Verbal Communication

Lesson 4
Prepared by: Mr. Jayson Castillo
OBJECTIVES
• Recognize and di erentiate between various
English phonetic sounds, including consonants,
vowels, and diphthongs.
• Gain con dence in my ability to speak English
clearly and e ectively, contributing to increased
self-esteem in verbal communication.
• Practice the physical movements of my speech
organs to correctly produce various English
sounds, enhancing my articulation skill.
fi
ff
ff
What makes English
pronunciations
challenging for language
learners?
Why is clear
articulation important
in an effective
communication?
How might variations in
speech sounds impact
communication between
individuals from different
regions/nations?
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• The spoken or written message
used by a person to express
himself.
• The term “verbal” also means
oral.
Voice
• It is the sound
that is produced
when speaking,
singing, etc.
THE FOUR PROCESS
INVOLVED IN VOICE
PRODUCTION
1. Respiration or compression is simple
breathing. When speaking we always
inhale and exhale. Inhaling is the
process of when the air passes through
the wind pipe (trachea) and into the
lungs. Exhaling is the process of
emitting or releasing air from the lungs
through the nose and the mouth.
2. Vibration or phonation is
the production of the
voice sounds. It is the
rapid opening of the vocal
folds that lie horizontally
in the larynx for sounds.
3. Resonation is the
process of enriching or
amplifying of sound.
 Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
And enamour rhyme with hammer.
River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,
Doll and roll and some and home.
Stranger does not rhyme with
anger,
Neither does devour with clangour.
 Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,
Font, front, wont, want, grand, and
grant,
Shoes, goes, does.
Now rst say nger,
And then singer, ginger, linger,
Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and
gauge,
Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.
fi
fi
4. Pronunciation is the
process of articulation of
the sound or the shaping
of the mouth into an
intelligible speech.
PRONUNCIATION
• Pitch. This is the highness or
lowness of the voice. It is the relative
vibration of the frequency of the
human voice that contributes to the
total meaning of speech.
• Loudness. This quality of the voice
refers to its volume.
PRONUNCIATION

• Duration. This is the length

of time a sound is produced.
• Quality. This characteristic
refers to the tone of the
human voice.
ENUNCIATION
• Can be de ned as speaking clearly,
stating each word fully and
distinctly. This is a function of how
an individual speaks rather than
how a word should be pronounced.
fi
THE ENGLISH
SOUNDS
THE VOWEL SOUNDS
• A vowel is a sound pronounced with an open
vocal tract so that the tongue does not touch
the lips, teeth or the roof of the mouth.
• It is a sound produced when the outgoing
breath is uninterrupted because there is no
attempt to block it. (Padilla, 2011)
• It is a voiced speech sound which is nearly
free from audible friction sounds (Atienza,
1997)
THE CONSONANT SOUNDS
• These sounds are used before or after a
vowel or a diphthong.
• These are produced when air passes
through an articulator and point of
articulation that touch or nearly touch
each other which provide clarity of diction.
• Consonant sounds can be voiceless or
voiced.
THE DIPHTHONGS
• The word diphthong comes from
the Greek word diphthongos for
“two sounds”.
• A diphthong is a vowel in which
there is a noticeable sound
change within the same syllable.
PLACE OF ARTICULATION
- The speech organs that are involved in
the production of the consonant in
question.
- Some sounds are produced with the
two lips, some with the tongue and
teeth, the tongue and alveolar ridge etc.
7 types
1. Bilabial sounds — sounds produced with the two
lips: /p, b, m, w/
2. Labio-dental sounds—sounds produced with the
lower lips and upper front teeth: /f, v/
3. Dental sounds—sounds produced with the
contact of the tips of the tongue and the upper
front teeth. /θ, ð/
4. Alveolar sounds —sounds produced with the
contact of the tip of the tongue and the alveolar
ridge. /t, d, s, z, n, l/
5. Palatal sounds—sounds produced with
the contact of the blade of the tongue
and the hard palate. /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, r, j/
6. Velar sounds—sounds produced with the
contact of the back of the tongue and the
soft palate. /k, g, ŋ/
7. Glottal sounds — the sound produced in
the larynx. /h/
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
- The manner in which the pulmonic air (the
air we use to form speech sounds) escapes
from the mouth.
- With some sounds, the air is completely
blocked, with some, it escapes with
difficulty through the mouth, and with some
others it escapes through the nostrils.
 6 types
1. Plosives or stops—sounds in which the air
is completely blocked: /p, b, t, d/ and so on
2. Fricatives—sounds in which the air escapes
with di culty. /f, v, s, z/ and so on
3. A ricates—sounds that combined the
feature of plosives and fricatives). /tʃ, dʒ/
4. Nasals —sounds in which the air escape
through the nostrils. /m, n, ŋ/
ff
ffi
5. Liquids — sounds in which the air is
blocked, but not as much as in stops and
fricatives. The air escapes through the
sides of the mouth. /r, l/
6. Glides — consonants that have no
obstruction of pulmonic air, the speech
organs do not make any form of contact.
That is, they are like vowels. /w, j/
VOICING
- We mean whether or not there is vibration in
the vocal cords when the sound is produced.
Using this criterion, we have two types of sound:
1. voiceless sounds (those produced without
vibration)
2. voiced sounds (those produced with
vibration).
STRESS
WORD STRESS
Stress

- The emphasis or force given to a syllable or

syllables in a word or phrase as it pronounced.
- Stress is usually symbolized by ( ‘ ) being
placed on the syllable intended to be
emphasized or pronounced more audibly than
the rest of the syllables in the word or phrase.
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

1. STRESS THE SUFFIX ITSELF.

e.g. ee - employee , refugee
eer - career, engineer
ese - Japanese , Cantonese
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

2. STRESS THE SYLLABLE IMMEDIATELY

BEFORE SUFFIXES LIKE:
e.g. ic, ical - heroic , geological
ity - identity, unity
sion, -tion - commission , contriction
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

e.g. -tious, -cious - cautious , luscious

-ual, -ial - continual, congenital
-logy - biology , ideology
-graphy - photography, geography
-meter - kilometer , centimeter
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

3. FOR COMPOUND NOUNS, STRESS THE

FIRST COMPONENT (FIRST WORD)
e.g. doorknob roofdeck penthouse
tablespoon scoreboard pillbox
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

4. COMPOUND VERBS HAVE A PRIMARY

STRESS ON THE SECOND COMPONENT.
e.g. understand overtake withdraw
SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

5. NUMBERS ENDING IN -teen RECEIVES THE PRIMARY

STRESS ON THE -teen SYLLABLE; NUMBERS ENDING
IN -ty RECEIVES STRESS ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE.

e.g. fourteen sixteen forty sixty

SIMPLE RULES ON WORD OF STRESS

6. MOST WORDS WITH TWO SYLLABLES ARE

STRESSED ON THE FIRST SYLLABLE.

e.g. window ladder table closet

balance teacher
INTONATION
INTONATION
• Intonation is about how we say things, rather than
what we say, the way the voice rises and falls when
speaking, in other words the music of the language.
• Two basic patterns of intonation in English: falling
intonation and rising intonation. Plus, the rise-fall
intonation, which is a combination of both.
• Downward arrow (➘) indicates a fall in intonation and
an upward arrow (➚) indicates a rise in intonation.
FALLING INTONATION (➘)
(The pitch of the voice falls at the end of the
sentence.)

• It is commonly found in statements,

commands, wh-questions
(information questions),
con rmatory question tags and
exclamations.
fi
STATEMENT

1. Nice to meet ➘ you.

2. We should work together more ➘ often.
3. Dad wants to change his ➘ car.
4. She doesn’t live here ➘ anymore
COMMANDS

1. Write your name ➘ here.

2. Show me what you’ve ➘ written.
3. Leave it on the ➘ desk.
4. Take that picture ➘ down.
Wh- questions (requesting information.)
(questions beginning with 'who', 'what', 'why',
'where', 'when', 'which', and 'how')
1. How many books have you ➘ bought
2. What country do you come ➘ from?
3. Where do you ➘ work?
4. Which coat is ➘ yours?
5. Who’s ➘ that?
TAG QUESTIONS
Tags that are statements requesting confirmation rather than questions.

1. He thinks he’s so clever, doesn’t ➘ he?

2. He failed the test because he didn't revise, did ➘
he?
3. John was not married to Grace because he was
drunkard, was ➘ he?
4. I told you that today we’ll have a quiz, didn’t ➘ I?
EXCLAMATIONS
1. What a beautiful ➘ voice!
2. Oh my ➘ God!
3. You didn’t say a ➘ thing!
4. It’s so ➘ cute!
RISING INTONATION (➚)
(The pitch of the voice rises at the end of a
sentence.)

• Rising intonation invites the speaker

to continue talking.
• It is normally used with yes/no
questions, and question tags that are
real questions.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
(Questions that can be answered by 'yes' or 'no'.)

1. Do you like your new ➚ teacher?

2. Have you nished ➚ already?
3. May I borrow your ➚ dictionary?
4. Did your mother say she’ll ➚ come?
fi
TAG QUESTIONS
(Questions tags that show uncertainty and require an answer (real questions).

1. We've met already, haven't ➚ we?

2. This is the image of your real father, isn’t ➚
it?
3. You’re new here, aren’t ➚ you?
4. You dislike meat for some reason, don’t ➚
you?
RISE-FALL INTONATION (➚➘)
(The intonation rises and then falls.)

• We use rise-fall intonation for

choices, lists, un nished thoughts
and conditional sentences.
fi
Choices (alternative questions.)

1. Are you having ➚ soup or ➘ salad?

2. Are you having ➚ soup or ➘ salad?
3. Who’s your crush, is it ➚ Steven or ➘
Elijah?
LISTS
Intonation falls on the last item to show that the list is finished.

1. We've got ➚ apples, pears, bananas, and

➘ oranges.
2. I like ➚ football, tennis, basketball, and ➘
volleyball.
3. The sweater comes in ➚ blue, white pink
and ➘ black.
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(The tone rises in the first clause and falls gradually in the second clause.)

1. If he ➚ calls, ask him to leave a ➘

message.
2. Unless he ➚ insists, I'm not going to ➘
go.
3. If you have any ➚ problems, just ➘
contact us.