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RUMA - MISTRYIPv4 Address, Classful Addressing, Dotted-Decimal Notation, IP Sub-netting2020-05-19IP - Subnetting

IP subnetting allows for the division of an IP address block into smaller subnetworks. An example shows how an ISP was granted a /16 address block and divided it to distribute addresses to customers in groups that each needed a different number of addresses. The ISP allocated 40,960 addresses and had 24,576 addresses remaining available.

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39 views43 pages

RUMA - MISTRYIPv4 Address, Classful Addressing, Dotted-Decimal Notation, IP Sub-netting2020-05-19IP - Subnetting

IP subnetting allows for the division of an IP address block into smaller subnetworks. An example shows how an ISP was granted a /16 address block and divided it to distribute addresses to customers in groups that each needed a different number of addresses. The ISP allocated 40,960 addresses and had 24,576 addresses remaining available.

Uploaded by

Neha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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IP Sub-netting

IPv4 ADDRESSES

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and


universally defines the connection of a device (for
example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.
Note

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.


Note

The IPv4 addresses are unique


and universal.
Note

The address space of IPv4 is


232 or 4,294,967,296.
Figure-1 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
Example-1

Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary


notation to dotted-decimal notation.

Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent
decimal number and add dots for separation.
Example-2

Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal


notation to binary notation.

Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent.
Example-3

Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.

Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
Note

In classful addressing, the address


space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
Figure-2 Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
Example-4

Find the class of each address.


a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111

Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
Table-1 Number of blocks and block size in classfull IPv4 addressing
Note

In classful addressing, a large part of the


available addresses were wasted.
Table-2 Default masks for classfull addressing
Note

Classful addressing, which is almost


obsolete, is replaced with classless
addressing.
Example-5

Figure-3 shows a block of addresses, in both binary and


dotted-decimal notation, granted to a small business that
needs 16 addresses.

We can see that the restrictions are applied to this block.


The addresses are contiguous. The number of addresses
is a power of 2 (16 = 24), and the first address is divisible
by 16. The first address, when converted to a decimal
number, is 3,440,387,360, which when divided by 16
results in 215,024,210.
Figure-3 A block of 16 addresses granted to a small organization
Note

In IPv4 addressing, a block of


addresses can be defined as
x.y.z.t /n
in which x.y.z.t defines one of the
addresses and the /n defines the mask.
Note

The first address in the block can be


found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 0s.
Example-6

A block of addresses is granted to a small organization.


We know that one of the addresses is 205.16.37.39/28.
What is the first address in the block?

Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32−28 rightmost bits to 0, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 0010000
or
205.16.37.32.
This is actually the block shown in Figure-3.
Note

The last address in the block can be


found by setting the rightmost
32 − n bits to 1s.
Example-7

Find the last address for the block in Example-6.

Solution
The binary representation of the given address is
11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111
If we set 32 − 28 rightmost bits to 1, we get
11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111
or
205.16.37.47
This is actually the block shown in Figure-3.
Note

The number of addresses in the block


can be found by using the formula
232−n.
Example-8

Find the number of addresses in Example-6.

Solution
The value of n is 28, which means that number
of addresses is 2 32−28 or 16.
Example-9

Another way to find the first address, the last address, and
the number of addresses is to represent the mask as a 32-
bit binary (or 8-digit hexadecimal) number. This is
particularly useful when we are writing a program to find
these pieces of information. In Example-5 the /28 can be
represented as
11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
(twenty-eight 1s and four 0s).

Find
a. The first address
b. The last address
c. The number of addresses.
Example-9 (continued)

Solution
a. The first address can be found by ANDing the given
addresses with the mask. ANDing here is done bit by
bit. The result of ANDing 2 bits is 1 if both bits are 1s;
the result is 0 otherwise.
Example-9 (continued)

b. The last address can be found by ORing the given


addresses with the complement of the mask. ORing
here is done bit by bit. The result of ORing 2 bits is 0 if
both bits are 0s; the result is 1 otherwise. The
complement of a number is found by changing each 1
to 0 and each 0 to 1.
Example-9 (continued)

c. The number of addresses can be found by


complementing the mask, interpreting it as a decimal
number, and adding 1 to it.
Figure-4 A network configuration for the block 205.16.37.32/28
Note

The first address in a block is


normally not assigned to any device;
it is used as the network address that
represents the organization
to the rest of the world.
Figure-5 Two levels of hierarchy in an IPv4 address
Figure-6 A frame in a character-oriented protocol
Note

Each address in the block can be


considered as a two-level
hierarchical structure:
the leftmost n bits (prefix) define
the network;
the rightmost 32 − n bits define
the host.
Figure-7 Configuration and addresses in a sub-netted network
Figure-8 Three-level hierarchy in an IPv4 address
Example-10

An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with


190.100.0.0/16 (65,536 addresses). The ISP needs to
distribute these addresses to three groups of customers as
follows:
a. The first group has 64 customers; each needs 256
addresses.
b. The second group has 128 customers; each needs 128
addresses.
c. The third group has 128 customers; each needs 64
addresses.
Design the subblocks and find out how many addresses
are still available after these allocations.
Example-10 (continued)

Solution
Figure-9 shows the situation.
Group 1
For this group, each customer needs 256 addresses. This
means that 8 (log2 256) bits are needed to define each
host. The prefix length is then 32 − 8 = 24. The addresses
are
Example-10 (continued)

Group 2
For this group, each customer needs 128 addresses. This
means that 7 (log2 128) bits are needed to define each
host. The prefix length is then 32 − 7 = 25. The addresses
are
Example-10 (continued)
Group 3
For this group, each customer needs 64 addresses. This
means that 6 (log264) bits are needed to each host. The
prefix length is then 32 − 6 = 26. The addresses are

Number of granted addresses to the ISP: 65,536


Number of allocated addresses by the ISP: 40,960
Number of available addresses: 24,576
Figure-9 An example of address allocation and distribution by an ISP
Table-3 Addresses for private networks

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