Two Dimensional

Geometric

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Transformations

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Two Dimensional Viewing
• Two-dimensional viewing is the mechanism for displaying
views of a picture on an output device. Much like what we see
in real life through a small window on the wall or the
viewfinder of a camera, a computer-generated image often
depicts a partial view of a large scene. For a 2-D picture, a

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view is selected by specifying a subarea of the total picture
area.

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2D Coordinate System
1. Modeling Coordinates
• Modeling coordinates are used to construct shape of individual parts
(objects or structures) of a 2D scene. For example, generating a circle
at the origin with a “radius” of 2 units.
• Here, origin (0, 0), and radius 2 units are modeling coordinates.

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• Modeling coordinates define object shape.
• Can be floating-point, integers and can represent units like km, m,
miles, feet etc.

View Coordinates Device Coordinates

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2D Coordinate System..
2. World Coordinates
• World coordinates are used to organize the individual parts
into a scene.
• World coordinates units define overall scene to be modeled.

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• World coordinates represent relative positions of objects.
• Can be floating-point, integers and can represent units like km,
m, miles etc.

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2D Coordinate System..
3. Viewing Coordinates
• Viewing coordinates are used to define particular view of the user.
Viewer‟s position and view angle i.e. rotated/translated.
• Viewing coordinates specify the portion of the output device that is
to be used to present the view.

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• Normalized viewing coordinates are viewing coordinates between 0
and 1 in each direction. They are used to make the viewing process
independent of the output device (paper, mobile).

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View Coordinates
2D Coordinate System..
4. Device Coordinates or Screen Coordinates
• The display coordinate system is called device coordinate
system. Device coordinates are specific to output device.
• Device coordinates are integers within the range (0, 0) to

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(xmax, ymax) for a particular output device.

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Device Coordinates
2D Coordinate System..

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View Coordinates Device Coordinates

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 2D Geometric
Transformation
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Introduction
Basic Transformations
The orientation, size, and shape of the output primitives
are accomplished with geometric transformations that alter the
coordinate descriptions of objects. The basic geometric

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transformations are translation, rotation, and scaling. Other
transformations that are often applied to objects include
reflection and shear. In these all cases we consider the
reference point is origin so if we have to do these
transformations about any point then we have to shift these
point to the origin first and then perform required operation and
then again shift to that position.
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Introduction
Basic Transformations
1. Translation

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2. Rotation
3. Scaling
4. Reflection
5. shearing 10
HOMOGENOUS FORM
Expressing position in homogeneous coordinates allows
us to represent all geometric transformations equation as matrix
multiplications.
( x, y) -------------------- (xh, yh ,h)

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x= xh /h y= yh /h
where h is any non zero value
For convenient h=1

(x,y)-------------------------(x, y, 1).
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1. Translation
A translation is applied to an object by repositioning it
along a straight-line path from one coordinate location to
another. We translate a two-dimensional point by adding
translation distances, tx, and ty, to the original coordinate
position (x, y) to move the point to a new position (x ' , y').

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x’ = x + tx
y’ = y + ty where the pair (tx, ty) is called the translation vector or shift vector.

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1. Translation
We can write equation as a single matrix equation by using
column vectors to represent coordinate points and translation
vectors. Thus,

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P’ = P + T
So we can write

In homogeneous representation if position P = (x, y) is translated to

new position P’= (x’, y’) then:

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2. ROTATION
A two-dimensional rotation is applied to an object by
repositioning it along a circular path in the xy plane. To generate
a rotation, we specify a rotation angle θ and the position (xr , yr)
of the rotation point (or pivot point) about which the object is to
be rotated.

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+ Value for ‘θ’ define counter-clockwise rotation about a point
- Value for ‘θ’ defines clockwise rotation about a point

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 Anticlockwise direction

2. ROTATION
At Origin

Coordinates of point ( x,y ) in polar form

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 2. ROTATION
In homogeneous co-ordinate
Anticlockwise direction

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Clockwise direction

-
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3.Scaling
A scaling transformation alters the size of an object. This
operation can be carried out for polygons by multiplying the coordinate
values (x, y) of each vertex by scaling factors sx and sy to produce the
transformed coordinates (x', y').
• sx scales object in ‘x’ direction
• sy scales object in ‘y’ direction

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3.Scaling
Thus, for equation form,
x' = x. sx and
y’ = y. sy

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• Values greater than 1 for sx , s y produce enlargement
• Values less than 1 for sx , s y reduce size of object
• s x = s y = 1 leaves the size of the object unchanged
• When sx , s y are assigned the same value s x = s y = 3 or 4 etc 19
then a Uniform Scaling is produced
 P‘= S.P
3.Scaling

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4. Reflection
A reflection is a transformation that produces a mirror
image of an object. The mirror image for a 2D reflection is
generated relative to an axis of reflection by rotating the object
180" about the reflection axis. We can choose an axis of
reflection in the xy-plane or perpendicular to the xy plane.

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When the reflection axis is a line in the xy plane, the rotation
path about this axis is in a plane perpendicular to the xy-plane.
For reflection axes that are perpendicular to the xy-plane, the
rotation path is in the xy plane.

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4. Reflection
(i) Reflection about x axis or about line y = 0

x
Keeps value same but flips Y value of
coordinate points

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x’ = x
y’ = -y

Homogeneous co-ordinate

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4. Reflection
(ii) Reflection about y axis or about line x = 0

Keeps ‘y’ value same but flips x value of

coordinate
points

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x’ = -x
y’ = y

Homogeneous co-ordinate

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4. Reflection
(iii) Reflection about origin

Flip both ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinates of a point

x’ = -x

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y’ = -y

Homogeneous co-ordinate

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4. Reflection
(iv) Reflection about line y = x
x’ = y
y’ = x

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Homogeneous co-ordinate Equivalent to:
• Reflection about x-axis
• Rotate anticlockwise 90˚
OR
• Clockwise rotation 45 ˚ 25
• Reflection with x-axis
• anticlockwise rotation 45 ˚
4. Reflection
(v) Reflection about line y = -x
x’ = -y
y’ = -x

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5. Shearing
It distorts the shape of object in either ‘x’ or ‘y’ or both
direction. In case of single directional shearing (e.g. in ‘x’
direction can be viewed as an object made up of very thin layer
and slid over each other with the base remaining where it is).
Shearing is a non-rigid-body transformation that moves objects

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with deformation.

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 5. Shearing

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 5. Shearing

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Homogenous Coordinates
The matrix representations for translation, scaling and rotation
are respectively:
• Translation: P’ = T + P (Addition)
• Scaling: P’ = S . P (Multiplication)
• Rotation: P’ = R . P (Multiplication)

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Since, the composite transformation such as include many
sequence of translation, rotation etc and hence the many naturally
differ addition & multiplication sequence have to perform by the
graphics allocation. Hence, the applications will take more time for
rendering.
Thus, we need to treat all three transformations in a consistent
way so they can be combined easily & compute with one
mathematical operation. If points are expressed in homogenous
coordinates, all geometrical transformation equations can be
represented as matrix multiplications. 30
 Homogenous Coordinates

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Homogenous Coordinates
Here, in case of homogenous coordinates we add a third
coordinate ‘h’ to a point (x, y) so that each point is represented
by (hx, hy, h). The ‘h’ is normally set to 1. If the value of ‘h’ is
more the one value then all the co-ordinate values are scaled by
this value.

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Homogenous Coordinates
• For translation

With T( tx , ty ) as translation matrix, inverse of this translation matrix is

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obtained by representing tx, ty with -tx, -

• For rotation

Here, figure-a shows the Counter Clockwise (CCW) rotation & figure-b
shows the Clockwise (CW) rotation.
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• For scaling

• For Reflection
• Reflection about x-axis

• Reflection about y-axis

• Reflection about y=x-axis

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• Reflection about y=-x-axis

• Reflection about any line y=mx+c

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Composite Transformation
With the matrix representation of transformation
equations it is possible to setup a matrix for any sequence of
transformations as a composite transformation matrix by
calculating the matrix product of individual transformation.
Forming products of transformation matrices is often referred to

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as a concatenation, or composition, of matrices. For column
matrix representation of coordinate positions we form
composite transformation by multiplying matrices in order from
right to left.
Right to Left
A.B != B.A 35
Fixed Point Rotation

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(Xf,Yf)
(Xf,Yf)

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Fixed Point Rotation
Step 1: The fixed point along with the object is translated to
coordinate origin.

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(Xf,Yf)

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(Xf,Yf)
Fixed Point Rotation
Step 2: Rotate the objet about origin

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(Xf,Yf)

(Xf,Yf) 38
Fixed Point Rotation
Step 3: The fixed point along with the object is translated back
to its original position.

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(Xf,Yf) (Xf,Yf)

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 Fixed Point Rotation
Original
Image

(Xf,Yf)

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Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
T’x = Translate its
original place

Tx = Translate to origin R θ = Rotate angle θ

(Xf,Yf)
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(Xf,Yf) (Xf,Yf)
Fixed Point Rotation
Composite Transformation

= T’(Xf ,Yf) . R θ . T(-Xf ,-Yf)

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= [ ][ ][ ]
1

0
0

0
Xf

Yf

1
.
Cos θ -Sin θ

Sin θ Cos θ

0 0 1
0
0
.
1

0
0

0
-Xf

-Yf

1
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Exercise 1
Q. N. > Rotate the triangle (5, 5), (7, 3), (3, 3) in counter
clockwise (CCW) by 90 degree.
A:
P’ = R. P

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=

=
.

[ ]
-5 -3 -3 42
= 5 7 3

1 1 1
Exercise 2
Q.>Rotate the triangle (5, 5), (7, 3), (3, 3) about fixed point (5, 4)
in counter clockwise (CCW) by 90 degree.
A : Solution
Here, the required steps are:

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1. Translate the fixed point to origin.
2. Rotate about the origin by specified angle θ .
3. Reverse the translation as performed earlier.

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Thus, the composite matrix is given by
Com = T(xf, yf) . Rθ .T(-xf, -yf)

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Now, the required co-ordinate can be
calculated as:

P’ = Com . P

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Hence, the new required coordinate points are 45
(4, 4), (6, 6) & (6, 2).
Fixed Point Scaling

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(Xf,Yf)
(Xf,Yf)

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Fixed Point Scaling
Step 1: The fixed point along with the object is translated to
coordinate origin.

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(Xf,Yf)

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(Xf,Yf)
Fixed Point Scaling
Step 2 : Scaling the objet about origin

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(Xf,Yf)

(Xf,Yf) 48
Fixed Point Scaling
Step 3: The fixed point along with the object is translated back
to its original position.

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(Xf,Yf) (Xf,Yf)

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 Fixed Point Scaling
Original
Image

(Xf,Yf)

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Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
T’x = Translate its
original place
S = Scalig at origin
Tx = Translate to origin

(Xf,Yf)
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(Xf,Yf) (Xf,Yf)
Fixed Point Rotation
Composite Transformation

= T’(Xf ,Yf) . Saxix . T(-Xf ,-Yf)

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= [ ][ ][ ]
1

0
0

0
Xf

Yf

1
.
Sx

0
0

Sy

0 1
0
0
.
1

0
0

0
-Xf

-Yf

1
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Exercise 2
Q.N.1. > Find the coordinate of a triangle A(1,3) , B(2,5) and C(3,3)
after twice its original size
a) about origin
b)about fixed point (2,3)
Q.N.2. > Find the coordinate of a triangle A(1,3) , B(2,5) and C(3,3)

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after being rotated about fixed point p(2,4) by 45 in clockwise
direction and then translate (3,4) .

Q.N.3.>Find the coordinate of a triangle A(1,3) , B(2,5) and C(3,3) after

being rotated about fixed point p(2,4) by 45 in clockwise direction and
then translate by 3 unit along x-direction.

Q.N.4 >Find the coordinate of a triangle (5, 5), (7, 3), (3, 3) after scaling
(2,3) and then rotate 45 CCW then translate (1,1) and then reflect y=0 52
line.
1.Find the coordinate of a triangle (5, 5), (7, 3), (3, 3) after
translate (1,0) then scaling (3,3) then rotate 45 CW then
translate (1,1) and then reflect x=0 line.
2.Find the coordinate of a line (5, 5), (3, 3) after rotate 450
ccw at fixed point (3,3) then translate (1,1) then reflect at
x-axis.
3.Find the coordinate of a point (5, 5) after reflection y-axis

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then scaling twice then rotate 30 CW then rotate 300 CW
at fixed point (3,4)
4. Draw a circle at (3,4) with radius 10.
5.Draw an ellipse where x-radius is 6 and y-radius is 8 at
center (0,0)
6.Digitize the line (1,10) and (10,9) using BLA.
7.Clipping the line A(1,5) and B(20,55) where windows has 53
P1(5,5) and P2(50,50).
Reflection about Line y=mx+c

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Reflection about Line y=mx+c

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Reflection about Line y=mx+c

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Reflection about Line y=mx+c

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Reflection about Line y=mx+c

CM=T’(0,C) . R’θ. Rrefl. Rθ . T(0,-C)

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Exercise
Q.N.1 > Reflect an object (2, 3), (4, 3), (4, 5) about line y = x +1.
Solution
Here,
The given line is y = x +1.

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Thus,
When x = 0, y=1
When x = 1, y=2
When x = 2, y=3

Also,
The slope of the line (m) = 1 59

Thus, the rotation angle (θ) = Tan-1(m) = Tan-1(1) = 450

Here, the required steps are:
• Translate the line to origin by decreasing the y-intercept with
one.
• Rotate the line by angle 450 in clockwise direction so that the
given line must overlap x-axis.
• Reflect the object about the x-axis.
• Reverse rotate the line by angle -450 in counter-clockwise
direction.

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• Reverse translate the line to original position by adding the y-
intercept with one.

Thus, the composite matrix is given by:

CM=T’(0,C) . R’θ. Rrefl. Rθ . T(0,-C)

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 Now, the required co-ordinate can be calculated as:
P’ = Com x P

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Hence, the final coordinates are (2, 3), (2, 5) & (4, 5).
Exercise
Q.N.> Reflect a triangle A(1,8) B(3,8) and C(1,6)
about line y= x+2

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X Y
0 2
1 3
2 4
3 5

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 Exercise (Imp)
Q.N> A mirror is placed such that it passes through (0,10),
(10, 0). Fin the mirror image of an object (6,7), (7, 6), (6, 9).

Solution

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Here,
The given mirror or line is
passing through the
points (0, 10) & (10, 0).
Now, the slope of the line
(m) = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)
= (0 - 10) / (10 - 0) = -1
Thus, the rotation angle (θ) 65
= Tan -1 (m) = Tan -1(-1)
= - 450
The composite matrix is given by:
Com
= T(0, 10) or (10, 0). Rθ in CW .Rfx .R θ in CCW .T(0, -10) or (-10, 0)

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Now, the required co-o ed as:
P’ = Com . P

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Hence, the final coordinates are (3, 4), (4, 3) & (1, 4).

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Home Work
• What do you mean by homogeneous coordinates? Rotate a
triangle A(5,6), B(6,2) and C(4,1) by 45 degree about an
arbitrary pivot point (3,3). (2072 TU).
• Use Bresenham's algorithm to draw a line having end points
(25, 20) and (15, 10). (2072 TU).

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• Given a clipping window P(0,0), Q(30,20), S(0,20) use the
Cohen Sutherland algorithm to determine the visible portion
of the line A(10,30) and B(40,0). (2072 TU)

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