c, in this metric likewise reduces as a displacement scale to the Schwarzschild solution.

4. The Nature of M- String Theory of Witten in Relation to the DM Twin-Bipolaron

Duality Symmetries and M Theory

The new work on String Theory led to the postulation, by Edward Witten (1995), of a new theory labeled M-
theory. The central idea of this new theory is that the profusion of different string theories really exists as
limiting cases of some more fundamental theory that exists in eleven dimensional spacetime. This hypothesis is
given support by the discovery that the different string theories are connected to one another by certain
symmetries called dualities. These various string theories are defined on a variety of spacetime backgrounds, so
M-theory is conjectured to be background independent. This seems like a reasonable conjecture since M-theory
is supposed to ‘incorporate’ the various string models that are defined with respect to different backgrounds.
However, there remains the pressing problem of actually defining M-theory. Edward Witten and others
exploited these duality symmetries, and various results from earlier work on supergravity, then, to argue that
there was some more fundamental theory that had the five dual string theories as limiting cases. The limits
involve the The end-points can move around on the D-brane, but they cannot leave it unless they join to form a
closed string.

There is much excitement at the moment over the status of the so-called ‘AdS/CFT’ correspondence (aka
‘the Maldacena conjecture’) which is believed to be a core part of M-theory, and indeed quantum gravity
simpliciter. This is essentially another duality mapping that would allow one to deal with a background
independent theory on the boundary of a spacetime. One can construct a non-perturbative string theory
using this duality since the CFT (conformal field theory) side can be algorithmically defined—I owe this
point to Joseph Polchinski. This basic idea is known, more generally, as the holographic principle, and
is believed to be a necessary principle obeyed by any and all viable approaches to quantum gravity. The
holographic principle will no doubt be one of the standard hobbyhorses of future generations of philosophy

17
of physics, however, the subject is too advanced for this primer: I refer the interested reader to Schwarz,
1999, Some more very brief and technical remarks are contained in the next two footnotes and postulation of
an additional dimension, resulting in eleven dimensions of spacetime.

This extra dimension has the topology of a circle. But this isn’t all: a new kind of higher-dimensional object, a
membrane (a 2-dimensional surface), is introduced into the theory in order to make sense in eleven dimensions
(superstring theories demand ten). The membrane wraps one of its dimensions around this circle, leaving one to
propagate in the remaining nine spatial dimensions. This reproduces string theory: a one-dimensional object
moving in ten dimensions of spacetime. Witten noticed that the five consistent string theories are uniquely
determined by various ways of wrapping membranes around the dimension. The dualities mentioned above
hold for the membrane constrained to the nine spatial dimensions. This new eleven -dimensional theory, with
its new ontology, was christened M-theory by Witten, where ‘M’ is a placeholder to be filled in once the theory
has actually been discovered. Hence, string theory is no longer a theory of strings; rather, it is a theory of p-
branes (strings are a special case where p = 1: 1-branes).95 Though these M-theoretic ideas are extremely
interesting, they are still very much up in the air (even for quantum gravity research!). This makes it very hard to
probe philosophically. However, there are more robust elements: the duality symmetries are a case in point, so
we
briefly say some more about these.

T-Duality: Equivalent Geometries and Topologies:

T-duality (where ‘T’ stands for ‘target space’) is a gauge symmetry of classical string theory concerning the
propagation of strings in a background metric spacetime. One finds that T-duality connects various prima facie
distinct backgrounds so that there is no way to physically distinguish between them—that is, they lead to the
same physics. This scenario is similar in many ways to the hole problem in general relativity, where we have
distinct metrics that have the same observable consequences. Both are generic problems of gauge symmetries.
What it shows is that the background metric is not a measurable thing: T-dual metrics will span the same gauge
orbit.

However, though they share this feature, the symmetries have a very different source. In the case of classical
general relativity, the problem stems from the diffeomorphism invariance, having to do with the dynamical
nature of the metric and the unobservability of manifold points. In the case of T-duality the source, is the fact
that strings have a length, ls = pα0, and can be wound around compactified dimensions—-of course, strings
cannot probe distances below ls (see x6.3.5). Taking a simple case in which, we have extra dimensions
compactified on a circle of radius R, T-duality says that this scenario is equivalent to the case
α0=R, where α0 is just the fundamental string length scale l2. T-duality renders both the two type II theories and
the two heterotic theories (exactly) physically equivalent.

This implies that T-duality extends over all orders of the string perturbation expansion. T-duality applies to more
complex spaces, such as Calabi-Yau. Hence, there is a general class of extended objects: the p-branes. In the
branification scenario mentioned previously, the spacetime we inhabit is viewed as a 3-brane. The study of 3-
brane physics led to the Maldacena conjecture. The idea is that the 3-brane, specifically our spacetime
described by a four dimensional gauge theory (N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory) without gravity, is a holographic
part of a higher-dimensional theory with gravity (type-IIB string theory compactified on AdS5 × S5, with the
Yang-Mills theory living on the boundary of AdS5). They are, in a sense, dual theories. spaces which are mirror

18
symmetric—these are especially relevant for superstring theory since they form product spaces with four
dimensional manifolds to form the string backgrounds.

S-Duality: Equivalent Physics at Strong and Weak Coupling:

Like T-duality, S-duality also relates what were previously thought to be distinct string theories. The idea
is that the physics of one theory at strong coupling (large gs) is physically equivalent to that of another theory at
weak coupling (for small gs).

This duality enables one to look at the strong coupling behaviour of these string theories using the dual weakly
coupled theory. In other words, one is led into distinctly non-perturbative territory. Of particular interest is the
fate of the two remaining consistent superstring theories, namely type-IIA and E8 × E8 heterotic. If we try to run
these theories through the S-duality machine the theories develop an additional spacetime dimension (with a
size given by gspα0). This new eleven-dimensional theory has eleven dimensional supergravity as a lowenergy
classical limit. As we already mentioned, the quantum theory, given the place-holder name ‘M-theory’, is still to
be worked out. One possibility for the M is ‘Matrix’: here the idea is to replace string coordinates with matrices
that commute at large distances but that fail to do so at short distances. The fact that those working on this
approach do not yet know what the fundamental degrees of freedom are renders it unfit for most philosophical
analysis: strictly speaking, there is not enough of the theory to analyze! However, one does sense a definite
‘circling in’ on this unknown theory.

Our Comments on the Witten Supermembrane Eps.Ess

The Witten supermembrane Eps.Ess describes the self-interaction of a timespace or pre-spacetime primal
energy plenum of universal consciousness in its unified omni-eigenstate quantum geometrically entangled in the
modus operandi of membrane modular manifold duality with its simulated energy self-state in spacetime.

This self-simulation of universalized consciousness as a totality of frequency (or numerical algorithmic)

permutation states therefore becomes expressed in emerging in a dimensionally created spacetime in the
parameters of the supermembrane as a coupling between a primary source-sink (Eps) high energy/frequency
string-part and a secondary sink-source (Ess) low energy/winded string-part.
A ‘target-space’ or T-duality describes the inversion property of the displacement scale between the two parts
of the supermembrane in a quantum gravitationally entangled cosmology in the wormhole radius
rps=ps/2=c/ps=c/2fps and its inverse rss=1/rps=2ss=ss/c=2fss/c from the supermembrane parts coupling
constants Eps/Ess=hfps/hfss=fps/fss=fps2 and Eps.Ess=hfps.hfss=h2.

The nomenclature used to describe the high energy ‘primary source-sink’ part of the naming by Edward Witten’s
M-Theory as Membrane-Magic-Matrix-Mother-Meijer can be applied to the Meijer Twin-Bipolaron in
substituting the ps subscript by DE-Bipolaron or DEBP to denote the universal Goldstone interaction gauge
source photon of the electromagnetic elementary interaction (EMI).
This elementary EMI source boson in the unified field then manifests as the first generation of the Meijer twin
bipolaron as a direct derivative of Witten’s Planck string class I in the pre-spacetime Planckian epoch of the
cosmogenesis.

The DM Twin- Bipolaron Gravitation center is defined as the birth of space in an inflaton coinciding with the
birth of time in an instanton. The inflaton-instanton coupling also labelled as a Weyl (or Kerr-Newman) Black

19
Hole s(r)ingularity so defines a wormhole radius rw=rps=rweyl=rDEBP=rDE-bipolaron across a Higgs Boson vacuum
blending and intersecting the timespace with the spacetime in a mirror cosmology applied to the string modular
duality of the Witten supermembrane EpsEss.

Under utility of both (target space) T-duality and (strong-weak coupling) S-duality, Witten’s five string classes
transform into each other in a twin-bipolaron energy gradient defining three generations of the Meijer twin-
bipolaron.

The first generation is the Planck string class I; which emerges from a fine-structure Planck-Stoney parameter
unification described as the primordial ‘bounce of the Planck length/radius’; is S-dual to a third heterotic Witten
string class HO(32) as the second generation of the Meijer twin bipolaron.

As the string class HO(32) is T-dual to the fifth heterotic Witten string class HE(64) as the third generation of the
Meijer twin bipolaron, the odd generations of the Witten string classes define the three generations of the
Meijer twin-bipolaron in their background dependent forms of 10-dimensional superstrings.
The second Witten string class IIB is self-dual to itself under S-duality and initiates the decoupling of gravitation
from the unified 5-part background independent form as a 11-dimensional supermembrane with a background
dependency as a classical limit for Witten’s 11-dimensonal supergravity.
This self-dual second superstring class is T-dual to the fourth superstring class IIA, which in the Meijer twin-
bipolaron transformation is labelled as the Ecosmic boson class, responsible for the boson-fermion energy
spectra of Cosmic Strings manifesting the bosonic-photonic string energies in the form of fermionic nucleons
and atomic nuclei of energies bounded in the monopole class as Witten’s self-dual class IIB.

The 11-dimensional supergravity limit so simplifies in the DM Twin-Bipolaron without requiring an extension
of the ‘particle zoo’ of the Standard Model by the introduction of supersymmetric bosonic (integral quantum
spin) partners for their fermionic (quantum half-spin) counterparts.

The DM Bipolaron gravitation center emerges in the Higgs Vacuum of the time-space-space/time transition
defined in the alpha fine-structure and defines the DM-Bipolaron as the physicalisation of the unified and
collectivized omni-energy of the primordial consciousness in its partitioning into parts as individualized potential
data-information collectors.

The simulation of time-space consciousness as a form of supramentalized energy so particularizes in the

conformal holofractal mapping of the macro-eigenstate parameters onto their micro-eigenstate representations
and described as a holographic cosmology simulation originating from its cosmogony precursor.The DM-
Bipolaron then manifests its T-duality as the 5th heterotic string class as the 3rd heterotic string class in the
quantum gravitational manifestation in the microstate from the macrostate in the Meijer Gravitation center.

The properties of the inversion scale EDEBP=Eps=hfps then become reciprocated not in the secondary sink-source
Ess=hfss form of the Witten supermembrane, but in the definition of the Meijer DM bipolaron in the form of the
gravitational parameter GM, which carries units of VolumexAngular Acceleration [m3/s2] as the units of the Dirac
magnetic monopole charge e*=2Rec2=rDNBP3fDEBP2 = 1/hfps = 1/EDEBP.
The DM-Bipolaron is initially defined in the decoupling of gravitation from the unified field Goldstone gauge
super state, in the self-intersecting (S-duality) in strong-weak interaction coupling and displacement inversion T-
duality, to be conceived as an attached Dirac monopole from the (open-closed) Planck-boson string.

20
This then is a consequence of the interaction of the S-duality of the monopole and the heterotic T-duality which
then manifests the DM-Bipolaron in the Meijer Gravitation Center.The bipolaron as first generation of the
Planck string class I (OI below) being S-duality coupled to the second generation of the bipolaron (OSO(32)
below) and intersected by the self-dual monopole class IIB (OIIB below), then couples to the third generation
bipolaron (E8xE8 below) at the end of the 5-tiered string class transformations.

The Twin-Bipolaron, therefore, is heterotically sting coupled in the S-duality of the second generation to the
third generation following the decoupling of gravitation from the self-dual monopole class. Both type II string
classes are T-duality coupled, as are the heterotic string classes. The twin bipolaron therefore shows what M-
theory truly represents, namely the twin bipolaron generations with Witten’s 11-dimensional supergravity
classical boundary limit becoming the inverse energy relationship between the global-universal (Dark
Energy/Vortex PE) DE/ZPE-bipolaron and the (Dark Matter/Gravitational Center) DM/GM-bipolaron.
Then one has the Coulomb charge-monopole mass coupling kee = Gommonopole from the fine-structures defining
the self-dual transformation of the Planck energy into the monopole energy which induces the Bipolaron, this all
from the initial condition of the fine-structure Planck-Stoney unification.
19 7
This transition from the Planck energy of order 10 GeV to the bipolaron energy of order 10 GeV results in the
Weyl-curvature energy of the bipolaron horn toroidal membrane area 22R2.

This is doubled in the Twin Bipolaron to the (2R)2 in order to form the Kerr-Newmann ringularity of the
creation event. This also manifested the magnetic monopole string of Dirac as a first ‘forwards’ or clockwise
right-handed quantum angular acceleration dynamic, meant to replace the mathematical point-particle
singularity by a mathematical space-time wormhole membrane of two dimensions.

A Horn Torus of radius R is embedded in a 2-sphere radius 2R in R3 for a volumar factor (4 /3)8R3/2 2R3=16/3
showing that a 2-sphere of radius r= ∛(3 /2)R is equivalent to the volumar of the Horn Torus radius R in the
upper bounded Feigenbaum-Chaos constant F|max = FB = 3 /2.
2 3 3 2 2 2 2
FB = 3 /2 = V3Torus/V3Sphere = 6 R /4 R = A3Torus/A3Sphere = 6 R /4 R = L3Torus/L3Sphere = 12 R/8 R.
A five-dimensional spacetime, known as a Kaluza-Klein hyperspace of 4 spatial dimensions coupled to a time
dimension is connected to a four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime in a fourth dimension descriptive for the
‘width’ of a surface or manifold of a Riemann hypersphere.
A four-dimensional space of volume V4(R) = ½ 2R4 with a three-dimensional surface derivative dV4(R)/dR = V3(R)
= 2 2R3, which is the volume of a Horn Torus is embedded in three spacial dimensions as the product 2 R. R2 =
2 2R3. {Pappus centroid theorem Area x Perimeter = Volume}.

Considering the ‘width’ of the 3-dimensional surface enclosing 4-dimensional Minkowski spacetime as a
‘quantum tunnel gravitational wall’, Meijer’s proposal regarding the nature of gravitation with its associated
energy-momentum parameters like dark energy and dark matter as an effect of bipolaron interaction can be
termed as a symmetry breaking between Kaluza-Klein space and Minkowski space.
The topology of the Twin-Bipolaron so can be geometrically ‘squared’ or doubled [*] in the quantum geometry
of 2x2=2+2 in the form of a spinor algebra of a one-sided Möbius strip of thickness R defining the thickness of
the quantum tunnelling between the 4th dimension within the hypersphere boundary and the 5 th dimension
without as a 2-dimensional Klein Bottle self-intersection. The surface are of such a one-sided Möbius strip then
is 2( R)(2 R) = 4 2R2 as the surface area of a horn torus embedded in 3-dimensional space S2.

21
The Volume to Area to Line-Radius differentiation of the 3-dimensional volume indicates the quadruplicity of
the Unified Field in 4x2 = 8 radians or 4x360° = 1440 °.
For a Horn Torus the area element calculates however as the (2 R)2 = 4 2R2 = 6 2R2/1.5 differing from the
volumar differential by a factor of 1.5 or 3/2 by the theorem of Pappus.
For a Schwarzschild black hole of perfect spherical symmetry, the region extending the event horizon is given in
the curvature radius multiplied by 1.5 defining a Photon Sphere (for circling ‘trapped’ photons orbiting the event
horizon in the ergosphere) for RSPhoton = 3GoM/c2 which also forms the boundary for extended inner-outer
photon sphere radii for Kerr-Newman rotating black holes.
The one-sided ringularity of surface area 2x2 2R2 = 4 2R2 defining the twin bipolaron in its self-intersection as
the Meijer gravitation centre so is Schwarzschild extended in RSPhoton = 3RS/2.
The topology of the Meijer Twin-Bipolaron so can be geometrically ‘squared’ or doubled in the quantum
geometry of 2x2=2+2 in the form of a spinor algebra [*] of a one-sided Möbius strip of thickness R defining the
thickness of the quantum tunnelling between the 4th dimension within the hypersphere boundary and the 5th
dimension without as a 2-dimensional Klein Bottle self-intersection.
The boundary chaos constant so identifies the differential 2-dimensional surface area of the hypersphere in
6 2R2 = FB (4 R2) = (3/2).4 2R2 as the 3-dimensional extension of spherical symmetry.

Figure 6a: A spinor visualized as a vector pointing along the Möbius band, exhibiting a sign inversion when the
circle (the "physical system") is rotated through a full turn of 360°. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor

The ratio between the volume and the surface area of a Horn torus 2 2R3/4 2R2=½R embedded in 3 spacial
dimensions so recrystallizes the double radius of the Meijer/Bermanseder mirror universe in analogy to the
mirror dualities inherent in Witten’s M-Theory.

[*]This explanation of the ‘square root’ Clifford algebra behavior of spinors in association with the quantum
geometry of the Twin Bipolaron so emphasizes the importance of the Meijer-Axelrod-Brown-Wong model in its
exposition of solving unanswered questions in cosmology and the standard model of particle physics.
Emphasizing geometry over algebra is a general focus of the Twin-Bipolaron model and approach to quantum
gravitation. The “Gravitone” being the REAL part of the ‘virtual’ graviton supports the non-virtuality of the
ZPE/dark Energy background as Axelrod’s Planckian vacuum lattice. Associating this with geometrical objects
like the amplituhedron model of Nima Arkani-Hamed enables a deep relationship between quantum geometry
in Brown’s scale invariance and superstring/membrane theory to be made.

As per the references, the Arkani-Hamed model in its quantum geometric focus on the volumars without
virtuality, unitary principle and locality backgrounds then supports this paper in its critique as outlined in this
paper. The background independence of General Relativity harmonizes with the background independence of

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11-dimensional membrane theory with 10-dimensional strings embedded in their spacetime matrices..
Spacetime emerges from the bipolaron (Weyl-Eps-boson) as the heterotic class superstring HE(8x8).
Excerpt from Wikipedia: In mathematics and theoretical physics (especially twistor string theory), an
amplituhedron is a geometric structure introduced in 2013 by Nima Arkani-Hamed and Jaroslav Trnka. It enables
simplified calculation of particle interactions in some quantum field theories. In planar N = 4 supersymmetric
Yang–Mills theory, also equivalent to the perturbative topological B model string theory in twistor space, an
amplituhedron is defined as a mathematical space known as the positive the positive Grassmannian. [1][2]
“Amplituhedron theory calculates scattering amplitudes without referring to such virtual particles. This
undermines the case for even a transient, unobservable existence for such virtual particles.[9][7] The geometric
nature of the theory suggests in turn that the nature of the universe, in both classical relativistic spacetime and
quantum mechanics, may be described with geometry. [7]” end of excerpt

Wong’s spinors can be encapsulated by a Michael Atiyah’s statement recounted by Dirac’s biographer Graham
Farmelo: No one fully understands spinors. Their algebra is formally understood but their general significance
is mysterious. In some sense they describe the "square root" of geometry and, just as understanding the
square root of −1 took centuries, the same might be true of spinors.[10]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor#cite_note-27

Figure 6b: The Amplituhedron based on quantum geometry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplituhedron ; https://www.quantamagazine.org/nima-arkani-hamed-and-the-
future-of-physics-20150922/

This then defines the gravitational parameter GM, as being a lower dimensional equivalent for a higher
dimensional form of energy in the definition of a source energy quantum of the Bipolaron concept. This,
multiplied by the electro-polar charge quantum as being proportional to a dimensionless ratio given in the
electron mass divided by the Planck mass. For a wormhole source energy quantum in the Bipolaron, as the Dirac
magnetic monopole quantum with a global wormhole frequency, that is the gravitational parameter GM applied
to the electron mass in the charge coupling between the electropole and the magnetopole.

23
This represents the convolution synergy between the dimensional intersection for the gravitational parameter
as monopolar magnetic charge applied to the Planck mass and for G ome = 2e2/e* for the gravitational parameter
as monopolar magnetic charge applied to the electron mass. In the Kerr-Newman metric, the characteristic
length scale of RQ2 = Qe2Goke/c4 naturally produces the gravitational parameter and the Schwarzschild boundary
metric, in replacing the Coulomb electric charge Qe with the Dirac magnetic charge Qm for RQ2= Qm2(Goke)/c4 for
RQ = GoMBH/c2 = ½RS . The angular momentum J = GoMBH2/c, in this metric likewise reduces as a displacement
scale to the Schwarzschild solution.

Transformation of the Monopole string into the XL-Boson string decouples Gravity from sEwG in sEw.G , in the
heterotic superstring class HO(32). As this heterotic class is modular dual to the other heterotic class, HE(64), it
is here, that the proto nucleon mass is defined in the modular duality of the heterosis in: Omega = Alpha 18 =
2πGomc2/hc = mc2/mplanck2. The HO(32) string bifurcates into a quarkian X-part and a leptonic L-part, so rendering
the bosonic scalar spin as fermionic half spin in the continuation of the 'breaking' of the super-symmetry of the
Planckian unification. Its heterosis with the Weyl-string then decouples the strong interaction S at Weyl-Time for
a Weyl-Mass mW, meaning at the time-instanton of the end of inflation or the Big Bang in sEw.G, becoming
s.Ew.G and S.EW.G

SEWG------------------------SEWg--------SEW.G---------SeW.G--------S.EW.G-------------S.E.W.G
Planck Unification I----------IIB----------HO32------------IIA-----------HE64---------Bosonic Unification
{Capitalization of letters infers emphasis and decapitalization of letters implies suppression of respective
fundamental interactions}.

The four fundamental gauge interactions in the unified field are Strong Nuclear S, Electromagnetic E, Weak
Nuclear W and Gravitational G, are unified as a single gauge interaction at the Planck string class I of the pre-
space-time first generation of the Twin Bipolaron as SEWG. Here Gravity is suppressed in a self-duality or gauge
self-intersection, but not decoupled at the self-dual Monopole class IIB as a unification SEWg. Gravity then
decouples from unification at a GUT energy scale of string class HO32, as a second generation of the Twin
Bipolaron depicted as SEW.G.

This decoupling of gravity creates the mass induction potential for the Twin Bipolaron as a dark matter boson,
manifesting as a potential fermionic Coulomb charge distribution as a bosonic dineutron, also known as the
‘ylem’ neutron matter of George Gamow in the 1930’s.
The ylem neutronium or protium so is bosonic in the bipolaron self-state, but enables a supersymmetric
partnership with a fermionic charge distribution. This, once the mass induction could proceed as an effect of the
decoupling of gravitation, with the gauge interaction of the graviton-gravitone interaction in a then gauge
separated unified field. It would be the third generation of the Twin Bipolaron, which would allow this super-
symmetry in the heterosis of the coupling of the GUT HO32 string class coupling to the HE64 class, providing the
third generation of the Twin Bipolaron. The transformation of the heterotic bosonic string form of the 2nd
generation Bipolaron into its 3rd generational successor as a dark matter form so defines the twinned nature of
the Meijer bipolaron as a colour charge transformation, enabling the 2nd ZPE or Vortex-PE form of the Bipolaron
to supplement the Higgs mass-inertia induction by a Coulombic charge electropole induction, defined in the
heterosis of the string classes HO32 and HE64.

As the 3rd generation then, the Twin-Bipolaron mass induces the hitherto massless dineutronic template from a
scalar or 0-spin form of the dark matter Bipolaron as a Higgs Boson derivative. (see Fig.1, the Meijer Twin-

24
Bipolaron). The left-handed dark matter bipolaron so is quantum spin coupled to a right-handed ZPE bipolaron
in the unified field, in order to allow the Higgs Boson to mass induce the bosonic dineutron as two separated
neutrons in a reversed double beta decay. The quantum geometry of a weak interaction neutron then describes
a double-positive kernel KKK-charge surrounded by two negatively charged rings, the inner a mesonic IR and the
outer being a leptonic OR.

The dark matter Bipolaron, thus, in fact is an evolved or emergent form of the ZPE dark energy Bipolaron and
together or coupled they form the Twin Bipolaron. The Bipolaron has a RGB right-handed quantum spinning
magnetopolar colour charge and the Bipolaron has a 2(YCM) left-handed magneto charge configuration. The
Bipolaron represents the electromagnetic gauge interaction in the unified field coupling to the Bipolaron as a
fifth gauge interaction and both are coupled in the unified field to the gauge of the strong nuclear interaction.
This is mediated by primary right-handed gluons RGB and the gauge of gravitation in the double-spin left-
handed graviton with a anti-cyclic BGR configuration. As the Bipolaron has units of energy E=hf in its global
form, its string class is defined as an inversion as a monopolar charge coupling to the Coulomb charges of the
Higgs-bipolaron. Mass-charge induction will relate the units of energy to the gravitational parameter GM in the
factor m/r or mass/displacement.

Utilizing the history and definitions (based on fine-structure unification between electromagnetism and
gravitation) of the Twin Bipolaron, a Maxwell displacement current i maxwell=[ec] in units of charge times velocity
can be expressed in the GUT unification of the monopole class as m/r for a monopole mass distribution from
[ec]=c3 eV to 30[ec]=30c3 eV from the higher dimensional Planck-Stoney finestructure unification between mass
and Coulomb charge with the Action Law h=e2 and the ‘bipolaron bounce’ as primordial quantum oscillation as
a harmonic minimum energy oscillator lp√ = (e/c2 )unified as minimum displacement for mass m|unified = hf/c2 =
h/2lpc = e2/[e/c] = [ec]unified and with E = [ec]c2 = ec3 eV.
Energy E = GMi so is written as GM = E/i = (Voltage V)(charge e)/Current = Resistance x Charge, crystallizing a
magnetopolar Dirac charge e* for a unified resistance for quasi-particles in superconductivity and fractional
charges, as in the quantum Hall effect and Josephson circuits , applied to phonons and Coulomb charged atoms
and particles in the lattices of solid state devices.

5. The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity by Haramein et al.

The most recent paper of Haramein :“ The Origin of Mass and the Nature of Gravity”, is following the known
Haramein strategy of using the mainstream knowledge foundation as a background to then attempt to input the
holographic principles of an information based cosmology. Overall, this attempt is appropriate and the
Bipolaron model (see Fig.1), in fact, does the same thing. Now what is rather relevant for a synthesis of the
holographic universe (partially correct in Haramein’s work but not applicable to his Schwarzschild proton model
as previously commented upon), is his discussion and derivations of Wheeler’s quantum foam as applied to the
ZPE.

In this approach, he uses the mainstream position of the Planck boundary (see Fig.7), resulting in the
Schwarzschild proton model. Of course, his idea of the size of the proton being a Planck cutoff is correct. This is
well understood as the asymptotic scale limit for the quark-gluon confinement. The size of the Higgs Boson and
so the Bipolaron, represents also as the classical electron radius applied as the outer ring for the atomic nucleus
resonances. What the author misses in the following is the orthodox and string physics interpretation of the
Planck scale by insisting on the limit to be the center of a black hole singularity, call it micro black hole and the

25
like. The point is that the Planck scale is reduced by the Bipolaron, through its coupling to the classical electron
and its Compton oscillation, rendering the Bipolaron to become experiment accessible through a better
understanding of what the quasi-particles mean in the Bipolaron concept, interacting with itself. This is an
analogy of the electromagnetic mass and the self-interaction of the electron as detailed in the earlier mentioned
Feynman item.

The dilemma of the Planck mass being far too large to represent a limit for quantum gravitation is resolved in
the string class transformation from the Planck string to the 5D-4D Kaluza-Klein dimensional transformation of
the Bipolaron definitions. The Twin Bipolaron then becomes the Weyl-heterotic string class at a magnified
Planck scale which Compton reduces the Planck mass by 12 orders of magnitude to the restmass of the
bipolaron or Weyl-Eps gauge photon. Haramein then unknowingly derives the Planck bounce of the Twin
Bipolaron by using Wheeler’s cosmology.

The expression for the Planck charge ql~12 electropole charges is precisely our expression for the Stoney units
defining the magnetopole charge e* of Dirac coupling to the Coulomb charge e of the electropole:

Coulomb Charge Quantum: 'e' = c2.√Alpha.Lplanck ↔ 2Rec2 = e* Magnetopolar Charge Quantum

So, when Wheeler describes the wormhole charge as a Planck charge, he actually describes the bipolaron
magnetopole charge as the Newman-Kerr ringularity of the Kaluza-Klein 4D-5D dimensional intersection of the
hyperspace, responsible for quantum gravitation not as a Coulomb electropole charge but as a Dirac
magnetopole charge.

Haramein then continues in using Sakharov’s geometric constant 1/8π to derive the vacuum density in the
unified field. Sakharov’s geometric constant describes the unified field extension of the twin bipolaron in 8π
radians to encompass the 12 monopolar current loops of the unified field. To synchronize two opposing gauge
waveforms of electromagnetic propagation to the right with the graviton/gravitone propagation from the left in
the wavefunction F(x)=sin(3x/2)-cos(3x/4) requires even and odd pi-junctions in 8 180° sectors or 1440°. This is
the Unified Field from first principles with the two long-range gauges intersecting from opposing directions to
mirror the original cosmogenesis in time-space.

The Planck scale cut off, that Haramein derives for his Schwarzschild proton approach in the holographic
universe context so is applicable for the Bipolaron gauge singularity as the Planck cut off. This, in the time-space-
space-time transition of the 3rd generation of the twin bipolaron and not some first Planck boson generation, as
Haramein and the mainstream modellers, including the “stringers” presume.

The equation 4.3 of Haramein, regarding the fine-structure of the proton mass, is inferred from Dirac’s ‘large
Number Hypothesis” (I basically agree with) also derives from the bipolaron self-transformation in the
transformation of the monopole class into the heterotic 32 class, which enabled the bifurcation of the bosonic
self-dual monopole to split into its quark-lepton symmetry as a second generation twin bipolaron. It was here,
that a basic X-boson GUT energy of 1.9x1015 GeV and a basic lepton L-boson (as the pro-muon) energy of 111
MeV became defined. The second generation in the standard model so became necessitated and answering
Isaac Rabi’s 1930 question regarding the existence of the muon: “Who ordered that?”.

26
The transformation of the Monopole string into the XL-Boson string decouples Gravity from sEwG in sEw.G in
the heterotic superstring class HO(32), as this heterotic class is modular dual to the other heterotic class, HE(64).
It is here, that the proto nucleon mass is defined in the modular duality of the heterosis in: Omega = Alpha18 =
2πGomc2/hc = (mc/mP)2. The HO(32) string bifurcates into a quarkian X-part and a leptonic L-part, so rendering
the bosonic scalar spin as fermionic half spin in the continuation of the 'breaking' of the supersymmetry of the
Planckian unification. Its heterosis with the Weyl-string then decouples the strong interaction at Weyl-Time for a
Weyl-Mass mW, meaning at the time instanton of the end of inflation or the Big Bang in sEw.G becoming s.Ew.G.

Figure 7: A: Haramein’s Cosmology; B: The Scale-invariant Proton C: Entangled Spacetime Structure D Hierarchic
Scale of Universe Dimensions E: Wormhole Connection F: The Proton-ZPE model of Haramein

The X-Boson then transforms into a fermionic proto-nucleon tri-quark-component (of energy ~ 10-27 kg or 560
MeV) and the L-Boson transforms into the proto-muon (of energy about 111 MeV). The electroweak decoupling
then occurs from a time marker about 1/140 th of a second from the QBBS at a temperature of 1.658x10 15 K* for
a Fermi-Expectation Energy about 1/365 seconds after the Big Bang at a temperature of about 3.4x1015 K and at
a 'Higgs Boson' energy of about 298 GeV. Equation 4.3 of Haramein’s paper as alphag = 2πGmc2/hc =
2πGmplanck2alpha18/hc ~ 3x10-39 so describes the fermionic nucleon form mc=mplanck. alpha9 as a natural
consequence of the bipolaron-string class transformation. Haramein’s paper focusing intensively on the size and
core of a proton so can be said to describe the Meijer’s gravitation center as the core of the Twin Bipolaron.

Haramein emphasis lies in the charge radius of the proton and likewise emphasises the Compton radius of the
standard model applied to an effective electron mass proportional to its Compton radius as a function of the
alpha electromagnetic fine structure. This couples the de Broglie wave matter to the Heisenberg principle in the
basic formulation of the Compton parameters, as applied to the electron charge, mec2 = kee2/Re for a fluctuating
or oscillating ‘electron scale’ as the charge radius of the proton in m eRe = constant =alpha. h/2πc = kee2/c2 . Then
increasing the electron mass will inversely decrease the electron radius/proton charge radius scale in the size

27
proposals of Haramein and account overall for his valid holographic fractalization of space-time. His scaling
proposal so in fact applies to all elementary particles in the Compton radius for those particles.

Generally, one can say, that Haramein’s cosmology is another way of seeking a description for the universal
harmonic oscillator of bipolaron-Weyl energy, which utilizes space-time as information processor of self-
simulation within a multi-dimensional cosmology.

6. Our Comment on Lorusso Treatment of the Holographic Mass Theory: Fine-tuning

of the Bipolaron Parameters

Lorusso’s discourse on Haramein’s model (Lorusso, 2023), actually experimentally seems to fine-tune the
Bipolaron parameters. It also validates Bermanseder’s Kernel-Inner Mesonic Ring-Outer Leptonic Ring quantum
geometry, that until now, was not fully associated with the twin Bipolaron concept. Describing the electron as a
toroidal ring, is just the Leptonic Outer ring extended from two into three dimensions and as the proton
hypersphere as a 3-dimensional surface connecting beautifully to our Kaluza-Klein dimensional intersection.

We, here, will derive the Bipolaron connection to this generalization on the basis of the Loruss paper, (Lorusso.
2022). But note, that this approach does not continue from the PSU scaling model to the Schwarzschild proton
as a Black Hole, eliminating QCD and the nuclear interactions. Yet we support the Lorusso derivations, as they
lead to the electron size boundary as the Weyl wormhole, aka the ZPE-Bipolaron in the Compton constant,
Lorusso utilizes in his derivations.

Lorusso’s toroidal electron below is oscillating between a maximum size called the classical electron radius
Re=alpha.Rcompton = alpha2.Rbohr1 = alpha3/4RRydberg and a minimum scale defined by the zpe bipolaron.
Lorusso applies this as a minimum v=0 electron speed in Re and as a maximum electron speed v=c as the
bipolaron-wormhole. What Lorusso did not realize is that this oscillating electron ring encompasses the proton
scale within the Inner Ring defined by the down quark – the strange quark being the oscillation of the Inner
Mesonic Ring at the Fermi scale of the classical electron as an Outer Leptonic Ring divided by a factor of 1000
(10-18 m as the atto scale). But all his calculations work out because the overall scaling model works for all
elementary particles, not just the proton in the Compton-de Broglie foundation of wave mechanics: mplanck.lplanck
=h/2c = 3.2x10-43 [kgm]* for the wave momentum mplanckvdebroglie =h/wavelength (λ)= hf/c and mplanck=hf/c2 for
the light speed limit v=c. Note that the Haramein ‘factor 2 mistake’, he addresses has a more basic origin in that
the Planck length is the Planck radius rplanck= lplanck=2lplanck and not the Planck wavelength. So Nassim appears to
have used the Planck radius as a Planck diameter.

Applying the product of the Planck mass and the Planck length to the electron or any other elementary
Compton particle gives the proportionality constant for such scaling as the alpha finestructure constant as a
fundamental property of the unified field:

Melectron.Relectron = kee2/c2=alpha.hc/2c2=alpha.h/2c.=alpha.mplanck.lplanck = Compton Constant and

lplanck = h/2mplanckc.

The Haramein-Lorusso PSU scaling now simply defines Vno =Rproton3/lplanck3 with Sno=4Rproton2/lplanck2.
But this sets the ratio Vno/Sno = Rproton/4lplanck = Rprotonpmplanckc/2h for mplanck/Vno = 2h/SnopcRproton.

28
This renders mplanck/Vno = mproton/Sno requires mproton = 2h/cRproton and so Rproton = 2h/cmproton as the central
argument of Haramein and Lorusso. Then using a proton mass of 1.67x10 -27 kg, the charge radius of the proton
emerges as 8.44x10-16 m and as 4 times the Compton radius of the proton Rcompton/proton = h/2cmproton = 2.11x10-
16
m.So what Haramein and Lorusso have shown, is that the charge radius of the proton is four times the
Compton radius of the proton and this as a simple consequence of the original Volume to Surface scaling in
Planck units Vno/Sno = Rproton/4lplanck and as applicable to ANY elementary particle as stated.

Figure 8: A Toroidal model of an Electron Pixelated with PSU’s; B: With the electron traveling in a
circular orbit constrained by λe, the thickness 2πX may be attributed to a small precession that retains
the electron’s center of mass at the center of the electron torus. C: An electron at rest forms a ring with
2πR = λe. Its translational motion would be along the vertical axis.

The truly new physics is then however derived by Lorusso in utilizing the Haramein PSU scaling to a toroidal ring
electron. The electron’s Compton wavelength is of course the perimeter or size of the classical electron ring and
subject to oscillation in the Compton constant and alpha proportionality. Recall, that the proton is contained
within the maximum size of the electron in Re defined in bipolaron parameters as a scale reduced Planck length
in the radian/trigonometric relation
Remax = (2/360)1010Rbipolaron for Rbipolaron = Rweylwormole=Rzpebp=Remin. So in one boundary application of the
bipolaron, both the minimum v=0 electron speed parameter and its maximum v=c electron speed parameter of
Lorusso become defined in the Twin Bipolaron concept.

To prove this, one utilizes the Compton constant replacing the classical electron radius R electron=Re by the
bipolaron radius minimization (which gives an effective electron speed limited by c at the gravitation center and
gives a minimum quantum monopolar relativistic electron speed of so 4.5x10-10 m/s and which is of course close
to 0 as in the Lorusso paper. Now we show Lorusso’s great insight of limiting the size of the electron in photon
frequency equivalence to ‘stumble’ onto the bipolaron scale as the actual PSU reduction for the physicalized
cosmology. Loruso states:

“The next question is clear: does a similar condition apply to the electron? If so, then it would take the form
of mP/V = mp/S = me/N, where N represents the number of PSUs on the electron surface, just as S represents the

29
number of PSUs on the proton surface. Using the modern ring electron models of David Hestenes and Oliver
Consa as a guide, we can proceed with the assumption that the electron at rest is a point particle moving in a
toroidal circuit at the speed of light. Its circumference is the electron’s Compton wavelength λe, where λe is
equivalent to a photon with the same energy as the rest mass energy of the electron. Since this torus represents
an electron at rest, we’ll designate the number N as T0.

Here the perimeter λe = h/mec = 2Re/alpha with 2X=2Rproton for a number To = 4ReRproton/alphalplanck2 ~
1.6x1043.

What is important to note, is that Lorusso’s geometry here assigns the radius of the smaller circle of the ring torus
as R to get the perimeter of the smaller circle as 2R and as the ‘thickness’ of the electron ring (see Fig. 8 C). In
our double torus, this radius of the smaller circle is also the radius of the horn torus, without an empty central
circular region in the Pappus theorem 2R. R2 = 22R3 for the hypersphere volume. The particular 3-dimensional
Riemann surface is required to topologically connect the Möbian ‘outside’ in 5D to the Möbian ‘inside’ of
4D. Then, what Lorusso calls X as the proton radius is actually the radius of the Horn toroidal bipolaron ringularity
as the Weyl wormhole of the Quantum Simulation creation event as the birth of the physicalized spacetime
universe.

The volume of the ZPE- Bipolaron as a Horn torus so is 2p2Rzpebp3 in 3 dimensions, but is also a 3-dimensional
surface or manifold connecting the Minkowski space-time in 4D to the hyperspace-time in 5D. Using the SI units
Lorusso’s To of 1.6x1043,this so is adjusted in the bipolaron radius X=Rproton=Rzpebp=360Re/2p1010 for To =
720(Re/lplanck)2/1010alpha ~ 3x1035 , thereby showing the actual scaling of the PSU not to the proton scale but to
the bipolaron/electron scale in 7.5 orders of magnitude reflecting the ratio between the charge radius of the
proton and the Bipolaron, as a function of the classical maximized electron scale in 8.4x10 -16/1.6x10-23 = 5.3x107.
So T0 is the number of PSUs on the surface of a torus which has a circumference of λe and a thickness of 2πX.
These PSUs have a total mass equal to the observed electron mass, with each PSU carrying a fractional mass
of me/T0, the same as in mP/V = mp/S.

With the electron traveling in a circular orbit constrained by λe, the thickness 2πX may be attributed to a small
precession that retains the electron’s center of mass at the center of the electron torus. According to the electron
PSU model then, successive deformations to the PSUs along this wobbling path generate the electron. An
electron at rest forms a ring with 2πR = λe. Its translational motion would be along the vertical axis (see Fig. 8 C).

Lorusso states: Now the key question: is 2πX a purely theoretical construct or does it correspond to an actual
physical limit? Two facts convince me it’s the latter. First, if T0 represents an electron with minimum velocity v=0,
then there must also be an equation representing an electron with maximum velocity v≈c. To be clear, this is the
translational velocity of the entire electron ring which moves in a direction orthogonal to its intrinsic Compton
wavelength motion. Since the electron travels at the speed of light around its circumference λe, then in the time
it takes to complete one orbit (λe/c), the maximum orthogonal distance it can traverse is also equal to λe. The

30
surface area generated by this motion can be expressed in terms of the number of protons appearing on its
surface as Tc:

# of protons on electron torus with v≈c

Here Lorusso identifies the perimeter λe = h/mec = 2Re/alpha = 2Recompton with 2X=2Rproton for equating the
proton’s charge radius with the Compton radius of the electron, which is just the Horn toroidal definition for the
size of the bipolaron. The number Tc = 4Re2/alpha2Rproton2 = 2.64x106.
Lorusso’s Lightpath ct = X = Rproton/Tc = palpha2Rproton3/42Re2 = 3.2x10-22 for To*= 4ReX/alphalplanck2 = 6.0x1036
= (1.6x1043)/(2.7x106) = To/Tc.

Lorusso’s Lightpath, therefore, approximates the maximized electron speed for an effective minimized electron
radius Remin as the Quantum Big Bang r(s)ingularity he calculates as X = 3.2x10-22 meters as a minimum
wavelength for a photon of high frequency and equivalent in energy to a Lightpath electron, travelling near the
speed of light in the Compton constant alpha.lplanckmplanck = Reeffective.meeffective = Re.me = Remin.memax

This is : Rbipolaron.Mbipolaron = (10-22/2 )(2.222x10-20) [mkg]* = 3.53x10-43 [mkg]* = lplanck.mplanck = h/2c = Compton
Constant

Lorusso so has shown that a photon of wavelength 2Rproton of 5.303x10-15 meters approximating the classical
electron diameter 2Re=5.55x10-15 meters* and divided by the number Tc = 2.64x106 of PSU protons descriptive of
the surface are of the electron torus as 5.3x10-15/2.6x106 = 2x10-21 meters sets an approximate limit for the size of
the electron, both in its classical Newtonian and quantum mechanical QFT expressions. He also indicates the
experimental evidence for the highest photonic frequencies observed, to which should be added that the strain
scale of gravitational wave detectors (LIGO) is also measured to converge on this limit of the bipolaron boundary
parameter of a bipolaron global frequency of 3x1030 Hz* inferring a bipolaron wavelength of exactly 10-22 metres*
with a wormhole radius of 1.59x10-23 meters*.

7. The Compton Particle Gravity Concept of Martin Mayer

The Compton particle cosmology is based on the important work of Horst Thieme, Randell Mills, Nassim
Haramein and Erik Verlinde. The following section summarizes this innovative theory:

Thieme suggested that electrons are spherical objects which spin so fast that their equatorial ring is moving with
light speed (Thieme, 2012). He furthermore proposed that electrons are composed of elementary electric
dipoles which are attracted and polarized by a central charge monopole, whereby the constituents of each
dipole are also assumed to be spherical. The following Fig. 9 shows a schematic cut-out of the suggested
internal electron structure:

Thieme explained that this structure is similar to what quantum electrodynamics (QED) proposes, but according
to Thieme’s view the involved minuscule charge carriers are real and not virtual as in QED calculations.
Haramein coincidentally uses a similar spherical model for protons whereby a proton’s internalstructure consists

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of tiny Planck length sized spheres which Haramein calls Planck Spherical Units, or PSUs for short (Haramein,
2013). This similarity was the first hint that the model of Thieme and Haramein might be interconnected. Both
models furthermore assume that the conceived constituents of their modelled particle are also the fundamental
building blocks of space-time. The idea of using the reduced Compton wavelength λc/(2π) as particle radius
definition can also be applied to the proton, neutron, muon, positron as well as tau, besides the electron. All of
these fundamental particles will be referred to as Compton particles from now on and their radius will be
denoted as the Compton radiusrc hereafter.

The

Figure 9: A: Schematic representation of Compton Photon Scattering; B: Compton particle with two rotational
aspects; C: Cartoon of the inner Compton particle structure with arranged dipoles. D: Toroidal trajectories on a
Compton particle; E: Relation of PSU related macro-cosmic and mico-cosmic energies; F: Fractal geometry of self-
similar vortex motion

calculated masses match with the respective experimental value, as expected, but please note that this
calculation approach is only valid when assuming that Compton wavelength & frequency are physically real
properties. Larger Compton particles have less mass, i.e., the electron is larger in size than the proton but still it
possesses less mass, which seems counterintuitive at first but makes sense in the Compton particle model,
showing that a particle’s rotation frequency decreases with increasing radius and consequently energy & mass
are decreasing as they are proportional to a particle’s rotation frequency.. This correlation also leads to a bold
speculation: mass asa separate physical property does not exist as it is dependent on a particle’s rotation, e.g.,
a Compton frequency of zero Hertz also implies zero mass. Reflecting on the nature of (mass) energy also
supports this conjecture: energy is always associated with translational or rotational motion, or at least with the
potential for motion. This insight is as fundamental as the known conservation laws, and it should also hold true
for the domain of fundamental particles. Viewed from this perspective it is sensible that the mass energy of a
Compton particleis connected to some kind of rotational motion.

The calculated radii are certainly a cause of debate. High energy scattering experiments led to the assumption
that an electron is of minuscule size, or no spatial extent at all, but according to the interpretation of Mayer, an
×
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electron radius is even bigger than the proton radius. Thieme, 2012, proposed that electrons are composed of
small spherical charge carriers which also possess mass. Assuming that these individual charge carriers move
along great circles, as indicated in Fig 9, implies that their vertical angular momentum contributions cancel out
due to symmetry, which only leaves angular momentum components which are parallel to the equatorial plane.
As a consequence, there is also only a net angular momentum around the particle’s spin axis, as it should be, and
the spin axis is aligned in parallelwith the magnetic moment vector.

The reason for introducing the de Broglie frequency is that its non-relativistic as well as relativistic variant, which
exhibits a physically sensible value when a particle’s velocity is 0 m/s. In this scenario the relativistic de Broglie
wavelength has a nonsensical infinite wavelength, whereas the de Broglie frequency equals 0 Hz in both variants,
which is a physically sensible value. This trait suggests that a convincing theory of quantum physics should treat
the de Broglie frequency as the physically relevant parameter instead of the de Broglie wavelength, which
should rather be regarded as a computational quantity. There is actually a way to incorporate the
aforementioned similarities into the Compton particle model and to give physical meaning to the de Broglie
frequency by ascribing it to a Compton particle’s second rotation axis. The following figure illustrates this idea by
depicting a sphere’s two independent rotation axes togetherwith the relevant frequencies.

In Thieme’s electron model, however, the elementary dipoles that constitute the electron are real as well as
stable and a central charge monopole is presumably responsible for the polarization of these dipoles (1). The
dipole polarization in turn shields the presumed central charge so that the electron’s charge as observed from
outside the particle is smaller than that of the central charge Interestingly, the shielded central charge q0
equals the Planck charge, which is further evidence for the conjecture that the Planck units are fundamental
units of our universe and not justsome arbitrary quantities.

Only free Compton particles have been treated beforehand and this section will make a first attempt at
evaluating how Compton particles can form atoms by examining the simplest atom: hydrogen. Thieme
suggested that hydrogen forms when an electron absorbs a proton into its centre to form a compound particle
(Thieme, 2012), which implies that Compton particles are considered to be penetrable objects in the Compton
particle model. After combining into hydrogen, the electron radius is no longer determined by light , instead the
electron’s radius is determined by the equilibrium between electrostatic attraction to the proton and the
centrifugal force. This force equilibrium can be approximated as follows by treating the electron as an object in
circular orbit around the proton.
The results presented here, suggest that the Compton particle model is extendable to hydrogen, but there is a
serious conceptional conflict remaining: contemporary physics claims that the electron is point like and that its
positional presence probabilities, as predicted by the Schrö dinger equation, do not exhibit spherical symmetry
for excited hydrogen states. Both of these notions do not fit with the Compton particle model which assumes
that a spherical electron, with real spatial extent, absorbs a proton to create the spherical compound particle
which is known as hydrogen. Fortunately Mills already provides an interesting solution which may resolve this
issue: he proposes a current density function for a spherical electro-magnetic wave that is linked to the Schrö
dinger equation via a Fourier transformation (Mills, 2016), and which predicts the same energy levels as the
Schrö dinger equation for hydrogen, but the solution of Mills has the advantage that it fits nicely with the
Compton particle model and that it makes physical sense.

Haramein introduced a concept called holographic mass in his paper ”Quantum Gravity and the Holographic
Mass” ( Haramein, 2013), which will be examined in the sections below. In another paper, named ”The electron
and the holographic mass solution” (Haramein, 2016), Haramein et al give a short overview of contemporary
science in the field of holographic physics, how this branch of physics has started & developed in the context of
black hole thermodynamics as well as how the related papers helped him formulating his concepts. The most

33
influential concept he built on was the so-called holographic principle which states that the information inside a
certain volume is also simultaneously present on the surface of that volume (t’Hooft, 1993). This principle led
him to the conjecture that mass depends on the information ratio of a volume and its enclosing surface. To
calculate that quantity for a spherical object Haramein introduced the ”Planck Spherical Unit” (PSU) and defined
the information ratio as the ratio of the number of PSUs that can be placed on a sphere’s surface and inside its
volume. Notably, Haramein got sensible results when he applied his holographic mass concept to black holes and
protons (Haramein, 2013), which is a remarkable achievement because it connects two scientifically distinct
domains that defied unification before.

Haramein discovered that he can calculate black holes masses as well as proton mass by using the information
ratio φh together with the Planck mass and due to the concepts that led him to this insight he introduced
the term ’holographic mass’. In case of the proton Haramein showed that it is possible to calculate its mass by
simply multiplying the information ratio φh with the Planck mass: This equality furthermore establishes the
connectedness of the Compton particle model with Haramein’s thinking, whereby this connection is also
reflected by the presence of the Compton particle circumference 2πrc in the last equation. Moreover, this is
reminiscent of how black hole mass as is usually stated, since it features a c2/G term. This is the second hint for a
correlation between Compton particles and black holes, besides the speculation that a Compton particle surface
is similar to a black hole horizon.

The revealed symmetry indicates that the holographic mass concept has merit, but the Schwarzschild black hole
is probably not be the appropriate symmetry partner for a Compton particle because this class of black holes
does not possess rotation. The black hole type that also incorporates rotation is a Kerr metric black hole and the
appropriate Compton particle symmetry partner is presumably a Kerr black hole that also rotates with light speed c
at the edge of its equatorial plane, like a Compton particle does. Such a Kerr black hole has the radius
relationship to a Schwarzschild black hole of the same energy.
PSUs are Compton particles as well as black holes, according to the last equation, and therefore the PSU, with
its radius of one Planck length ll, constitutes a kind of nexus point between the very small and the very
large. This again demonstrates that the Planck length and Planck mass should be regarded as key properties
of our universe, and the conspicuously high value of the Planck mass also starts to make sense. In public
talks Haramein often stated that our universe should be built from micro black holes, for conceptual reasons,
which is what the last equation essentially states when assuming that even space itself is built from PSUs.
7.2 Gravitational constant
l
The absence of the gravitational constant G in many expressions for mass, self-energy , gravitational force, and
gravitational potential energy suggests that G should be regarded as an emergent constant. This makes sense
when assuming that the Planck length is a fundamental property of our universe because then all terms in the
definition of G = c3 l2/kB are already fundamental constants. But still the question remains what G really means
and regard it as emergent constant also brings conflict with general relativity theory which utilizes G as a
fundamental constant in the so-called Einstein tensor.

Haramein noted that all planets, suns, fundamental particles and spiral galaxies have spin which led him to the
idea that gravity might be the fundamental cause of their spin. This thinking is contrary to general relativity theory
where rotating mass is seen as cause for the so-called space-time dragging. If Haramein’s interesting conjecture
is correct, gravity should always be associated with some kind of vortex and Schwarzschild black holes
should transform into extreme Kerr metric black holes over time even without gaining angular momentum from
in-falling mass.

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The proposition made here is that the gravitational constant G is linked to Compton particle rotation. Since a
two-dimensional approach was already useful for spin and magnetic moment, a similar approach is used here
for gravity by examining the case of a two dimensional vortex that is caused by a mass M and which attracts a
second mass m. This two- dimensional vortex can be approximated as a series of rotating rings with constant
velocity when the change of velocity between individual rings is negligible. The circular motion of these rings,
which have a tangential velocity vt that varies with distance d,

7.3 The Structure of Our Universe

Currently it is still disputed if our universe is finite or not and due to cosmological expansion there seems to be
no possibility to observe our universe in its full extent even if it were finite. The cosmological expansion also
creates an invisible and intangible boundary inside our universe where objects are moving away from our
solar system with light speed c and objects outside of this boundary recede even faster. The radius associated
with this boundary is called the Hubble radius and the corresponding spherical volume is called the Hubble
sphere whereby the Hubble radius ruh is calculated by using the Hubble constant.
The equivalence of the related equation suggests that our local Hubble sphere may qualify as Schwarzschild
black hole, or that its mass is at least close to that of a Schwarzschild black hole. This also means that the
entropy of our local Hubble sphere is nearly identical to the maximum possible entropy as given by the
Bekenstein-Hawking entropy which implies that the holographic principle should apply to our local Hubble
sphere.

Usually, black holes are proclaimed as being extremely dense but with increasing size their predicted averagemass
density gets lower, which also questions the notion that black holes must contain a gravitational singularity as
theorized by general relativity theory. Theoretically, we might live inside a black hole without noticing it and
despite this circumstance the space inside our local Hubble sphere could still be mostly flat. This is more in line
with the PSU topology, which suggests that the structure of space is strictly euclidean instead of being curved.
Another characteristic energy of our universe is the so called vacuum energy, or zero point energy, whose
estimated density is very different from the critical density - a discrepancy which is also known as the ”vacuum
catastrophe”.
This energy density is in line with quantum physical calculations which also estimate the vacuum energy density
to 10113 J/m3 and thus the proposed PSU topology provides a possible answer to the question why we do not
experience this enormous energy: the vacuum energy density is constant throughout our universe and this
energy is also bound in countless rotating PSUs.

If our local Hubble sphere qualifies as Schwarzschild black hole might √ this imply that our whole universe is
actually an extreme Kerr black hole? Depending on how large our universe is, and where our local Hubblevolume
is situated in it, we might not notice our universe’s rotation since the tangential velocity at our location might be
very low. In this line of thinking dark energy is presumably linked to the rotational energy of our universe which
could resolve the so called vacuum catastrophe since dark energy and vacuum energy would then relate to two
different physical properties: vacuum energy denotes the energy contained in space itself whereas dark energy
relates to the energy associated with all matter that is being dragged along by our universe’s rotation. This
thesis gains some support from the ability to express the Hubble constant in terms of frequency.

Moreover, the expansion of our universe might then be explained by a decrease of our universe’s rotation
frequency which would have to expand in order to conserve angular momentum. Newly processed data
suggests that the expansion of our universe is even accelerating, which implies that the presumed deceleration
of our universe is currently increasing. Underlying these changes might be an oscillation pattern in the angular

35
frequency and angular acceleration of our universe which could eventually lead to trend reversal, i.e. a
contracting universe.

Developing the rotating universe conjecture further leads to the idea that our universe could be embedded in
another universe whereby our universe should appear as an extreme Kerr black hole in the enclosing universe
according to the physics of this outer universe, which in turn suggests a possibly infinite fractal multi-verse
structure of universes within universes. In this conception the boundary of an universe is defined by its Kerr
black hole horizon, whose purpose should be comparable to a cellular membrane in biology, i.e., separating
individual entities and regulating the interaction. This conjecture implicitly also contains the requirement that a
form of gravity must exist in all universes.

One of the remaining big cosmological mysteries, namely dark matter, may have already been solved because
according to Mills dark matter can be explained by interstellar clouds of hydrinos, which in turn are hydrogen
atoms with their electron below the proclaimed ground state, i.e., with a fractional quantum number n. This
property makes hydrino’s unreactive and also gives them distinct spectral absorption lines (Mills,2016), which
might explain why hydrino’s remained undetected.

7.4 Quantum Electromagnetism

A new perspective on fundamental particles and gravity was presented in the previous sections which
subsequently requires that electromagnetism is reconsidered too. Therefore, Maxwell’s electromagnetism
equations, which represent a macroscopic abstraction, also need a quantum physical description that fits
naturally with the previously presented material. Especially the PSU should play a prominent role in such a
description of electromagnetism since it is the presumed fundamental charge element in our universe. The
following sections are presenting the first steps towards a PSU based description of electromagnetism. Before
treating the basic equations of electromagnetism, it is demonstrated here that electromagnetic force and
gravitational force can be united naturally when examining them at the PSU level.

Physicists have long wondered why gravity is weak, compared to other fundamental forces, but it was
demonstrated that it isn’t weak at the PSU level and has also shown that gravity is getting stronger at short
distances as it transforms into the strong force. Contemporary physics tries to unify the fundamental forces by
using high temperature conditions, but this approach may not be expedient in case a PSU constitutes the
fundamental gauge ”particle”. It is remarkable that hf terms are applicable to photon energy, Compton particle
energy, gravitational potential energy as well as electrostatic potential energy. This correlation highlights that
the hf term has a universal meaning in our universe and that understanding physics in terms of frequency leads
to new insights.
After expressing some of the fundamental electromagnetism equations in a way that is more suited for the
dipole / PSU lattice view of quantum physics, the question remains how electromagnetic fields are structured in
space-time. Thieme provided some suggestions on that question in his book (Thieme, 2012,) and the following is
based on these suggestions. In the PSU context macroscopic electrostatic fields might be explained by grouping
PSUs into dipoles and assuming that charged Compton particles polarize the space around them as shown
schematically in the following picture.

With increasing distance from a polarization source, the average dipole orientation alignment in a particular
volume is expected to decrease. Regions with similar overall dipole orientation alignment can be conceived as
spherical shells in three-dimensional space, which matches the electrostatic field symmetry expected from a
single charged Compton particle that is stationary. When two charged Compton particles come close enough to
each other their dipole patterns start to interact, and the resultant net effect should match with the

36
superposition of their macroscopic electric fields. That dipole pattern alteration in space is furthermore
expected to cause a back reaction on these two charged Compton particles and this mechanism presumably
embodies the macroscopic electrostatic force. Please note that in this view the (macroscopic) electric field is an
(abstract) effect of the polarization behavior of space with its positive & negative charged PSUs, and not vice
versa, which implies that the electric field is not an independent physical entity in its own right. The same can be
said about the magnetic field as shown in the next paragraph.

A magnetic field is presumably created by moving charges that cause an oscillatory movement of the individual
dipoles in space. Diagrams illustrate two consecutive moments of dipole oscillation whereby this oscillation is
caused by a straight current of negatively charged electrons. The dipole oscillation frequency depends on the
speed of the moving electrons and the spacing between individual electrons, whereas the oscillation amplitude
depends on distance to the electric current vector and its electron density. In three-dimensional space dipoles
with identical phase can be conceived as rings around an electric current vector and rings of consecutive phase,
i.e. with the same phase constant, will form notional tubes, which have the cylindrical symmetry that is
expected from a magnetic field arounda straight current carrying wire.

In case the electric current stops, the dipole oscillation will also cease, and the corresponding (abstract)
macroscopic magnetic field subsequently vanishes too as expected from a magnetic field. When a charged
Compton particle moves into a region of oscillating dipoles, they will cause attractive and repulsive effects on
the incoming Compton particle, but these effects will not cancel out on average which causes a trajectory
deflection on the incoming Compton particle and this mechanism presumably embodies the magnetic force. A
stationary charged Compton particle, on the other hand will not be affected by any oscillating dipoles around it
because in that case the attractive and repulsive effects caused by the oscillating dipoles average out. A stationary
charged particle is probably also displaced slightly due to nearby oscillating dipoles but still its mean position
shouldn’t change.

From what was proposed here, it could be possible to deduce a new quantum physical formalism of
electromagnetism that is primarily based on fundamental geometry, elementary dipoles, Compton particles,
Planck units and a vacuum structure. The acceleration of charged Compton particles should be a natural
outcome of such a new quantum physical formalism of electromagnetism. Please also note that the
constants ǫ0, have to be considered as emergent constants since they are defined in terms of other
fundamental constants, whereby the occurrence of α in their definition is simply a consequence of the PSU’s
Planck charge being the appropriate charge gauge for electromagnetism. A discussion on how the presented
quantum physical view on electromagnetism fits with special relativity theory is given in the next section.

Photons are not treated in Mayer’s work, because there are too many open questions about their nature. The
expectation is, however, that photons are real particles, which are also composed of PSUs, so that they can
possess momentum and have spin. The geometry and flow dynamics of photons should explain why they do not
exhibit inertial mass but still interact with (entropic) gravity. Furthermore, photons should be able to align with
each other and stick together to form electromagnetic waves. One geometry that might fulfill all these
requirements is the torus and in analogy to the Compton particle spin derivation the photon’s momentof inertia
is expected to be that an infinitely thin loop.

The entropic gravity notion together with quantum electromagnetism, as presented in this section, might also
be the starting point for electro-gravitic physics. If gravity and electromagnetism indeed function by influencing
the vacuum’s PSU structure. it could, in principle, be possible to influence gravity by deliberate engineering of the
PSU structure through electromagnetic fields. Mayer’s article treated quantum physics mostly in the original and
literal sense, the physics of quanta, and it was demonstrated repeatedly that the fundamental quantities, e.g.,

37
for time, length, charge and mass, are defined by the Planck units. Moreover, the revealed symmetries between
Planck Spherical Units (PSUs), Compton particles and black holes are remarkable, and it would be surprising if they
were all meaningless.

Another deduction, suggested by the presented material, is that physicists should rather try to find concepts
that incorporate dimensional reduction, to encode physical laws on the presumed holographic boundary layer
of our universe, instead of aiming for higher dimensional models with 4 or even more dimensions. It was
shown by Mayer that Compton particle spin, and partly also magnetic moment, can be calculated by using only
two-dimensional mathematics. Furthermore, the gravitational constant G can also be approximated as the effect
of a two- dimensional vortex. All these findings point towards the appropriateness of two- dimensional physics
at the fundamental level, even if the big bang model of our universe should fit with the dimensional reduction
idea. This, because in case our universe can shrink again its holographic 2D surface would eventually vanish if
our universe can compress itself back into a single PSU.

An important underlying assumption, which was not mentioned explicitly before, is that our universe has to
be conceptual and axiomatic at the fundamental level in order to avoid circular reasoning and a senseless
inflation of hypothesized particles, fields and dimensions. In accordance with this thinking, it was proposed that
the electromagnetic force is built on the concept of duality which is embodied on the physical level by the
binary PSU charge. Please note that our whole reality would not exist without this fundamental duality, since
else Compton particles could not coalesce and consequently no atoms would form, which in turn are the basis
for molecules and biological life. Probably due to the fractal nature of our universe the concept of duality, or
opposites, is also reflected in all kinds of domains including human behaviour and philosophy. Gravitational
force, on the other hand, is non-polar and purely attractive, or unifying in a more philosophical sense. It was
proposed to emerge from thermodynamic and entropic considerations whereby entropy is rooted in the
fundamental concepts of information theory. The proposed relationship between Compton temperature and
particle size is also physically sensible as it reflects adiabatic behaviour, i.e., a Compton particle gets hotter
when it contracts and cooler as it expands.

Surprisingly, it turned out that mass is not a fundamental quantity as it seems to emerge from the nature of
Compton particles. This, since if a Compton particle stopped spinning it would disintegrate and have zero
mass according to the presented model. The previously mentioned proton radius discrepancy might also be
explainable by Compton particle rotation since the movement of space, or more precisely the PSUs, around a
Compton particle makes the experimental determination of its exact boundary ambiguous. The constituents of a
Compton particle, the PSUs, possess energy that is presumed to directly originate from their rotation. The
equality between energy and rotation at the PSU level is thus defined as an axiom here, which in turn means
that the (equivalent) PSU mass should better be conceived as condensed energy or locked up energy.

Another realization is that the way our universe works is reminiscent of how computers create virtual realities. In
this view the PSUs can be regarded as the voxels that make up our holographic universe, whereby a voxel is
similar to a pixel, but it refers to 3D space instead of 2D space. The computer memory analogue is the
holographic information whereas the rules, e.g., fundamental forces, are the software. Moreover, the
quantization of everything must also include time and using fixed time slices is the usual way for programming
computer simulation or discrete control engineering. Thus, our universe might be regarded as an ingenious
technology that is far more advanced than we can fathom, whereby this statement does not imply that our
universe is somehow ”artificial” in the sense of being unnatural.

It has been shown in Mayer’s article that sensible variants of the Schrö dinger equation exist which contain key
properties of the presented concepts, namely the Compton wavelength, Compton radius and black hole radius.

38
This suggests that the presented models have merit and that they have a physical connection to the Schrödinger
equation. The Schrö dinger equation can also be related to entropy, as shown by Juho Leppä kangas in ”An
Information Theory Approach to Wave Mechanics” (17), which constitutes a link to the entropic gravity notion
that, in combination with the granularity of space-time, may eventually lead to a resolution of conflicts between
quantum physics and models of gravity. In conclusion, it seems that the Schrö dinger equation mixes distinct
phenomena together that have different physical causes which in turn makes this equation incomprehensible
and mysterious. This suggests that the Schrö dinger equation should be dissected into several concepts and
equations which are physically more revealing on their own.

Another important quantum physical phenomena, entanglement, might become explainable by further
advances in holographic physics. Two possible mechanisms come to mind: interference, in case holographic
information is somehow encoded via frequencies, or redundant bits of information. The latter proposal qualifies
as a so called ”hidden variable” theory but such theories are unfortunately expected to be non compliant with
Bell’s quantum inequality, unless there is some yet undiscovered loophole which might exist in holographic
physics.

Reflecting on the fundamentals of our universe also leads to an important philosophical insight: thinking that
science can explain the mystery of existence is actually a fallacy. Ultimately our universe arose from something
we cannot fathom and unavoidably at some point the workings and properties of our universe cannot be
explained any further from within our universe. Please note that this conclusion cannot be avoidedby postulating
further fields, particles or dimensions. Moreover, the proposed systematic behavior at the quantum layer and
its degree of organization should be considered as engineering masterpiece that cannot be the result of chance
and chaos. Thus, it is only logical to assume that there must be a creator of some kind - even from the scientific
perspective. On the human level this is reflected by the tendency of many humans to instinctively believe in a
creator god although organized religion has also been a source of spiritual abuse. Despite this there might be some
wisdom in the various spiritual traditions that is linked to what was presented in this document. For example, the
taoistic Yin and Yang reflects the fundamental polarity that physics calls charge and the hermetic teaching ”as
above so below” can be understood as an allegory to a fractal universe. Interestingly, some influential ancient
high cultures were obsessed with pyramids which are halved octahedrons. This begs the question if these
cultures built pyramids because a pyramid is a basic geometric form, or did they consider this geometry to be
sacred?

The presented material is also a pledge to move away from extreme reductionist thinking. Reductionism
certainly was necessary for scientific progress in the recent centuries, but we may have reached a point where
more integrated and systemic thinking is necessary to make further scientific advances. In particular, it is
questionable if building ever more powerful particle accelerators will really lead to breakthroughs in physics
since smashing particles apart which presumably possess complex dynamics probably leads to a limited or
wrong understanding of their intrinsic workings.

Conclusions of Mayer

The material presented in this paper has demonstrated that the work of Horst Thieme, Nassim Haramein,
Randell Mills as well as Erik Verlinde can be combined and extended into a novel holo-fractal quantum physical
perspective on our universe.

Holographic, because on one hand the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, which is the prime characteristic of the
holographic principle, is governing the self energy of Compton particles as well as black holes and, on the other
hand, several fundamental quantities of particle physics can be described by two dimensional equations which

39
hints towards an underlying two-dimensional description of reality that might be encoded on a holographic
surface. The paper also presented evidence which suggests that gravity is actually entropic in nature and this
view of gravity is conceptually a natural fit with the holographic principle since both concepts deal with
information as well as entropy and are dependent on the respective surface area. Moreover, the energy
contained in our local Hubble sphere is close to the corresponding Schwarzschild mass, which constitutes
another connection to the holographic principle which was originally derived from black hole thermodynamics.

Fractal, because similar design principles can be found at different scales of our universe, in particular the
concept of (spinning) spheres, whereby these principles express themselves mathematically in the holographic
mass equations and the widespread applicability of hf terms in different branches of physics. Therefore, objects
of vastly different size, i.e., Planck Spherical Units (PSUs), Compton particles and black holes, have similar mass
equations. It was demonstrated that inverse holographic mass equation is even implicitly contained in all
fundamental force equations which again reflects the fractal nature of our universe. Extending the fractal sphere
pattern further leads to the idea that our universe should also be a spinning sphere. In addition to the fact that
biological life depends on eggs and cells which can be regarded as another expression of a fractal universe as
every one of these entities constitutes its own biological universe in an approximately spherical container.

Quantum, because everything in our universe comes in chunks - even time and space whereby the latter
presumably is a crystal- like structure which is composed of PSUs. The quantities of these chunks are defined by
the Planck units, as demonstrated repeatedly throughout this document, and quantum uncertainty seems to be
an effect of the granularity of space-time. It has also been pointed out that the cornerstone equation of
quantum physics, the Schrö dinger equation, contains key characteristics of the Compton particle model and
black hole physics when expressing it in uncommon, but physically sensible, variants which suggests a strong link
between these topics. In addition to that Leppä kangas provides a different interpretation of the Schrö dinger
equation in (Leppakangas, 2019), which should not be in conflict with the Compton particle model and is rooted
in entropy as well as quantum physical uncertainty. Moreover, it could be possible to model electromagnetic
fields in a way which is consistent with the presented material, and which also incorporates the PSUs.

The presented concepts also enabled several unifications: various fundamental particles were described by the
Compton particle model, the very large and the very small were put in a common framework, the strong force
was ascribed to gravity and electric as well as gravitational force were shown to be of equal strength at the PSU
level. The Compton particle showed that particle spin and magnetic moment can also be calculated by using
classical mechanics, which was deemed impossible without quantum physics, when using the Compton radius
and assuming that Compton particles have certain internal dynamics. Moreover, the Compton particle surface
was shown to exhibit a temperature which is conceptually related to the temperature of a black hole horizon.
This makes sense since our universe can be regarded as a giant thermal bath and consequently every object in it
should exhibit a temperature. This notion also fits with the entropic gravity concept since it was shown that
gravity can be regarded as a cooling process. In addition, this article suggests that the Compton particle model
can also be extended to compound particles like hydrogen.

The Nature of the Photon

This following section presents a proposal on how photons, Compton particles and hydrogen could be related
geometrically.

A photon is presumably a rotating toroid which exhibits some kind of whirl pattern on its surface and is
built from positively and negatively charged PSUs. This rotating toroid also acts as a superconducting circuitthat
creates a magnetic field in its surrounding space. Their magnetic field allows photons to align and attract each

40
other in order to form larger electromagnetic waves which should solve the particle/wave duality issue for
photons. The toroidal form also allows photons to exhibit linear momentum and the associated moment of
inertia should be that of an infinitely thin ring. Two photons can merge to form a Compton particle that is
approximately spherical but retains the two toroid whirls of the original photons as shown in the following
figure. The moment of inertia associated with this structure should be that of an infinitely thin disc.

Please note that the green and violet lines are inclined to the equatorial plane which cannot be visualized
properly in this cross-section view. The flow pattern proposed in this section does not match exactly with the
one that is proposed by Mills, see reference (Mills, 2016), but the patterns are similar. An electron and a
proton can merge via electromagnetic attraction to form the compound particle which is known as
hydrogen. This process is probably guided by the involved magnetic moment vectors which should ensure the
alignment of both spin axes. The proton will always end up in the centre of the much larger electron which
encloses it completely somewhat similar to a peach and its pit.

In general, the presented work suggests that our universe features incredible systematics and inter-
connectedness although it is seemingly governed by chance and chaos. Lots of open questions remain, and
despite its length this paper still only touches all the various subjects on the surface, but the stated results and
revealed relationships should be interesting enough to substantiate the presented thinking and encourage
further research. Especially the role of entropy and information needs deeper assessment since they are
underlying to all observable phenomena of our universe according to the presented material.

8. Entropic Gravity Concept of Verlinde and others

8.1 Introduction
Entropic gravity, also known as Emergent gravity, is a theory in modern physics that describes gravity as
an entropic force, a force with macro-scale homogeneity but which is subject to quantum-level disorder, and not
a fundamental interaction. The theory, based on string theory, black hole physics, and quantum information
theory, describes gravity as an emergent phenomenon that springs from the quantum entanglement of small bits
of spacetime information. As such, entropic gravity is said to abide by the second law of thermodynamics under
which the entropy of a physical system tends to increase over time.
Currently, we view gravity as a fourth fundamental force, and theories such as Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and
others below, are examples of attempts at fusing the Standard Model of particle physics, (which incorporates the
other 3 fundamental forces) with gravity, in a synthesis called, unsurprisingly: Quantum Gravity. So far, this fusion
has not been achieved, either by String Theory, (which may be suitable as a quantum gravity theory contender
depending, amongst other topics, as to how much importance you ascribe to Background Independence), nor by
LQG, nor by another possible Quantum Gravity explanation: Twistor Theory.

One way around this issue is to postulate that gravity is not as fundamental as the Standard Model forces, but
instead is a consequence of known fundamental interactions. The papers of Verlinde, 2011; 2016, proposed this
idea, and claims that if it is true, it may solve the dark matter mystery. To follow the idea, you need to know the
fundamentals, and consequences of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, which underlies the concept of entropy.
The idea here that gravity is related to entropy, as it is understood in terms of information contained within a
system. The more information required to describe a system, the more entropy it has.

41
Verlinde brings in the idea of the Holographic Principle to link thermodynamics and information. Moving the
objects within a system, (stars, particles, galaxies, depending on the system), alters the entropy of that system
and this can be linked to the information needed to describe the system, and thus it's entropy. Verlinde's paper
describes what could be called an effective Entropic Force, that mimics gravity (as we currently understand it) and
derives Einstein's equations of general relativity exactly (Fig. 10).

Figure 10: A: Equations of Verlinde in a holographic information context. B: Entanglement of particles inside and
outside the Event Horizon C: Holographic (fractal} space-time geometry D: Entropy of black holes by Bekenstein E:
Gravitational interactions of two masses

9.2 Gravity from Information

What are the ‘atoms’ of space-time? To understand gravity as a thermodynamic effect, we need to search for the
building blocks of the space around us. An important lesson from this research is that ultimately it does not really
matter what the atoms of the space-time actually look like. We do not need to know the type of molecules or
how the atoms in these molecules are actually arranged. Much more important is understanding the total
number of molecules or the freedom of movement that these molecules have. In other words: we are interested
in the information that the molecules carry with them. And the situation is the same for gravity: in a sense, we
can see the information itself as the fundamental building block,(Meijer, 2013; 2012). In quantum physics,
however, information behaves differently to our expectations. In classical physics, a single unit of information is
always located in one particular location. The ‘computer bits’ of classical physics are the properties of individual
particles, which are situated at well-defined locations. In quantum mechanics, however, information can also be
shared by different particles, a phenomenon that is known as entanglement. Information may, for example, be

42
hidden in a particle pair, with one half located here on earth and the other half on the moon. Quantum
information is not localized! The picture that emerged is that space and time at the quantum level consist
completely of, and in a sense even originate from, non-localized information. How can we understand this rather
science-fiction-like concept?

Emergence, the creation of gravity on a large scale from the distribution of information on a small scale, addresses
three problems at the same time.

Can Verlinde’s ideas be put to the test? They certainly can: we have seen that his theory not only offers
qualitative descriptions, but also provides quantitative formulas that can be verified through observational data.
Of note, Leiden Observatory statistically observing the lensing effect of gravitational fields at large distances from
the centers of more than 33,000 galaxies found that those gravitational fields were consistent with Verlinde's
theory. Using conventional gravitational theory, the fields implied by these observations (as well as from
measured galaxy rotation curves) could only be ascribed to a particular distribution of dark matter. Yet, a number
of other astronomical studies did not seem to favor Verlinde’s theory (see Entropic Gravity, Wikipedia). One
major open question, for example, is how the dynamics of the universe enters into its formulation: can this theory
also offer an accurate description of the history of the universe and the movement of matter and ‘dark matter’
over the course of time? Can it be used to explain the properties of cosmic background radiation, the light coming
from the early universe that we are still observing today. Whatever the case may be, Erik Verlinde’s ideas offer an
interesting alternative view to decades-old fundamental problems concerning gravity.

Mayer, 2023, writes: Verlinde theorized that gravity might be an emergent force whose true origin comes from
entropy. He arrived at this notion by considerations that involved the holographic principle (5) and black hole
thermodynamics. In 2010 Verlinde demonstrated that it is indeed possible to obtain Newtonian gravity from
entropic considerationsand a compact recapitulation of his derivation is given in this section.

Strongly correlated with the property of mass is the topic of gravitational force and some of Erik Verlinde’s work will
be presented in the following sections to introduce the notion of emergent gravity. This concept regards gravity
as an emergent phenomenon which arises from entropic effects and Verlinde was able to derive Newton’s law
of universal gravitation from entropic considerations on black holes, (Verlinde, 2010). Another noteworthy
conjecture of Verlinde’s research is that gravity deviates from Newtonian gravity on galactic scales and should morph
from a 1/r2 law to a 1/r law (Verlinde, 2016). This transition might explain the rotational motion of galactic discs
which currently can only be explained by assuming the presence dark matter. A first experimental survey using
weak gravitational lensing showed that Verlinde’s emergent gravity theory fits with the collected data but
further tests were deemed necessary by the involved researchers (Brouwer, 2016).

The following sections will also demonstrate that the models of Haramein and Verlinde are interconnected with
each other as well as the Compton particle model. Some changes have been made to holographic mass model,
though, which will be outlined in more detail below and the content of section 3.8 also gives rise to a
reconsideration of the aforementioned information density concept. The PSU as defined by Haramein is
spherical, has a radius of one half Planck length and a mass of one Planck mass. This document will also utilize
the Planck Spherical Unit (PSU) but the PSU radius is changed to one Planck length for reasons that will become
apparent later. Furthermore, it is proposed that Haramein’s PSU’s and Thieme’s dipoles are similar entities.
Thieme’s dipoles presumably consist of two PSUs which also implies that PSUs have a positive or negative charge.
The PSU charge is also defined to equal the shielded Compton particle charge.

43
Verlinde first set a measure for information inspired by concepts which were proposed earlier in the context of
black hole thermodynamics research. He assumed that the amount of information N on a sphere withradius
r is given by how many Planck length sized squares can be put on the corresponding surface A, whereby
each such square equals one bit of information. Moreover, Verlinde showed in public talks that the second
law of thermodynamics can also be obtained from black hole thermodynamics. For a Schwarzschild black hole,
the rate of change of mass Ms with area As, as derived from general relativity theory, Historically seen it were
the uncovered relationships of black hole physics with thermodynamics which sparked the conjecture that
gravity could be related to entropy. Entropic gravity and holographic mass have the same conceptual origin, as
mentioned before, and comparing equations reveals their connection: Haramein publicly promoted an
octahedron and tetrahedron based topology for space that he called the ”64 tetrahedron grid”. This structure
contains the fractal properties which were outlined above as well as the ”flower of life” pattern and was
inspired by the thinking of Richard Buckminster Fuller. In his book ”Synergetics”, Fuller noted that
cuboctahedrons are the only platonic solid in ”vector equilibrium” (Fuller, 1982), which means that all internal
vectors of a cuboctahedron cancel out. Therefore, Haramein concluded that the cuboctahedron should be a part
of the fundamental space-time geometry and the cuboctahedron is actually also covertly contained in the
presented topology.

The presented topology presumably provides the configuration space in which everything exists, and
fundamental particles should be regarded as dynamic patterns in this structure. When a PSU or particle moves
inside this structure it does not ”flow” in the common sense of an object moving through empty space, but
instead it is presumed here that a sequence of distinct configuration changes takes place which appears like an
object’s continuous motion. According to this notion nothing really moves physically in this structure, only state
changes happen at fixed time intervals. The PSU topology as presented in this section has the following
relationship to N

N = 2 ηsq

which makes more sense, since the factor π has been replaced by an integral number. But what is the role of
the factor two? Assuming that a Planckian bit is defined by an area of l2 , the last equation states
l
that each PSU
contains two bits of information. PSUs are presumed to be equal in most of their internal properties and these
two bits may represent their differences. Possible candidates for these differences are spin ↑ ↓ and positive /
negative charge.

A highly speculative answer to the question what the fundamental nature of gravity is may be that what appears
as curved three-dimensional space is actually the effect of a two dimensional vortex on the holographic surface
of our universe. Another very interesting proposal is provided by Ted Jacobson who suggests that the field
equations of general relativity theory represent a thermodynamic state equation (13). The relationship of these
field equations with the entropic gravity notion would then be analogous to the relationship of a sound wave
equation with the molecules of air. According to Jacobson the Einstein field equations also depend on local
thermal equilibrium and if that condition is violated general relativity theory presumably no longer provides an
accurate description of gravity. In any case, it has become evident from the presented findings that entropic
gravity constitutes the longsought link between gravity on small and cosmological scales, which also suggests
that the entropic notion is more fundamental than the curved space view. This viewpoint also make the so
called Higgs boson unnecessary for explaining gravitational force.

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9. Final Considerations: Similarities and Differences Between the Bipolaron Gravity
Concept versus the of Holographic Mass, Compton Particle and Entropic Gravity
Theories

9.1 Introduction
In our work, the Acoustic Quantum Code of Resonant Coherence is a central concept, it includes phonons
instead of photons, assumes a cosmic 5D manifold and a 4D primordial superfluid space lattice, that only allows
presence of sound wave/particles and no photonic energy flow. It may represent an informational and
primordial power spectrum that guided and still guides the architecture of reality. Here, the 4D Fermions are
covered with phonons as guiding wave particles and form quasi-particles, called polarons. There is no matter or
charge in 5D, but only BSE bosons (M-Monopoles) and spinors as precursors for charge. Following symmetry
breaking to 4D, matter is formed (according to Higgs), constituted as elementary particles, instrumented by
toroidal operators to guide energy in a self-referential manner (Meijer and Wong, 2022). A primordial element
formed, according to present cosmology, was protium (a single proton circled by one electron), being
abundantly present in the cosmos (see Wikipedia), in fact, representing the most common isotope of hydrogen
in the cosmos. Like protium, the hydrogen basic structure is present as multiples in the atoms of all material
elements, representing more than 90% of our observed material reality. Apart from fermions, there are also
bosonic elements that form the connective forces of nature, such as Electromagnetism, Strong and Weak forces
as well as Gravity and Dark Energy. The universe also contains poorly defined Anti-Matter and Dark Matter. It is
generally understood that Gravity is intrinsic property of mass and may be quantized just as other forces in the
Standard Model of Quantum physics.

We postulate that energy flows in a double-torus geometry, the counter-rotational properties of the
abovementioned proton/electron pairs, intrinsically generate Dark energy and Gravitational forces, as induced
by interacting vortex-type of Superfluid waves, that exhibit such a counter-rotational flow. In the present
cosmology of Bermanseder, String theory is quite central, and also is represented in Haramein-Rauscher work.
The present first author is quite neutral here, since he likes the strings as potential vibrating musical units, but
questions the required 11 dimensions, as well as the intrinsic lack of testability of the theory. It should be
realized, though, that the 11-dimensional string theory derives from a 26-dimensional boson theory, which is
required to place the entire concept onto a self-consistent mathematical basis. There is no need for the
Bipolaron issue to research the dimensional requirements, as the crucial transformation of the string dualities
via M-theory focus on the intersection of the holographic principle of Susskind and Maldacena et al., in the AdS-
CFT conjecture.

The crucial aspect in the Bipolaron model is rather the Outside 5D-Inside 4D boundary Kaluza-Klein spacetime
(of Wong) which is simply mirrored in the 12D-Outside-11D-Inside boundary for the M-theory quantum
spacetime. Quantum gravity manifests as the dimensionless manifold or surface being both the inside and the
outside in a sort of Möbian connectivity resembling Wong’s spinor doubling of a surface. The 5D spacetime
connects Dirichlet branes as 10-D strings and quasi closes the loops (here is the loop quantum gravity
connection) in 4D spacetime. This closure is the unified field property of the Twin Bipolaron in twisting or
inverting the chirality in its twinship as described by the quantum relative vorticity at the poles.

45
One initial model assumption was an equatorial ring velocity of light speed c to get a natural particle boundary in
space-time. But when a Compton particle is modelled as rigid sphere its surface velocity will decrease towards
the poles which might be an undesirable trait. Looking at the work of Randell Mills about electrons which are
bound to hydrogen offers a possible remedy for this issue. In his model a bound electron is also spherical, but it
possesses a superposition of surface currents that move with light speed along great circles (4). The following
schematic will make this idea more obvious by depicting two exemplary surface currentThieme proposed that
electrons are composed of small spherical charge carriers which also possess mass. Assuming that these
individual charge carriers move along great circles, as insinuated in figure 3, implies that their vertical angular
momentum contributions cancel out due to symmetry, which only leaves angular momentum components
which are parallel to the equatorial plane. As a consequence, there is also only a net angular momentum around
the particle’s spin axis, as it should be, and the spin axis is aligned in parallelwith the magnetic moment vector.

In Bermanseder’s work, the Mirror/Shadow cosmology is postulated in order to include Anti-Matter presence,
as is also expressed in the present Bipolaron theory. But as mentioned above, replacing photon flux by phonon
energy flow (its acoustic aspects) and also includes Casimir-based wave particle reduction. The latter is a crucial
process in the Bipolaron scheme, explicitly mediating the formation of Dark Matter (see Bipolaron scheme, Fig.
1). Bermanseder considers the Bipolaron unit (framed as the Gravitone, due to its acoustic guiding principle), as
the fundamental modality of cosmic creation and , interestingly also as one modality of the currently proposed
String theories. In contrast, in Haramein’s Holographic Mass Gravity model, String theory is only minimally
represented and a quite different Gravity generating unit is proposed: the PSU-pixelated proton that was
already hypothesized in 2009.

Importantly, In both theories compared here, the considered gravity inducing units are present in a scale-
invariant manner, ranging from the ultra-small oscillations at the Planck scale to the giant cosmic structures of
galaxies, black holes and related wormholes. The latter may, in concert, constitute a cosmic communication
network for scale-invariant transition of information. Bermanseder states: Meijer’s Gravitone represents a
manifestation of the spin-2 Graviton of the Standard Model. So, the term Gravitone does not deny the known
Graviton as 4th gauge of the Standard Model but rather presents a more detailed constitution of it in the form of
a combination of bosonic phonons with fermionic particles as quasi- polaron particles. The integration of the
gravitone in the unified field is a direct consequence of the nature of quasi-particles, superconductivity and
Cooper paired electrons. Thus, Meijer has collectively modeled the process of pair-production and pair-
annihilation in the bipolaron-phonon interaction.

To fully derive the nature of the gravitone from the unified field properties and the Bipolaron model, requires a
more detailed description and exposition of the gauge interactions describing the ZPE background and the
somewhat erroneously named ‘virtual particle’ Heisenberg background. The unobserved graviton can indeed be
considered as Meijer’s gravitone. This, as a matter associated effect of quasi-particle interaction manifesting as
a bi-phonon guiding effect coupled to electron pairs or fermion pairs in general. This is implied in the present
model of the Bipolaron, as a fifth fundamental gauge agency in the unified field. The Bipolaron integration in the
unified field then potentially opens up new research and understandings regarding the quasi-particular physics
in solid state, superconductivity and related fields of research.

The unified field describes the gauge photon and the gauge gravitone as chromo-dynamically colour charged;
meaning that the colour charge (of the gluon and the quarks) can be either cyclic or anti-cyclic (Red-Green-Blue
colour frequencies increase in energy and decrease in wavelength, but anti-cyclic Blue-Green-Red reverse this

46
process). The pair-production of ordinary photons (and phonons) from matter-antimatter particle-antiparticle
annihilation produces boson pairs without colour charge and so the photon/phonon is its own antiparticle. Then
the ‘virtual’ particle simply defines colour charged forms of an uncharged form of the same particle (shown in
the nature of the weak interaction mass-givers as Higgs Boson derivatives and the bipolaron in particular). The
unobserved graviton, being virtual as being colour charged so is as ‘hidden’ in the unified field gauge interaction,
as is the virtual gauge photon and the virtual gluon. The only manifested and measured ‘virtual’ gauge
interaction field agents are the Higgs Boson derivatives like the weakons of the weak nuclear interaction in the
W- for matter, the W+ for antimatter and the charge-current neutral Zo.

Now, coupling the gauge photon to its gauge anti-photon (suppressed in the matter-antimatter asymmetry) or
to the gauged graviton results in either a spin-2 right-polarized intermediate eigenstate or a left-polarized spin-1
intermediary mesonic quark-antiquark energy state of the pair-production-annihilation interaction. In the first
case, the bipolaron as a colour charged twinned and matter based gauge boson is spin-1 left-polarized and
coupled to this intermediary energy state as a left-handed spin-2 graviton with a right-handed spin-1 gluon to
conserve the energy-momentum interaction. The doubled colour charges (RGB+BGR), cancel to leave the
bipolaron doubled (or squared in 2+2=2x2) colour triplet antistate Yellow-Cyan-Magenta Y2C2M2 as the
remaining pure matter (no antimatter MCY) self-state configuration.

The gravitone, therefore, de-virtualizes the gauge graviton and makes it ‘real’ as a quasi-particle, as in the form
of a Cooper paired electron, either in bosonic spin neutralization as in a 2-particle positronium state or as a
doubled positronium state when the electrons have opposite and parallel spins. This is the validation of Meijer’s
claim, that the pair-annihilation can produce either photon or phonon pairs, depending on the surrounding
medium (vacuum or more solid plasma superfluid respectively). All this is possible as a part of the pictured left-
right polaron coupling in the electron-proton and matter-antimatter interaction, because the Bipolaron in its
gauge form has a doubled-matter configuration, as a direct derivative of the Higgs Boson template, see Fig.1).

Meijer’s twinned Bipolaron, therefore, acts as monopolar gauge charge relates e* = 1/Ezpebipolaron in the inversion
properties of its creation. Then the monopolar gauge colour-charge of the bipolaron is not + or –, but
magnetopolar chromodynamic as the asymptotic confinement. Only one bipolaron unit is required as a
gravitational center and using two simply shows the dual nature of the Bipolaron both as dark energy global
agent and as dark matter local consciousness agent.

Meijer’s Bipolaron can so be identified as being the heterotic class HE(8x8) string, claimed as being the closest
approximation to describe the standard model of particle physics in string-membrane theory.

In this capacity, the bipolaron represents the fifth and final graduation of the Planck boson string of open-closed
class I to the self-dual monopole class IIB to the X/L quark-lepton bifurcation as heterotic class HO(32). This on
the basis of the Cosmic Ray spectra as superstring class IIA to the bipolaron heterotic class HE(8x8), all classes
being closed as potential Dirichlet branes attaching to Meijer’s bipolaron gravitation centre in Kaluza-Klein
hyperspacetime from the outside in the 5D-4D symmetry breaking (Meijer and Wong, 2022, see Fig.1)

Then, Wong, Haramein and Meijer all agree with the toroidal topology, extended by Meijer as this twin torus
being encompassed by a closed dS cosmology and therefore enabling the Penrose-Wheeler cyclicity in some
form. The problem with the AdS-CFT proposal in cosmology, is that the AdS cosmology is by nature hyperbolic
and so implies an open, forever expanding universe. But the holographic principle requires the event horizon

47
boundary also fundamental in the Casimir effect. The Casimir effect is based on the boundary conditions and
space-time geometry enclosing a space-time subject, different to the erroneously ‘virtual particles’ of the QFT ,
but rather related to the Standard Model in the ZPE and Vacuum expectation values. The Bipolaron as a
derivative of the Higgs Boson as outlined above, naturally relates the Higgs expectation value as say twice the
measured Higgs Boson mass of 126.5 GeV.

9.2 Phonons as Crucial Constituents of a Primordial Electromagnetic Power-spectrum

The 5D manifold is partial to the Bipolaron-string class transition since there is no superfluid in the pre-
spacetime of the ZPE form of the Bipolaron. The ZPE- bipolaron (as the electromagnetism gauge), however is the
higher dimensional unified field of quantum relativity, existing as the 5 th elementary gauge due to the pre-
spacetime Bipolaron as a Planck-string bounce. There are probably no sound waves before the Bipolaron, if we
assume its Quantum Big Bang Dark Matter form, being coupled to its prior ZPE form as the 1st gauge string
transitioned as the Planck string of Haramein. Rather, there is the unified field itself, which allows phonons and
polarons to form as quasi-particles due to the existence of space-time quantized in the bipolaron parameters.
Before space from the inflaton and time from the instanton existed and born from the Kerr-Newman wormhole
ringularity; the primordial ‘sound’ was simply the mathematical statements (Wheeler’s hf=E=mc2 say) etc. from
the higher dimensional algorithm time-space. Here, the gauge photon of the unified field became the
gravitation center and the singularity/ringularity of the creation event.

The Bipolaron interaction itself moves ordinary lattice-boundary electric charges as a fifth gauge interaction
inclusive of the fractional charges of the quantum geometric blueprints, as observed in superconductivity and
the quantum Hall effect. The Feynman ‘clouding’ of a proton by a negative pion cloud is what is known as
protium as a Hydrogen atomic precursor. Bermanseder called it the Gamow ylem neutronium matter, which is
referenced in the history of physics literature. Remember that the Feynman pion cloud can be said to be real,
but manifesting ‘virtual neutron’ as a proton with a pion just as the Casimir quasi-particles and Hawking’s
radiation ‘virtual pairs’. The origin of protium, is the string class HO32 as the second generation bipolaron from
the Planck-Monopole transformation.

So, the Bipolaron agency, associated with a polaron-phonon differentiation and electropolar-magnetopolar
charge distribution, directly emerges from the quantum geometric structure. An internal string-dineutron charge
distribution of the (pre-spacetime) bipolaron as a colour charged (not Coulomb electropole charge) dark matter
agency and as a consequence of the Higgs Bosonic mass induction mechanism can be derived from an even
earlier definition for the matter-antimatter interaction defined in the Möbian connectivity of the spacetime
creation from the Planck-Stoney plenum of pre-spacetime.

There is no matter or charge in 5D, but only BSE bosons (M-Monopoles) and spinors as precursors for charge.
The Monopole of Wong is defined in the Bipolaron concept as the 3 rd generation of the spacetime creation
event of the 5th heterotic string class. You can call it as Bose-Einstein statistics in 4D or as quasi-dynamics in 5D
as the Wick transformation of a wormhole metric defining the singularity, as the concept of temperature in the
statistics of 4D becomes the imaginary time transform in 5D. Following symmetry breaking to 4D, matter is
formed (Higgs) constituted as elementary particles, as well as toroidal operators to guide energy in a self—
referential manner, Meijer and Wong, 2022). The matter is born from algorithmic parameters with the gauge
bipolaron energy, changing its status of operation from a state of anthropomorphized ‘unconsciousness’ or a
form of ‘potentialized vortex energy/zpe/vacuum energy’, to a state of physical manifestation or simulation

48
potential consciousness. This is indeed the self-referential manner of Wheeler-Meijer cosmology. The nature of
the twin bipolaron as a Higgs derivative and therefore as the dark matter fifth gauge interaction agency.

Wong, 2023, recently, infers two gravitons in his model, basically built on the Perelman topology of spacetime
and so the Poincare conjecture, as a mathematical description for the multi-dimensional universe and its
geometries. Gravitation is intrinsic to mass in the form of the gravitational parameter GM being a lower
dimensional form of the monopole charge of the Twin Bipolaron. You so have a higher dimensional coupling of
charge to mass as is well understood in general. The simplicity of this coupling derives however not from some
Witten supergravity or the supersymmetry of the Standard Models, but it derives from the Planck-Stoney fine-
structure unification, which created the Twin Bipolaron in the ‘bounce’ of the Planck-String-Boson as a harmonic
oscillator, that is also also basic to the Wong cosmology. Yet the Meijer Twin Bi[polaron represents the very
minimum source energy harmonic oscillator with global eigen-frequency Ezpebipolaron=½hfzpebipolaron. On the latter’s
existence most would agree, especially Haramein and Wong, though they would rename this in Planck boson
terms.

9.3 The Holographic Mass/Compton Particle versus the Bipolarion concept

Interestingly both models analyzed here highlight the proton as essential component of the proposed
gravity/Dark energy generating units, being a core of all matter. The Haramein model stipulates the core of the
proton to be a Planck boson derived black hole or wormhole structure. The Meijer model agrees with that core
to be a wormhole, but defined by the very ZPE properties of the Bipolaron, which can be described as a Weyl-
Eps string class boson.

Yet, the models diverge in that the ZPE- bipolaron form is being defined by a cyclic gauge phonon which carries
monopolar colour charges in analogy and synergy with Quantum Chromodynamic or QCD. The Haramein model
seeks to replace QCD by the Planck PSU units of the proton constituency. In the Meijer model the standard
model and QCD are accommodated in the question and answer posed by that model: “How does the Higgs
Boson couple and give mass to the proton?” Haramein would answer this question in saying that the Planck
units scaled to proton units would reduce the physics to a derivative of the Planck scale parameters.

Meijer et al., would rather state, that it is the nature of the Higgs mass induction, which manifests prior to the
Planck scale, which couples mass-inertial parameters through the parameters of the Twin Bipolaron as a
boundary-initial condition for the existence and cosmological manifestation of physical space-time reality itself.
In particular, the Higgs bosonic origin of the Bipolaron from the string transformation defines the unified field
from the four fundamental interactions of electromagnetism, gravitation and the strong-weak nuclear couplings
as a fifth fundamental interaction. This by introducing the dark matter (not ZPE form) form of the bipolaron in
its twinship, as proposed by Meijer et al.

The ZPE- bipolaron, therefore, represents the wormhole form of the Bipolaron and it carries a complementary,
though primary monopolar colour charge RGB. The center of the wormhole ZPE so can be said to form a matter
defined antineutrino kernel in the coupling of the strong nuclear interaction with its weak interaction parallel.

9.4 The Intrinsic Relation with Neutron Cosmology

The Higgs mass induction occurs via the bifurcation of the Higgs Boson into its dark matter bipolaron of
monopolar colour-charge template Y2C2M2 or 2(YCM) coupled to a scalar Higgs anti-neutrino R4G4B4 or 4(RGB) of
0 quantum spin to complement the 0-quantum spin of the scalar Higgs boson. This links this Higgs anti-neutrino

49
to a well known part of the standard model, known as double beta-decay. The Higgs Boson for matter then
couples to the anti-Higgs Boson for anti-matter in allowing the anti-state to be suppressed in its twinned form of
the bipolaron.

The manifesting dark matter form of the Bipolaron, as a -1 quantum spin agency of the dark matter fifth
interaction, so allows its redefinition as a ylemic dineutron then enabled to weakly decay in the radioactivity of
double beta decay and recombining the monopolar charges from its ZPE form (RGB gauge photonic) as ¼(4RGB)
with its basic dark matter template of 2(YCM). The double beta decay for the dineutron then represents the
double beta decay of the bipolaron in its mass induction of the two weakly interacting neutrons, each of
quantum spin -½ and each separately obeying the conservation laws of ordinary radioactive beta decay.

Neutron(-½YCM) = Proton(-½YCM) + Electron(-½YCM) + Anti-neutrino(+½R2G2B2), see Fig 1

The original neutron has a quantum geometric blueprint then substituting the Schwarzschild black hole of
Haramein as a PSU unit at its center as the anti-neutrino core R2G2B2 as the 2(RGB) of the Meijer ZPE bipolaron.
The dineutron then twins this as the scalar Higgs anti-neutrino 4(RGB). In the unified field, this Higgsian anti-
neutrino kernel so is part of the weak interaction as double beta decay and is coupled to the strong nuclear
interaction in the QCD of the gluon-quark interaction. The gluon gauge has the same monopolar colour charge
RGB as the gauge photon as the Meijer ZPE bipolaron and therefore unifies the nuclear interactions in the RGB
monopolar colour charge of the twin bipolaron.

The dark matter Bipolaron Y2C2M2(-1)=2YCM(-½) then in fact forms a sort of PSU in the Meijer model in coupling
an outer leptonic (electron-muon-tauon)(-1) ring with a mesonic inner ring(0) with a leptonic kernel (scalar Higgs
anti-neutrino)(0). This dark matter bipolaron then splits into its ordinary 4-interaction neutron form in ‘hiding’
the 5th Bipolaron interaction in its Higgs-Anti-Higgs coupling as a twin bipolaron of the observed matter-
antimatter asymmetry. One half of the dark matter bipolaron manifests as a weak interacting neutron and
redistributes its quantum spin in the observed beta decay with a originally right-handed electron in the W-minus
matter weakon interacting with a colour-less graviphonon GP(-1), flipping the electron spin from right-handed
to left-handed W-(+1) = electron(+½)+anti-neutrino(+½) interacting with the neutron(-½) as:

W-(+1)+GP(-1)+neutron(-½) =proton(-½)+electron(-½)+anti-neutrino(+½).( see Fig 1, top)

The unified field interaction in the Bipolaron gravitation center so couples to quantum gravitation in
adding the suppressed anti-matter weakon: W+(-1)=positron(-½)+neutrino(-½) in its quasi-particular
self-state as the graviphoton for matter. The anti-GP as a spin-inducer for antimatter so has a positive
bosonic integral spin in the supersymmetry of the unified field of the twin bipolaron.This gauge
interaction field can be expressed as :

ZPE-Bipolaron-RGB(+1)+BGR(+1)+Gluon-RGB(+1)+Graviton-BGR(-2)+DarkMatter-Bipolaron-Y2C2M2(-
1)=0

50
10. Final Conclusion

The basic difference between the Haramein and the Meijer models then becomes the nature of so-called PSU,
that is a Planck boson derivative in the Haramein model versus a Higgs Boson dark matter-ZPE coupling in
Meijer’s model. Both theories highlight the importance of protons as scale invariant component of Gravity-
inducing quantum units. The present Haramein’s and Mayer’s models, require the existence of a Planck
Spherical Units (PSU), or charged dipole spheres, at the level of elementary particles, respectively. The latter
deals with in the inner structure of the proton and relates Gravity generation to surface/volume entropy of PSU
proton packing. Meijer’s Twin Bipolaron concept is situated at the entire basic atom level and is compatible
with current cosmology but implicitly expands the current Standard model. The three gravitational units all
exhibit oscillations at the Planck (quantum-foam) scale and represent informational units, in Qbits. The aspect of
Information as a guiding “pilot wave” modality not only goes back to bohmean ontology, but also is compatible
with the Enthropic Gravity hypothesis of Verlinde, postulating that gravity is a compensatory reaction to the
cosmic displacement of information in a holographic context.

The Twin-Bipolaron concept includes aspects of Anti-matter through a mirrored universe, and requires polaron
type of quasi-particles that guide electron/proton dipole flux. Here phonons are instrumental via a primordial
and discrete power-spectrum of ZPE-phonon energies (Meijer, 2022). The Bipolaron concept postulates
counter-rotational ZPE-vortex energies in a quantum superfluïd as Gravity/Dark energy generators (see Meijer,
et al., 2022; 2023 a b). The three concepts share aspects of holography, black-hole cosmology, ZPE-field
quantum fluctuations, fractal (self-similar) cosmic geometry, wormhole/brane cosmology, Planck scale quantum
foam oscillations, coherence/decoherence wave duality. as well as with dark energy to dark matter conversion
through Casimir-mediated wave reduction. The theories seek relations with current M-String concepts of
Witten, 1995, and Qantum Loop Gravity approaches, as well as 5D to 4D symmetry breaking in a toroidal
context of Wong et al, 2022, although Mayer rather prefers 3D to 2D symmetry breaking as an alternative. The
Bipoaron boson/fermion construct, with its implicit phonon guiding and informational “pilot wave” aspects,
could therefore act as a 5th gauge “Gravitone” of an adapted Standard Model. Of note, assuming that there is a
Black Hole-like Horizon of holographic information at the very center of every atom, implies a cosmic wormhole
matrix structure that may continually bridge the physical to the metaphysical Universe (Haramein et al., 2016,
Meijer et al. 2022, 2023).

It is hoped that the present comparison will stimulate the further elucidation of connective forces in the fabric
of reality and a more optimal conception of the mind/matter world we live in.

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