SQL FUNDAMENTALS (BY PRAVEEN SIR):
DATABASE: Collection of data is known as database.
RDBMS: Relational Database Management System.
1. Relation in the form of table. [Relational]
2. It is collection of data. (Data is an unorganized information) [database]
3. It describes way to manage data. (To minimize redundancy or to reduce repetition)
[management system].
RDBMS: Concept
SQL: Language (Structured Query Language)
MYSQL: Server
FIELDS OR ATTRIBUTES: Columns are also known as Fields or attributes.
TUPLES: Rows are known as tuples.
RECORDS: Rows with data inserted in them are known as records.
CARDINALITY: The number of rows in a table is known as Cardinality.
DEGREE: The number of columns in a table is known as a Degree.
PRIMARY KEY: Unique and Not null.
FOREIGN KEY: Also known as reference key.
• It can be same
• It can be null.
Primary key column should be must in a table.
There can be more than 1 foreign key column in a table.
DDL: Database and Tables.
DML and DQL: Data inside the tables.
DCL: Permission.
SOME COMMANDS:
CREATE DATABASE demo;
SHOW DATABASES;
USE demo;
CREATE TABLE person (col-name datatype constraints);
SHOW TABLES;
DROP TABLE person;
DROP: Structure of table will be dropped along with relationship, keys, access privilege.
ALTER:
i. Change table name:
Alter table person RENAME to employee.
ii. Add a column:
Alter table employee add location varchar(25) not null;
iii. Remove a column:
Alter table employee drop column location;
DML COMMANDS:
• INSERT:
INSERT INTO employee VALUES (101,’NISHI’,’BHOPAL’);
INSERT INTO employee (id, location, age) VALUES (‘POOJA’);
DQL COMMANDS:
SELECT * FROM employee;
SELECT location FROM employee;
SELECT location, age FROM employee;
UPDATE:
UPDATE employee SET name=’Nishi’ WHERE id=102;
DELETE:
Always a full record is deleted.
DELETE FROM employee WHERE id=102;
CLAUSES:
1. WHERE
2. AND
3. OR
4. AS
5. ORDER BY
6. GROUP BY
WHERE: Satisfies a specific condition.
E.g.: SELECT * FROM employee WHERE age>21;
AND:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE age>20 AND location=’Bhopal’;
OR:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE age>20 OR location=’Bhopal’;
AS:
SELECT name as First_name FROM employee; (TEMPORARY CHANGES NAME OF COLUMN)
ORDER BY:
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY name;
By default ascending order.
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY name desc;
DESCENDING: DESC
ASCENDING: ASC
GROUP BY:
SELECT count(name) FROM employee GROUP BY location;
SELECT count(name), location FROM employee GROUP BY location;
FUNCTIONS:
1. MIN
2. MAX
3. AVG
4. SUM
5. COUNT
SELECT MIN (age) FROM employee;
SELECT MAX (age) FROM employee;
SELECT AVG (age) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM (age) FROM employee;
NESTED QUERIES:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE AGE= (SELECT MIN (age) FROM employee);
Internal query will be executed first.
OPERATORS:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE id BETWEEN 102 and 105;
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE id IN (102, 104, 106, 108);
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE id NOT IN (102, 104, 106, 108);
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE EXISTS (SELECT id FROM employee WHERE id = 108);
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name like ‘a%’; (0, 1 or multiple characters).
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name like ‘_a%’
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name like ‘%a%’
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name like ‘%a_’
SELECT * FROM employee LIMIT 3;
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE location=’Bhopal’ LIMIT 2;
JOINS:
Joins are used for combining 2 columns of tables by using common values from both tables.
CROSS JOIN (CARTESIAN PRODUCT):
Column of 1st table is multiplied with all other columns of the other table.
SELECT * FROM person CROSS JOIN address;
INNER JOIN (EQUI JOIN):
SELECT * FROM person INNER JOIN address WHERE person.id = address.id; (WHERE clause is must).
SELECT * FROM person NATURAL JOIN address
OUTER JOIN:
SELECT * FROM person LEFT/RIGHT OUTER JOIN address ON (person.id = address.id);
