Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s

Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon-423 603

(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NACC ‘A’ Grade Accredited, ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Department of Electrical Engineering

EE305B - Smart Grid

Prof. Dr.M.Sujith
Assistant Professor
Email:[email protected]
Contact No: 9486820743

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 Unit-3 SMART GRID AND WIDE-AREA NETWORKS

Networking technologies for wide-area measurement applications- Components

of a wide area measurement system, communication networks for WAMS,
WAMS application, WAMS modeling and network simulations; Smart grid
application requirements, network topologies, deployment factors, performance
metrics and trade-offs.

Course Outcome : Discuss the need of wide area measurement systems in

smart grid.

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A structure of an EMS/SCADA and Wide Area Applications

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 Energy management systems

EMS Applications include

• Unit Commitment,

• Automatic Generation Control (AGC), and

• Security assessment and control

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 Wide area applications

● Power system state estimation

● Power system monitoring and warning
● Power system event analysis

Simplified representation of Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPAC)

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 Networking technologies for wide-area measurement applications

● A wide-area measurement system (WAMS) consists of advanced

measurement technology, the latest communication network
infrastructure, and integrated operational framework.

● The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure

for energy-management system (EMS) has been widely used in power
systems for a long time.

● Some of the functionalities of an EMS are system state monitoring, tie-

line bias control, and economic dispatch.

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Components of WAMS

The inner structure of the phasor measurement unit

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 Phase Measurement Unit (PMU) device

The Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) is a function in charge to receive and combine the time-
tagged synchrophasor data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs).

The tasks of the PDC can include data handling, processing, and storage.

When the data is written into its memory, the PDC accesses the internal binary counter that is
synchronized with the universal time coordinated (UTC) clock.

The PDC compares the time-tag recorded by various PMUs and rearranges the measurement
data to align the data that belongs to the same UTC time.

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● Some applications require the PDC to act as a regional decision maker.

● For example, it can calculate the existing local phasor measurements and
send out protection messages to block or trip the protection relays.

● In most cases, for wide-area monitoring, the aligned time-stamp data will be
sent over the network to one level up in the hierarchy – to the super PDC

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 The Specific hardware
architecture of WAMS

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 The software infrastructure of WAMS.

● The software infrastructure may be composed roughly of four layers, shown in

Figure:
● the physical layer,
● the communication protocol layer,
● the middleware layer, and
● the application layer.

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The software infrastructure of WAMS.

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 Software infrastructure of WAMS.

● The physical layer, which is situated at the bottom of the overall software
architecture, implements the different driver functions.

● It isolates the software from the electrical interfaces that could be changed with the
development of higher-rate transmissions.

● The access to the transmission medium, such as fibre-optic-based synchronous

digital hierarchy (SDH), is wrapped in the software of in the physical layer.

● Except for the CRC error-detection algorithm normally implemented in hardware,

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 Software infrastructure of WAMS.

● The second layer of software infrastructure is the communication protocol layer

that is used mostly for data transmission and reception.
● The complexity of communication flows in WAMS applications requires the
communication protocols to be diverse and efficient.

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 Software infrastructure of WAMS.
● The middleware layer – in most cases implemented in all the devices – consists of a
real-time operating system (RTOS) and other pre-verified libraries

● The processing libraries are made up of various signal-processing algorithms such as

digital filters and discrete Fourier transform implementations – which will be used widely
in various applications such as state estimation.

● The communication libraries wrap all the communication protocols and provide
application programming interfaces (APIs) to the application developers

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 Software infrastructure of WAMS

● The application layer defines a large number of commonly used applications in power
systems.

● Some applications that will be implemented in PDC can act as a regional executor for
supervising relays, special protection schemes, etc., whereas

● Others with the functionality of wide-area monitoring and control might be installed
in the SPDC.

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COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
FOR WAMS

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 COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR WAMS

The designing process of establishing a WAMS network could experience four stages.

● First, the communication requirements for the entire system should be proposed,
and every communication need should be fully verified. These verifications are
associated with specific applications.

● Second, system designers could select the appropriate transmission medium and
communication protocols by considering the construction costs as well as latency,
bandwidth requirements.

● Third, an optimal topology for WAMS communication would be proposed with the
help of network simulation.

● Finally, the deployment of WAMS communication networks represents a

compromise between enough reliability, robustness, and cost of novel technologies.

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 1. Communication Needs

These features are

● Reliability,

● Real-time responsiveness,

● Scalability, and

● Security.

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 2. Transmission medium

● The transmission medium chosen by the power industry has experienced

quite a long period of evolution

● Until now, there have been at least four commonly used transmission medium
in power system communication design:

 Power-line communication
 Satellite communication
 Microwave communication, and
 Optical-fibre communication

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Power Line Communications

Broadband
over Power Line

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Smart Meter with PLC

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 3. Communication protocols

SONET/SDH technology
● Taking the real-time performance and reliability into account, synchronous

digital hierarchy (SDH) in optical-fibre networks is becoming the

mainstream for WAMS.
● Developed from synchronous optical network (SONET), SDH was adopted

by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunications

Standardization Sector
● MPLS technology

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 3. Communication protocols

MPLS technology
● One major function of MPLS is resource reservation protocol – traffic

engineering (RSVP-TE), which manages the flowing pass for every IP

package and avoids data aggregation at the congested nodes.

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 WAMS applications

● Conventionally, the applications of WAMS can be classified into three major

categories according to their purposes: power-system monitoring,

protection, and control.

● Distributed measuring equipment or IEDs located in each substation

periodically sample the voltage, current, and frequency values and send them
to the system’s monitoring center for visualization or logging.

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 Power-system monitoring
State estimation
● Conventional static-state estimation relies on measurements of
complex power flows to calculate bus voltages.

● The remote terminal units (RTUs), composed of microprocessors and

communication modules, take charge of the measurement scanning.

● The RTU measurement are exchanged on the SCADA infrastructure.

● The SCADA data do not have unified time-tags. Therefore, system

dynamics cannot be captured due to unsynchronized measurements.

● The WAMS equipped with PMUs measures the voltage phasor directly
so that the dynamic system state can be obtained without estimation.
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Seams between state estimates

A regional part of all-PMU power grid system

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● Independent System Operator (ISO) would like to share its own PMU
measurement data with other adjoining ISOs.

● By doing so, the number of bus measurements increases by about n times.

● Take two adjoining ISOs as an example, if the individual ISO monitoring

centre can find a common reference phasor angle between the separate
references, the simplest way is to install two PMUs in this area.

● Then the measured phase-angle difference between the two PMUs can be
used to adjust the measurement data transfer between the two ISOs

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Another more sophisticated but accurate method is to utilize the measurement data
and concentrate on all the buses located at the boundary between the two IOSs.

From Figure , we can see that the boundary buses both in ISO1 and ISO2 are
covered by both estimators
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 Power-system protection

● Adaptive reliability

● At critical locations in the power system, the protection schemes for independent relays are
preset based on off-line solutions.

● In the normal system state shown in Figure, to ensure high dependability, the relays (R1,R2,
and R3) located at critical places should be set on a more sensitive mode for fault
detecting.

● That means the trip output logic is in the ‘or’ manner: if any one of the relays detects the
fault, the output will execute the tripping action.

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 Power-system protection

● Adaptive reliability

● In addition, if the system is in the emergency state shown in Figure, the

decision will be made by a ‘voting’ procedure in the system control centre.

● For example, two-thirds of total relays (R4, R5, and R6) should agree to trip
before a real trip takes place.
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 Power-system protection
Adaptive out-of-step
● Within the protection applications, the adaptive out-of-step function can be
enhanced efficiently by PMU-based WAMS.

● This problem can be described in a relatively easy example where the

interface between the two large areas is modelled as a two generator
machine system shown in Figure

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 Power-system protection
Adaptive out-of-step
described in the following two major stages: the detection stage and the action
stage.

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 Power-system protection

Supervision of backup zones

● From the investigation of recent power system blackouts, mis-operation of

backup protection zones is the main contributing factor of the disaster.

● In the traditional protection system, the distance relays and over-current

relays are used for backup protection.

● When a major disturbance event occurs, unpredictable load flows and non-
directional power swings could trick the backup relays to get a wrong
apparent impedance value, and trip the power line sequentially.

● This kind of cascading failure can lead to a wide-area blackout

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 Power-system protection
● Supervision of backup zones

One effective method to

solve this problem is to use
PMUs which are located in
the backup zones to monitor
the apparent impedance

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 Power-system protection
● Intelligent load shedding

• The WAMS provides the computing and communication architecture for system supervisory
control. The tie-line flows in the power grid network are calculated by the PMUs using the
current and voltage values at the tie buses.
• Then the distributed values will be transmitted to the system control centre where the load-
shedding message is generated
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 Power-system protection
● Intelligent islanding

whether the power system is on

the edge of an unstable
state and system islanding is
necessary to avoid a blackout

• The islanded system should meet the balance requirements between generation and load.

• The entire system in this application is in a chaotic environment, several individual relays
will trip the lines according to their own settings. So, one of the urgent controlling tasks is
both to block undesirable trips and to trip the necessary lines or transformers
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 Power-system Control
● Sustained oscillations

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 Power-system Control
System restoration
● Through the whole process, the PMUs will measure the phasor information in
every substation which is located in the junction of the island. The system
control centre which monitors and controls the entire process will take the
PMU measurements before, during, and after the disturbance into
consideration for a restoration plan.

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 WAMS modelling and network simulations

● Before implementing a realistic communication system of WAMS, the

performance of networks should be assessed by using simulation software.

● Network simulation technologies supply an effective way to find out the

bottlenecks and redundancies of a large complex communication system.

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The network modelling and simulation tool we use is the OPNET Modeler

● Software introduction

● System infrastructure modelling

● Application classification

● Monitoring simulation

● Protection simulation

● Hybrid simulation

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 Software introduction

● The hierarchical network modelling architecture which corresponds to actual

protocol layers, device layers, and network layer can enable the accurate
simulation of WAMS-like, end-to-end, system-level network architecture.

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 System Infrastructure Modelling

● We model the entire WAMS communication networks in a hierarchical

manner.
● It consists of local last-mile access networks, intra-substation networks, and
wide-area backbone networks.

155.520 Mbps SDH STM-1.

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Within each substation, we configure PMUs, various
relays, and circuit breakers over the 100 Mbps Ethernet

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 Application classification

● WAMS supports various operations of a power system, such as monitoring,

protection, and control.
● By analyzing the communication needs, these applications can be classified
into four different data transmission profiles:
 periodic transfer without acknowledgements,
 a large amount of burst transfer without acknowledgements,
 a small amount of burst transfer without acknowledgements, and
 burst transfer with acknowledgement

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 Application classification

● WAMS supports various operations of a power system, such as monitoring,

protection, and control.
● By analyzing the communication needs, these applications can be classified
into four different data transmission profiles:
 periodic transfer without acknowledgements,
 a large amount of burst transfer without acknowledgements,
 a small amount of burst transfer without acknowledgements, and
 burst transfer with acknowledgement

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 Monitoring simulation

● Regarding ‘the instrument transformer calibration’ application, all the needed

information has been transmitted and stored to the SPDC periodically.

● These pre-stored data will be re-fetched every 12 hours when carrying out
calibration calculations.

● The packet end-to-end (ETE) delays for the power system monitoring
applications are plotted in Figure.

● The entire transmission delay can be divided into two stages.

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 Monitoring simulation

● In the first stage, the aggregation delay will be generated from local measurement
PMUs to regionally realign PDCs.

● In the second stage, the gathering delay will be calculated from distributed PDCs to
the centralized SPDC.

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 Protection simulation

● The simulation results of the maximum end-to-end delays and the maximum response
time for the major five protection applications are listed in Table

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 Control simulation

● The power system control is a widespread concern application. This application is

used mainly for preventing transient instability

● We will take two realistic applications – the control of sustained oscillations and the
control of large oscillations – as simulation examples.

● The simulation results for these two applications are shown in Figure

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Hybrid simulation

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