Unit-6 Smart Grid
Unit-6 Smart Grid
Dr.M.Sujith
Associate Professor
Email:[email protected]
Contact No: 9486820743
1
Unit- 6 MICROGRIDS
● Any small-scale, localized power station that has its own generation
and storage resources and definable boundaries can be considered a
microgrid.
● If the microgrid can be integrated with the area's main power grid, it is
often referred to as a hybrid microgrid.
A microgrid is local
● First, this is a form of local energy, meaning it creates energy for
nearby customers
● Central grids push electricity from power plants over long distances via
transmission and distribution lines. Delivering power from afar is
inefficient because some of the rural or remote places.
A microgrid is independent
● Second, a microgrid can disconnect from the central grid and operate
independently.
A microgrid is intelligent
the central brain of the system, which manages the generators, batteries
and nearby building energy systems with a high degree of sophistication.
A microgrid that can be disconnected from the utility grid (at the 'point of common coupling'
or PCC) is called an ‘islandable microgrid’
AC microgrid
● Power sources with AC output are interfaced to AC bus through
AC/AC converter which will transform the AC variable frequency and
voltage to AC waveform with another frequency at another voltage.
● Whilst power sources with DC output use DC/AC converters for the
connection to the AC bus.
AC bus
DC microgrid
● In DC microgrid topology, power sources with DC output are connected
to DC bus directly or by DC/DC converters.
● On the other hand, power sources with AC output are connected to the
DC bus through AC/DC converter.
Hybrid microgrid
● The hybrid microgrid has topology for both power source AC and
DC output.
● Islanded mode
being either partially supplied from it or injecting some amount of power into it.
Depending on the demand request, in the grid-connected mode, the main grid and
All DGs inside the MG can only generate currents but can be dispatched by the
MGCC in order to provide power references. The control system in the local
controller of the DGs (MCs) is known as “PQ inverter control” and the DG is said
to be in “PQ mode”.
an MGCC.
The MG islanding process may result from an intentional disconnection from the
inverter (VSI) control with an inner RMS voltage reference and frequency set
point thereby compensating the unbalancing between the MG load and power.
● In this case, the mentioned DG is said to be in “VF mode” and is defined as the
“master source.”
● Other DGs are known as “slave sources,” whose local controllers must operate in
the PQ mode.
● The MGCC shares the total amount of real power to produce among the
● So in islanded mode, one DG may be operated in the “VF mode” and the
● MGs should be able to not only operate autonomously but also interact with
● The load controllers (LCs) are installed at the controllable loads to provide load
control capabilities.
● For each MG, there is a central controller (MGCC) that interfaces between the
distribution management system (DMS) or distribution network operator
(DNO) and the MG.
● Local Control
● Secondary Control
● Central/Emergency Control
● Global Control
● Local (also called primary or internal) controls perform the first level in the
control hierarchy, featuring the fastest response, and they appear in different
forms depending on the type of DGs, which can be addressed based on their
technologies such as induction generators, synchronous generators, and PE
inverters/ converters.
● The local controllers deal with the inner control of the DG units that usually
do not need the communication links and result in simple circuitry and low
cost.
inner control loops to improve the power quality inside MGs and to enhance
the system performance by removing the steady-state errors.
● In the grid-connected operation mode, all the DGs and inverters in MGs use
the grid electrical signals as references for voltage and frequency regulation.
● But, in the islanding operation mode, the DGs lose the reference signal
● Secondary controls also cover some of controls needed to improve the parallel
for the reliable, secure, and economical operation of the MG in either grid-
connected or islanded operation mode.
● The main objectives of this control level are to find the optimal unit
commitment (UC), reactive power supply, and voltage and frequency control
regulation (in coordination with secondary control), black-start restoration, and
dispatch of the available DGs/RESs in normal conditions and to perform load
shedding and special protection schemes in off-normal and emergency
condition
● The global control is the highest level of control for coordinating the operation
● Global control deals with some overall responsibilities for an MG, such as
interchange power with the main grid and/or other connected MGs
● There are around 50–100 houses in the system, and each house has a CGS,
(three-wire, ±170 V), and the electric power is shared among the houses.
● In order to keep high efficiency, those CGSs should not be operated by a partial
● At the load side, various forms of electric power (AC 100 V, DC 48 V, etc.)
CGS/micro-CHP units.
● When the system is connected to the utility grid, the deficient power is
compensated from the utility grid as shown in Fig. This state is called
interconnected operation.
● In other words, the generated power from CGSs does not flow to the utility
● When the system disconnects from the utility grid, the surplus or deficient power is
compensated by the EDLC as shown in Fig. This state is called intentional
islanding operation.
● In this operation, the converter of the EDLC controls the DC distribution voltage,
and the number of running CGSs is determined not only by the load consumption
but also by the stored energy of EDLCs.
● When the stored energy exceeds the maximum limit, the system stops one of the
operating CGSs. Then, the total output of CGSs becomes less than the load
consumption, and the EDLC discharges until the stored energy becomes less than
the minimum limit.
● On the contrary, when the stored energy is less than the minimum limit, the
● Then, the total output of CGSs becomes more than the load consumption,
and the EDLC charges until the stored energy becomes more than the
maximum limit.
● These two modes are repeated alternately in the intentional islanding operation.