Class Test-1 (AY 2022-23) Sem –I

Branch: Chemical Engineering Date: 13/09/2022

Class: B.E. Duration: 1 hour
Subject: Process Dynamics and Control Max Marks: 30

Note: (1) Answer Q. No. 1 or Q. No. 2,

(2) Q. No. 3 or Q. No. 4
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary

Bloom's
Max. CO
Questions Taxonomy
Marks mapped
Level
Q.1 What are the types of Input and derive the Input Output model
15
for Stirred Tank Heater.
OR
A thermometer showing steady state temperature of 200 C had
Q. 2 been subjected to step input of surrounding temperature from
200 to 1000 C. If the time constant of thermometer is 6 sec, 1 3
determine the following;
15
Thermometer reading after 6 sec.
Time required reading 800C on Thermometer.
Time required for 80% response.

Q.3 Derive the open loop transfer function for P and PI controller
15
and sketch the unit step response.
OR 2 3
Q. 4 Derive the closed loop transfer function and discuss the servo and
15
regulatory problem.
 Class Test-2 (AY 2022-23) Sem –I

Branch: Chemical Engineering Date: 04/11/2022

Class: B.E. Duration: 1 hour
Subject: Process Dynamics and Control Max Marks: 30

Note: (1) Answer Q. No. 1 or Q. No. 2,

(2) Q. No. 3 or Q. No. 4
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Neat diagrams must be drawn wherever necessary.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary

Bloom's
Max. CO
Questions Taxonomy
Marks mapped
Level
Q.1 Define Stability of the process and describe the Characteristic
equation and Routh Hurwitz Criteria for stability. 15

OR
Sketch the Root Locus diagram for the following system 3 3
Q. 2 𝐾
𝐺(𝑠) = 15
𝑆(𝑆 + 1)(𝑆 + 2)

Q.3 Sketch the Bode plot for PI Controller. 15

OR 3 3
Q. 4 Sketch the Nyquist plot for PD Controller 15
 Class Test-1 (AY 2022-23) Sem –I : Solution

Class: BE. Chemical Engineering

Subject: Process Dynamics and Control

Rubrics
Questions

Q.1 What are the types of Input and derive the Input Output model for Mixing process. 15
Marks
Solution The types of inputs are 5

Fig: 1: types of Inputs

 3

Fig:2: Mixing process Model

1
 1
Balance of Component A

1
Total Energy balance is;

Consider the mixing of two streams as shown in above Fig. 2.

Assume that:

4
 A thermometer showing steady state temperature of 200 C had been subjected to step 15
Q. 2 input of surrounding temperature from 200 to 1000 C. If the time constant of Marks
thermometer is 6 sec, determine the following;
a. Thermometer reading after 6 sec.
b. Time required reading 800C on Thermometer.
c. Time required for 80% response.
Solution
−𝒕⁄
𝒀(𝒕) = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝝉)

a] at t = ꞇ 5
𝒀(𝒕) = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝑨)
𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎)
𝒀𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎)
𝒀𝟐 =
b]
−𝒕⁄
𝒀(𝒕) = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝝉)

−𝒕⁄
𝒀𝟐 − 𝒀𝟏 = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝝉)

−𝒕⁄
(𝟖𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎) = 𝟖𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝟕 5
𝒕=
c]
−𝒕⁄
𝒀(𝒕) = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝝉)

−𝒕⁄
𝟎. 𝟖𝑨 = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝝉)

−𝒕⁄
𝟎. 𝟖(𝟖𝟎) = 𝟖𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆 𝟕

5
𝒕=

Q.3 Derive the open loop transfer function for P and PI controller and sketch the unit 15
step response. Marks
Solution P-Controller:

2
Fig: P-Controller
Its actuating output is proportional to the error, i.e.

where Kc = controller proportional gain and Cs = controller bias signal,

i.e. its actuating signal when ∈=O.
A proportional controller is described by the value of its proportional
gain Kc or equivalently by its proportional band, PB
PB = 100/Kc
The P band characterizes the range over which the error must change in order to 2
drive the actuating signal of the controller over its full range.
Usually, 1 < PB < 500
It is clear that, "the larger the gain Kc or the smaller the proportional band the
smaller the controller's actuating signal will be."
Define the deviation c(t) of the actuating signal by
C(t) = C(t) – Cs, and take,

𝐶𝑡=𝐾𝐶.∈(𝑡)
Taking Laplace transformation of above equation and rearranging the resulting
equation, we get;
𝐺𝑠=𝐶(𝑠)∈(𝑠)=𝐾c
3

Fig: Step Response of open Loop P-Controller

 2
PI- Controller:

Fig: PI Controller
For I-Control, Its actuating output is proportional to the integral of error

Taking Laplace transformation of above equation and rearranging the resulting 3

equation, we get;

Fig: Step Response of open Loop PI-Controller

Q. 4 Derive the closed loop transfer function and discuss the servo and regulatory problem. 15
Marks
Solution The Close loop block diagram is presented as;

Where Gp' Gd, Gm, Gc, Gf are the transfer functions between the corresponding
inputs and outputs.
 3

Servo Problem:
The disturbance does not change, i.e. j(s) = 0 while the set point undergoes a change.
The feedback controller acts in such a way as to keep y close to the changing Yd. In
such case,

Regulator Problem; the set point remains the same, i.e. &+> = 0 while the load
changes. Then
 Class Test-2 (AY 2022-23) Sem –I: solution

Class: BE. Chemical Engineering

Subject: Process Dynamics and Control

Questions Rubrics

Q.1 Define Stability of the process and describe the Characteristic equation and Routh
Hurwitz Criteria for stability. 15 Marks

Soluti While designing a feedback control system, i.e. selecting its components and
on tuning its controller, we are seriously concerned about its stability characteristics.
Therefore, before we proceed with the particular details of designing a feedback
control loop, we will study the notion of stability and analyze the stability
2
characteristics of closed-loop systems.
"A dynamic system is considered to be stable if for every bounded input it
produces a bounded output, regardless of its initial state."
We can classify the systems based on stability as follows.
 Absolutely stable system
 Conditionally stable system
 Marginally stable system
"If the transfer function of a dynamic system has even one pole with positive real
part, the system is unstable."
Therefore, al.1 poles of a transfer function must be in the left-hand part of a
complex plane.

The Characteristic equation:

The stability characteristics of the closed-loop response will be determined by

the poles of the transfer functions Gsp and Gload.
These poles are common for both transfer functions because they have common
denominator and are given by the solution of the following equation 3
Above Equation is called the characteristic equation for the generalized feedback
system

Routh Hurwitz Criteria for stability:

Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion is having one necessary condition and one

sufficient condition for stability. If any control system doesn’t satisfy the necessary
condition, then we can say that the control system is unstable. But, if the control
system satisfies the necessary condition, then it may or may not be stable. So, the
sufficient condition is helpful for knowing whether the control system is stable or
not.
The necessary condition is that the coefficients of the characteristic
polynomial should be positive. This implies that all the roots of the characteristic
equation should have negative real parts.
Consider the characteristic equation of the order ‘n’ is - 3

If all the roots of the characteristic equation exist to the left half of the ‘s’ plane,
then the control system is stable. If at least one root of the characteristic equation
exists to the right half of the ‘s’ plane, then the control system is unstable. So, we
have to find the roots of the characteristic equation to know whether the control
system is stable or unstable. But, it is difficult to find the roots of the characteristic
equation as order increases.

So, to overcome this problem there we have the Routh array method. In this
method, there is no need to calculate the roots of the characteristic equation. First
formulate the Routh table and find the number of the sign changes in the first 2
column of the Routh table. The number of sign changes in the first column of the
Routh table gives the number of roots of characteristic equation that exist in the
right half of the ‘s’ plane and the control system is unstable.
The following table shows the Routh array of the nth order characteristic
polynomial.
 3

Sketch the Root Locus diagram for the following system 15 Marks
Q. 2 𝐾
𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑆(𝑆 + 1)(𝑆 + 2)
2

2
 2

Point of intersection of asymptotes on real axis (or centroid of asymptotes) is

 poles   zeros

pz
3 2
  1
3
  60 ,60 , 180
Ste-4: Determine the breakaway/break-in point.
•The breakaway/break-in point is the point from which the root locus branches
leaves/arrives real axis.
2
 5

Q.3 Sketch the Bode plot for PI Controller. 15 Marks

ᾠ AR/Kc ᶿ
0 ∞ -900
1 1 -450
∞ 1 00
Q. 4 Sketch the Nyquist plot for PD Controller 15 Marks
Ideal Proportional-Derivative Controller. For the ideal proportional-derivative
(PD) controller

ᾠ AR/Kc ᶿ
0 1 0
0
1 1 0
45
∞ ∞ 0
90