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IYMC Answers

1) The question asks to summarize the key information from a document providing solutions to multiple problems. 2) For Problem A.1, the document finds the bounds a and b for an inequality to be true, determining a = 1/2 and b = 1. 3) For Problem A.2, the document applies the chain rule to find the derivative of a function f(x). 4) For Problem B.1, the document uses the ratio test to determine a series converges, then calculates its sum.

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55 views4 pages

IYMC Answers

1) The question asks to summarize the key information from a document providing solutions to multiple problems. 2) For Problem A.1, the document finds the bounds a and b for an inequality to be true, determining a = 1/2 and b = 1. 3) For Problem A.2, the document applies the chain rule to find the derivative of a function f(x). 4) For Problem B.1, the document uses the ratio test to determine a series converges, then calculates its sum.

Uploaded by

muhamadabdullahwali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Answer of Problem A.

1
Firstly, let’s solve both inequalities,
1
1. ℎ(𝑥 ) < 𝑓 (𝑥 ) → 5 − 𝑥 < 3 + 3𝑥 → 5 − 3 < 3𝑥 + 𝑥 → 2 < 4𝑥 → 4𝑥 > 2 → 𝑥 >
2
2. ℎ(𝑥 ) > 𝑔 (𝑥 ) → 5 − 𝑥 > 2 + 2𝑥 → 5 − 2 > 2𝑥 + 𝑥 → 3 > 3𝑥 → 3𝑥 < 3 → 𝑥 < 1

Thus, we get,
1
<𝑥<1→𝑎<𝑥<𝑏
2
𝟏
∴ 𝒂 = ,𝒃= 𝟏
𝟐

Proof/Double Check:
Inputting the lowest and highest bound, 0.6 and 0.9 (1 d.p.). Firstly lowest bound value,
𝑔 (𝑥 ) < ℎ(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 ) → 2 + 2(0.6) < 5 − (0.6) < 3 + 3(0.6) → 3.2 < 4.4 < 4.8

Now, the highest bound value,


𝑔 (𝑥 ) < ℎ(𝑥 ) < 𝑓(𝑥 ) → 2 + 2(0.9) < 5 − (0.9) < 3 + 3(0.9) → 3.8 < 4.1 < 5.7
Since both the statements are true as observed above, the values of a and b are ½ and 1,
respectively.

Answer of Problem A.2


The chain rule for finding a derivative states that,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = ℎ′ (𝑔 (𝑥 ))𝑔′(𝑥)

Applying the chain rule,


𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 [(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 ] → 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥−1 × log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥 × log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]

→ 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥−1 × log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑥 × (log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥)

Thus we get the derivative of f(x) as,


𝒇′ (𝒙) = (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒙−𝟏 × 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒙 × (𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒙)

Answer of Problem B.1


To determine if the series converges or diverges, we can use the ratio test. The ratio test states
that if the limit of the absolute value of the ratio of the (n+1) term to the n th term is less than 1,
then the series converges absolutely. Using the ratio test, we have:
(5𝑛+1 + 5𝑛+2 )/(52𝑛+3 )
| |
(5𝑛 + 5𝑛+1 )/52𝑛+1

5𝑛+1 + 5𝑛+2 52𝑛+1


| |× | 𝑛 |
52𝑛+3 5 + 5𝑛+1
(5 + 5) 1
| |× | |
5 25
𝟐
𝟐𝟓
As this limit is less than 1, the series converges. And now to determine its value we can use the
formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series with ratio r, where |r|<1,
∞
5𝑛 + 5𝑛+1 1 𝑛 1 𝑛+1 1 1/5
∑ 2𝑛+1 = ∑ ( ) + ∑ ( ) =( )+( ) = 𝟓/𝟒
5 5 5 1 − 1/5 1 − 1/5
𝑛=1

Answer of Problem C.1


(a)
1. They all are positive numbers/integers and do not have any fractions; they are natural
numbers N
2. They are even numbers, i.e. they end with either 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
3. They are all composite numbers (not prime numbers) since they have more than two
factors, including 2 since they are even numbers as said above.
4. They all are divisible by 4
5. They are all divisible by 3 (the sum of their digits add up to a multiple of 3)
6. They are all divisible by 6 (since they are also divisible by 2 and 3)

(b) (i)
To find a recursive function for a sequence of numbers, we can look for a pattern in the
differences between consecutive terms. The first differences are calculated by subtracting each
term from the term that follows it. The second differences are calculated by subtracting each
term in the first differences from the term that follows it. We continue this process until we
reach a constant difference.
First differences:
504 − 60 = 444; 2160 − 504 = 1656; 18144 − 2160 = 15984; 77760 − 18144 =
59616; 653184 − 77760 = 575424; 2799360 − 653184 = 2146176
Second differences:
444 − 1656 = −1212; 1656 − 15984 = −14328; 15984 − 59616 = −43632; 59616 −
575424 = −515808; 575424 − 2146176 = −1570752
Third differences:
−1212 − (−14328) = 13116; −14328 − (−43632) = 29304; −43632 − (−515808) =
472176; −515808 − (−1570752) = 1054944

Fourth differences:
13116 − 29304 = −16188; 29304 − 472176 = −442872; 472176 − 1054944 =
−582768
In the case of the sequence 60, 504, 2160, 18144, 77760, 653184, 2799360, the fourth
differences are constant, which suggests that the recursive function for the original sequence is
a polynomial of degree 4. Using the method of finite differences, we can find the coefficients of
this polynomial.
The recursive function for the given numbers is,

𝒇(𝒏) = −𝟔𝟕𝒏𝟒 − 𝟔𝟕𝒏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒏𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝒏 + 𝟔𝟎, where 𝑓(0) = 60 is the first term of the
sequence (n starts from 0)

(b) (ii)
To find a non-recursive function we can find the relation between each number,
504 2160 18144 77760 653184 2799360
= 8.4; = 4.2857; = 8.4; 18144 = 4.2857; = 8.4; = 4.2857
60 504 2160 77760 653184

Thus we get the function as,


𝒇(𝒏) = 𝒇(𝟏) × (𝟖. 𝟒)𝒏−𝟏 , where 𝑓 (1) = 60 is the first term of the sequence (n starts from 1)

(c)
We can find the 9th and 15th numbers using the non-recursive function we derived above in
(b)(ii):
𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑓 (1) × (8.4)𝑛−1
9th number:
𝑓 (9) = 60 × (8.4)9−1 = 8.48 × 60 ≈ 𝟏, 𝟎𝟐𝟖, 𝟕𝟖𝟕, 𝟒𝟓𝟔

15th number:
𝑓 (15) = 60 × (8.4) 15−1 = 8.414 × 60 ≈ 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Answer of Problem C.2


(a)
According to the article, the prime omega function 𝜔(𝑛) is defined as the number of distinct
prime factors of 𝑛. In this case, we are calculating 𝜔(100). The prime factorization of 100 is
22 𝑥52 so it has 2 distinct prime factors.
∴ 𝝎(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟐
1
The Riemann zeta function 𝜁(𝑠) is defined for real numbers 𝑠 > 1 by the series (𝑠) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝑠 .
In this case, we need to calculate 𝜁(2) and 𝜁2 (2). Plugging in 𝑠 = 2 into the series, we
1
get (2) = ∑∞ 𝑛=1 2 , which is known as the Basel problem and has a value of,
𝑛

𝝅𝟐
𝜻(𝟐) = 𝟔

𝜁2 (𝑠) is defined as the second derivative of the Riemann zeta function. Therefore 𝜁2 (𝑠) =
𝑑2
𝜁(𝑠). Plugging in 𝑠 = 2, we have,
𝑑𝑠2

(−𝟏) 𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝒏)


𝜻𝟐 (𝟐) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝟐

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