Unit-2 Smart Grid Measurement and Automation Technologies
Unit-2 Smart Grid Measurement and Automation Technologies
Unit-2 Smart Grid Measurement and Automation Technologies
Prof. Dr.M.Sujith
Assistant Professor
Email:[email protected]
Contact No: 9486820743
1
Unit-2 Smart Grid Measurement and Automation
Technologies
heavily used as demand for electricity rises. This overloading will worsen as
large numbers of electric vehicles, heat pumps and other new loads use low-
carbon energy from the electric power system.
● The dual aims of reducing CO2 emissions and improving energy security
generation alters the pattern of the output of central generation and the
power flows in both transmission and distribution circuits.
● Therefore, flexibility in the demand side is seen as another way to enable the
integration of a large amount of renewable energy.
operation for a long time with a variety of terminology used to describe it.
● The name Demand-Side Management (DSM) has been used since the 1970s
Side Bidding (DSB) and Demand Bidding (DB) were used to describe a range of
different demand side initiatives . To avoid the confusion caused by such
overlapping concepts and terminologies, as recommended by CIGRE, Demand-
Side Integration (DSI)
● The smart meter is seen to facilitate DSI through providing real-time or near-
real-time information exchange and advanced control capabilities.
● Signal Acquisition
● Signal conditioning
● Analogue to digital conversion
● Computation
● Input / Output
● Communication
● Smart meters provide a small key pad or touch screen for human–
machine interaction, for instance, to change the settings of a smart
meter so as to select the smart appliance to be controlled or to
select payment options.
● DSI can help defer investment in new infrastructure by reducing system peak
demand.
storage can provide various services to the power system by modifying the
load consumption patterns.
● peak clipping,
● Load shifting is the movement of load between times of day (from on-
peak to off-peak) or seasons.
● Figure shows the main purpose of valley filling, which is to increase off-
peak demand through storing energy, for example, in a battery of a plug-
in electric vehicle or thermal storage in an electric storage heater.
● The main difference between valley filling and load shifting is that valley
filling introduces new loads to off-peak time periods, but load shifting
only shifts loads so the total energy consumption is unchanged
● Peak clipping reduces the peak load demand, especially when demand approaches the
thermal limits of feeders/transformers, or the supply limits of the whole system.
● Peak clipping (Figure) is primarily done through direct load control of domestic
appliances, for example, reducing thermostat setting of space heaters or control of
electric water heaters or air-conditioning units. As peak clipping reduces the energy
consumed by certain loads (in Figure 1 kWh of energy is reduced), often consumers
have to reduce their comfort.
● Energy efficiency programs are intended to reduce the overall use of energy.
● For example, the feedback of consumption and cost data to consumers, can
lead to a reduction in total energy consumption.
● Figure shows the reduction in energy demand when ten 60 W filament lamps
(operating from 18.00 hrs to 22.00 hrs) are replaced by 20-40 W LED bulbs
● Time of use (ToU): ToU rates use different unit prices for different time
blocks, usually pre-defined for a 24-hour day. ToU rates reflect the cost of
generating and delivering power during different time periods.
● Real-time pricing (RTP): the electricity price provided by RTP rates typically
fluctuates hourly, reflecting changes in the wholesale electricity price.
Customers are normally notified of RTP prices on a day-ahead or hour-ahead
basis.
● Critical peak pricing (CPP): CPP rates are a hybrid design of the ToU and
RTP. The basic rate structure is ToU. However, the normal peak price is
replaced by a much higher CPP event price under predefined trigger conditions
(for example, when system is suffering from some operational problem or
the supply price is very high).
Implementations Description
Direct load Customers’ electrical appliances (e.g. air conditioner, water
control heater, space heating) are controlled remotely (for example,
shut down or tuned by the controller) by the program operator on
short notice.
If their bids are accepted, they are paid the market price for
committing to be on standby
● These link the various elements through communication networks and connect
the transmission substations and generators to a manned control centre that
maintains system security and facilitates integrated operation
Traditionally, the secondary circuits of the circuit breakers, isolators, current and
voltage transformers and power transformers were hard-wired to relays.
Relays were connected with multi-drop serial links to the station computer for
monitoring and to allow remote interrogation.
• The station level includes the substation computer, the substation human
machine interface (which displays the station layout and the status of station
equipment) and the gateway to the control centre.
• The bay level includes all the controllers and intelligent electronic devices
(which provide protection of various network components and a real-time
assessment of the distribution network).
● Many industrial processes rely on motor drives and other power electronic
equipment which is controlled by microprocessors.
current should be interrupted rapidly, the faulted section isolated from the
healthy network and, then once the fault has been removed, supplies to
• In this arrangement, whenever the line current is high (due to a fault), the series trip coil
opens the vacuum CB.
• As the CB is opened, the auxiliary contacts are closed automatically, thus providing
energy for the reclosing operation
Department of Electrical Engineering 53
• Pole-mounted reclosers are widely
used in distribution circuits. They
have different voltage ratings (for
example, 11, 15, 33 kV) and
interrupting currents of 8 to 16 kA.
● The recloser is reclosed after a short delay to see whether the fault is
temporary.
● If the fault is temporary and cleared by the recloser, the sectionaliser resets
its counter and comes back to its normal state.
● The normally open point (NOP) is closed to restore the supply to L5. Load
L4 will be without supply until the fault is repaired.
● When a fault occurs, the recloser trips. Upon detecting the interruption, the
sectionaliser, S, increments its counter by 1.
● The counter of S increments again and it is then opened. The recloser then
closes successfully.
● In this scheme, an Agent is employed that gathers data from all the intelligent devices
in the system. During normal operation, the Agent polls all the RTUs and IEDs to
establish the system status. When there is a fault at the location shown, IED1
detects the fault current, opens the CB and informs the Agent.
2. Send a command to RTU1 to reclose R1. If the fault current prevails, initiate a trip but
as there is no fault current, R1 remains closed. Similarly send commands to RTU2, 3 and
4 to reclose R2, R3 and R4. When R3 is closed, fault current flows, thus causing R3 to
trip and lock-out.
4. Finally, send a command to RTU4 to close R4. As the fault current flows, a trip
command is initiated for R4. R3 and R4 thus isolate the fault and supply is restored to
loads L1, L2, L3 and L5.
Department of Electrical Engineering 65
Distribution Management
Systems
● Data acquisition
● Control
Metering Billing
Payment Losses
Quality and
Customer
Reliability of
Handling
Supply
● System monitoring
● System Operation
● System Management
● Supply restoration
● Load balancing
● Operation of DER
The integration of DER operation to the DMS has a large impact on the performance of a
smart distribution network.
• Unit Commitment,