The International University, VNU-HCM

School of Business

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Sem 2 (2019-2020)
Lecturer: Mr. Vu Tuan Anh, CMA, MSA
Email: [email protected] (preferred)
Tutor: TBA
 COURSE REGULATIONS

• Students are expected to attend class/tutorials regularly

on time.
• Cell phones need to be set in a silent mode during lecture.
Laptops, ipads or any similar devices are not allowed in
the classroom. Calculators/draft papers are essential in
this course
• Come to class on time; if you come to class late, nod
your head & find your seat quietly  !
 PREVIEW OF LECTURE 2

2-3
 LECTURE

2 The Recording Process

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain what an account is and how it helps in the recording process.

2. Define debits and credits and explain their use in recording business
transactions.
3. Identify the basic steps in the recording process.
4. Explain what a journal is and how it helps in the recording process.
5. Explain what a ledger is and how it helps in the recording process.
6. Explain what posting is and how it helps in the recording process.
7. Prepare a trial balance and explain its purposes.
2-4
 The Account
Learning
Objective 1  Record of increases and decreases in
Explain what an a specific asset, liability, stockholders’
account is and equity, revenue, or expense item.
how it helps in the
recording  Debit = “Left”
process.
 Credit = “Right”

Account Name
An account can be Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
illustrated in a T-
account form.

2-5 LO 1
 Debits and Credits
Learning
DEBIT AND CREDIT PROCEDURES Objective 2
Define debits and
credits and explain
Double-entry system their use in
recording business
 Each transaction must affect two or more transactions.

accounts to keep the basic accounting

equation in balance.

 Recording done by debiting at least one account and

crediting at least one other account.

 DEBITS must equal CREDITS.

2-6 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

If the sum of Debit entries are greater than the sum of

Credit entries, the account will have a debit balance.

Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Transaction #1 $10,000 $3,000 Transaction #2

Transaction #3 8,000

Balance $15,000

2-7 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

If the sum of Credit entries are greater than the sum of

Debit entries, the account will have a credit balance.

Account Name
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Transaction #1 $10,000 $3,000 Transaction #2

8,000 Transaction #3

Balance $1,000

2-8 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Assets  Assets - Debits should exceed

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
credits.

 Liabilities – Credits should

Normal Balance
exceed debits.

Normal balance is on the

Chapter


3-23

increase side.
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance

Chapter
3-24

2-9 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Equity  Issuance of share capital and

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
revenues increase equity (credit).

 Dividends and expenses decrease

Normal Balance
equity (debit).
Chapter
3-25

Share Capital-Ordinary Retained Earnings Dividends

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr. Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr. Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance Normal Balance Normal Balance

Chapter Chapter Chapter

3-25 3-25 3-23

2-10 LO 2
 Debits and Credits

Revenues  The purpose of earning revenues

Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
is to benefit the shareholders.

 The effect of debits and credits on

Normal Balance
revenue accounts is the same as
Chapter
3-26
their effect on equity.

 Expenses have the opposite effect:

expenses decrease equity.
Expenses
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance

Chapter
3-27

2-11 LO 2
 Debits and Credits
Liabilities
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Normal Normal
Balance Balance
Debit Credit Normal Balance

Assets Chapter
3-24

Equity
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance
Normal Balance

Chapter
3-23

Expenses Chapter
3-25
Revenues
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.
Debit / Dr. Credit / Cr.

Normal Balance
Normal Balance

Chapter
3-27 Chapter
3-26

2-12
LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Statement of
Financial Position Income Statement
Asset = Liability + Equity Revenue - Expense

Debit

Credit

2-13 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Question
Debits:

a. increase both assets and liabilities.

b. decrease both assets and liabilities.

c. increase assets and decrease liabilities.

d. decrease assets and increase liabilities.

2-14 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Question
Accounts that normally have debit balances are:

a. assets, expenses, and revenues.

b. assets, expenses, and equity.

c. assets, liabilities, and dividends.

d. assets, dividends, and expenses.

2-15 LO 2
 Equity
Relationships

Illustration 2-11
Equity relationships

2-16 LO 2
 Summary of Debit/Credit Rules

Relationship among the assets, liabilities, and equity of a

business:
Illustration 2-12
Summary of debit/credit rules

The equation must be in balance after every transaction.

Total Debits must equal total Credits.

2-17 LO 2
 The Account
Learning
Business documents, such as a sales Objective 3
Identify the basic
receipt, a check, or a bill, provide evidence steps in the
of the transaction. recording
process.

Analyze each transaction Enter transaction in a journal Transfer journal information to

ledger accounts
Illustration 2-13
The recording process

2-18 LO 3
 Steps in the Recording Process
Learning
The Journal Objective 4
Explain what a
journal is and how
 Book of original entry. it helps in the
recording
 Transactions recorded in chronological process.

order.

 Contributions to the recording process:

1. Discloses the complete effects of a transaction.

2. Provides a chronological record of transactions.

3. Helps to prevent or locate errors because the debit

and credit amounts can be easily compared.

2-19 LO 4
 The Journal

JOURNALIZING - Entering transaction data in the journal.

Illustration: On September 1, shareholders invested €15,000 cash in
the corporation in exchange for ordinary shares, and Softbyte
purchased computer equipment for €7,000 cash.
Illustration 2-14

GENERAL JOURNAL

Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit

Sept. 1 Cash 15,000
Share Capital—Ordinary 15,000

Equipment 7,000
Cash 7,000
2-20 LO 4
 The Journal

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND ENTRIES

Illustration: On July 1, Tsai Company purchases a delivery truck
costing NT$420,000. It pays NT$240,000 cash now and agrees to
pay the remaining NT$180,000 on account. Illustration 2-15
Compound journal entry

GENERAL JOURNAL

Date Account Title Ref. Debit Credit

July 1 Equipment 420,000
Cash 240,000
Accounts Payable 180,000

2-21 LO 4
 Steps in the Recording Process
Learning
The Ledger Objective 5
Explain what a
ledger is and how
 General Ledger contains all the asset,
it helps in the
liability, and equity accounts. recording
process.

Illustration 2-16
The general ledger
2-22 LO 5
 The Ledger

STANDARD FORM OF ACCOUNT Illustration 2-17

Three-column form
of account

2-23 LO 5
 Posting
Learning
Objective 6
Explain what
posting is and
how it helps in the
recording
process.

Transferring
journal entries
to the ledger
accounts.

Illustration 2-18
Posting a journal
entry

2-24 LO 6
 Posting

Question
Posting:

a. normally occurs before journalizing.

b. transfers ledger transaction data to the journal.

c. is an optional step in the recording process.

d. transfers journal entries to ledger accounts.

2-25 LO 6
Illustration 2-19
Chart of accounts for Yazici Advertising A.S¸ .

2-26 LO 6
 The Recording Process Illustrated

Follow these steps:

1. Determine what
type of account is
involved.
2. Determine what
items increased or
decreased and by
how much.
3. Translate the
increases and
decreases into
debits and credits.
Illustration 2-20
Investment of cash
by shareholders

2-27 LO 6
 Illustration 2-21
2-28 Purchase of office equipment LO 6
 Illustration 2-22
Receipt of cash
for future service

2-29 LO 6
 Illustration 2-23
2-30
Payment of monthly rent LO 6
 Illustration 2-24
Payment for
insurance

2-31 LO 6
 Illustration 2-25
2-32
Purchase of supplies on credit LO 6
 The Recording Process Illustrated

Illustration 2-26
Hiring of employees

2-33 LO 6
 Illustration 2-27
2-34 Declaration and payment of dividend LO 6
 Illustration 2-28
2-35
Payment of salaries LO 6
 Illustration 2-29
2-36
Receipt of cash for services performed LO 6
2-37 Illustration 2-30 LO 6
General journal entries
 Illustration 2-30
General journal entries

2-38 LO 6
 Illustration 2-31
General ledger
2-39 LO 6
 The Trial Balance
Learning
A trial balance Objective 7
Prepare a trial
 is a list of accounts and their balances balance and
explain its
at a given time. purposes.

 proves the mathematical equality of debits and credits

after posting.

The steps for preparing a trial balance are:

1. List the account titles and their balances.

2. Total the debit and credit columns.

3. Prove the equality of the two columns.

2-40 LO 7
 Trial Balance
Illustration 2-32
A trial balance

2-41 LO 7
 Limitations of a Trial Balance

Trial balance may balance even when:

1. A transaction is not journalized.

2. A correct journal entry is not posted.

3. A journal entry is posted twice.

4. Incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting.

5. Offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of a

transaction.

2-42 LO 7
 Currency Signs and Underlining

Currency Signs
 Do not appear in journals or ledgers.
 Typically used only in the trial balance and the financial
statements.
 Shown only for the first item in the column and for the total
of that column.

Underlining
 A single line is placed under the column of figures to be
added or subtracted.
 Totals are double-underlined.
2-43 LO 7