Object oriented programming
Class-12
Object oriented programming-
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a computer programming model
that organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than
functions and logic. An object can be defined as a data field that has
unique attributes and behavior.
structure of object-oriented programming
The structure, or building blocks, of object-oriented programming include
the following:
Classes are user-defined data types that act as the blueprint for
individual objects, attributes and methods.
Objects are instances of a class created with specifically defined data.
Objects can correspond to real-world objects or an abstract entity. When
class is defined initially, the description is the only object that is defined.
Methods are functions that are defined inside a class that describe the
behaviors of an object. Each method contained in class definitions starts
with a reference to an instance object. Additionally, the subroutines
contained in an object are called instance methods. Programmers use
methods for reusability or keeping functionality encapsulated inside one
object at a time.
Attributes are defined in the class template and represent the state of
an object. Objects will have data stored in the attributes field. Class
attributes belong to the class itself.
main principles of OOP
Object-oriented programming is based on the following principles:
Encapsulation. This principle states that all important information is
contained inside an object and only select information is exposed. The
implementation and state of each object are privately held inside a
defined class. Other objects do not have access to this class or the
authority to make changes. They are only able to call a list of public
functions or methods. This characteristic of data hiding provides greater
program security and avoids unintended data corruption.
Abstraction. Objects only reveal internal mechanisms that are relevant
for the use of other objects, hiding any unnecessary implementation
code. The derived class can have its functionality extended. This
concept can help developers more easily make additional changes or
additions over time.
Inheritance. Classes can reuse code from other classes. Relationships
and subclasses between objects can be assigned, enabling developers
to reuse common logic while still maintaining a unique hierarchy. This
property of OOP forces a more thorough data analysis, reduces
development time and ensures a higher level of accuracy.
Polymorphism. Objects are designed to share behaviors and they can
take on more than one form. The program will determine which meaning
or usage is necessary for each execution of that object from a parent
class, reducing the need to duplicate code. A child class is then created,
which extends the functionality of the parent class. Polymorphism allows
different types of objects to pass through the same interface.
examples of object-oriented programming languages
While Simula is credited as being the first object-oriented programming
language, many other programming languages are used with OOP
today. But some programming languages pair with OOP better than
others. For example
For example, popular pure OOP languages include:
Ruby
Scala
JADE
Emerald
Programming languages designed primarily for OOP include:
Java
Python
C++
Other programming languages that pair with OOP include:
Visual Basic .NET
PHP
JavaScript
Advantages of OOP-
Benefits of OOP include:
Modularity. Encapsulation enables objects to be self-contained, making
troubleshooting and collaborative development easier.
Reusability. Code can be reused through inheritance, meaning a team
does not have to write the same code multiple times.
Productivity. Programmers can construct new programs quicker
through the use of multiple libraries and reusable code.
Easily upgradable and scalable. Programmers can implement system
functionalities independently.
Interface descriptions. Descriptions of external systems are simple,
due to message passing techniques that are used for objects
communication.
Security. Using encapsulation and abstraction, complex code is hidden,
software maintenance is easier and internet protocols are protected.
Flexibility. Polymorphism enables a single function to adapt to the class
it is placed in. Different objects can also pass through the same
interface.
Disadvantages of OOP ()
The object-oriented programming model has been criticized by developers
for multiple reasons. The largest concern is that OOP overemphasizes the
data component of software development and does not focus enough on
computation or algorithms. Additionally, OOP code may be more
complicated to write and take longer to compile.
Alternative methods to OOP include:
Functional programming. This includes languages such as Erlang and
Scala, which are used for telecommunications and fault tolerant
systems.
Structured or modular programming. This includes languages such
as PHP and C#.
Imperative programming. This alternative to OOP focuses on function
rather than models and includes C++ and Java.
Declarative programming. This programming method involves
statements on what the task or desired outcome is but not how to
achieve it. Languages include Prolog and Lisp.
Logical programming. This method, which is based mostly in formal
logic and uses languages such as Prolog, contains a set of sentences
that express facts or rules about a problem domain. It focuses on tasks
that can benefit from rule-based logical queries.
