Practicum Report “Surface Tension”

Module TM – Surface Tension

Sufi / 23612020
Assistant: Rachmad Widyanto
Practicum Date: 12 October 2023
Chemistry – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Islamic University of Indonesia

Abstract- This surface tension practicum aims to make practitioners understand the basic
understanding of face tension and can also determine the value of face tension by means of maximum
pressure and capillary rise. The method used in this practicum is the maximum pressure method by
equalizing the pressure acting on the beaker and manometer in an equilibrium state and the capillary rise
method. Surface tension is an ability or tendency of a liquid to always go to a state of surface area. Surface
pressure occurs because the surface of the liquid tends to tighten, so that the surface looks like a thin
membrane. The amount of surface pressure is influenced by several factors, such as the type of liquid,
temperature, pressure, density, solute concentration and density.
Keywords- tension, particles, capillary rise

I. INTRODUCTION

In this practicum, we have several objectives in its implementation, namely first, practitioners are
able to understand the basic understanding of face tension, second, practitioners can determine the face
tension by means of maximum tension and capillary tension. The first 2 methods are the maximum method
by finding the face tension price by equalizing the pressure pressure acting on the beaker and manometer
in an equilibrium state. While the capillary rise method is to measure surface tension by looking at the
height of water or liquid that rises through a capillary pipe.

Surface tension is the force of unity length that must be exerted parallel to the surface to balance the
inward pulling force on the liquid. This happens because at the surface, the force of adhesion (between
liquid and air) is smaller than the force of cohesion between the liquid molecules, causing an inward force
on the surface of the liquid (Bird, 1993).

Surface tension is defined as the work done in expanding the surface of a liquid with a unit area. The
units for surface tension (Y) are J.𝑚-2 or dyne.𝑐𝑚-1. The most common method for measuring surface
tension is the rise or fall of liquid in a capillary tube (Giancoli, Douglas, 2001).

In a liquid, a molecule is surrounded by other similar molecules from all directions so that the force
of attraction between molecules (cohesion) is the same. On the surface of the liquid there is an attractive
force between the liquid molecules and air molecules (adhesion force). The adhesion force is smaller than
the cohesion force, so the molecules on the surface of the liquid tend to go inside. But this does not happen
because of the forces acting parallel to the surface of the liquid to compensate. While the tension between
surfaces is due to the force of adhesion between liquids to compensate for the force of cohesion.
Meanwhile, the inter-surface tension is always smaller than the surface tension (Lacman L, 1989).

Molecules on the surface of a liquid have special properties that are not shared by some of the basic
molecules in the liquid. One of these special properties is surface tension. When a needle is carefully
placed on the surface of water, it will float. Though obviously the specific gravity of the needle is greater
than the specific gravity of water, so it is expected that the needle will sink. The needle floats because the
surface of the water seems to be covered by a thin membrane associated with surface tension, namely the
formation of a miniscus when a liquid is put into a test tube. Water that wets the capillary wall and will
rise so that it is higher than the surrounding water surface. Sponges that can absorb water or water that
can seep into the soil are some examples that prove that surface tension exists (Mawardah, 2009).
 The voltage that occurs in water will increase with the addition of inorganic salts or electrolyte
compounds, but will decrease with the addition of certain organic compounds including soap. In this
theory, it is said that the addition of emulgators will reduce and eliminate the surface tension that occurs
in the boundary plane so that the two liquids will mix easily (Sears, Francis Weston and Hark W.
Zemansky, 1994).

II. PRACTICUM METHOD

Experiment Steps
A. Maximum Pressure of the Bubble

Prepare tools and materials

Measuring the inner diameter of capillary pipes

Inserting the capillary tube into the hose

Inserting a capillary tube 1 cm deep (h2) into a beaker of water.

Observing the bubbles coming out of the capillary tube by turning to the right

Observing the change in height on the manometer (hm)

Repeating the experiment 3x for the same h2

Conduct experiments for different heights h2

B. Capillary Pipe Rise

Prepare tools and materials

Measuring the diameter of the pipe

Inserting a capillary tube into a beaker of water (h1) to a depth of 1 cm.

Apply pressure from above, then lift the capillary pipe

Lifting capillary tube

 Record the change in height in the capillary pipe (h2)

Repeating the experiment 3x for the same h1

Conduct experiments for different heights h1

Tools and Materials

Figure 1. Burette
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fgenecraftlabs.com%2Ffungsi-
buret%2F&psig=AOvVaw2kPkDfd9byDniE5TxxL7vv&ust=1698580076049000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=8997844
9&ved=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCPj70oPWmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 2. Erlenmeyer
Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLabu_Erlenmeyer&psig=AOvVa
w3BaRQFMICKjucHuWsvE4cg&ust=1698580318150000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjhxqFw
oTCMjrzvfWmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 3. Manometer
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.tokopedia.com%2Ftokoperaga%2Fmanometer-
terbuka%3Futm_source%3Dgoogle%26utm_medium%3Dorganic%26utm_campaign%3Dpdp-
seo&psig=AOvVaw2fhdzvNUcVvOowam25vltK&ust=1698580582869000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ve
d=0CBIQjhxqFwoTCKC1ivvXmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 Figure 4. Beaker glass
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FLAB-Beaker-Laboratory-
Measuring-
Instrument%2Fdp%2FB07L71K4SC&psig=AOvVaw12L1CUw5Gftid2ZbrgnH6j&ust=1698580737360000&source=imag
es&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLDrw77YmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 5. Capillary pipe

Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fjw.sightglasstube.com%2Fglass-capillary-tube-
product%2F&psig=AOvVaw2A7x4e4g5XK8nayNxUPRUD&ust=1698580796576000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=899
78449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCLDc7tvYmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure 6. Hydrometer
Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Flaboratoriumkalibrasispin.co.id%2Fkalibrasi-
hydrometer%2F&psig=AOvVaw3F7Nfk8K6EGypWonLmyaYD&ust=1698580864346000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=
89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCPj8n_3YmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Figure7. Pulse
Source :
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fkatadata.co.id%2Fagung%2Fberita%2F6356a7d41b103%2F
memahami-fungsi-jenis-dan-contoh-soal-jangka-
sorong&psig=AOvVaw269zlfMPk5fgfYBwev9ddi&ust=1698581424017000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&v
ed=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCJj9qYXbmIIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 III. EXPERIMENT DATA
I. Maximum Bubble Pressure Methods

Water, with temperature = 26℃

H1
No H0 (cm) Hm (cm) H2 Diameter pipe (cm) H1= 2 (Hm-Ho)
1 2 3
1 0 0,3 0,4 0,8 1 1
2 2 1,4 1 1 2 1,58 mm 2,26
3 3 1,5 1,7 3 3 4,12

II. Rise Capillarity Methods

Water, with temperature = 26℃

No Pipe I, diameter = 1,58 cm
H2 (cm) H1 (cm)
1 0,01 0,01 0,02 1
2 0,02 0,02 0,02 2
3 0,01 0,002 0,02 3

IV. DATA ANALYSIS

1. Maximum Bubble Pressure

A. Pipe radius
1 1
r = d = . 1,58 cm
2 2
= 0, 79 cm
= 0, 0079 m
B. Average h𝑚 ̅ ± ∆ℎ𝑚
̅
1. When H2 = 1 cm
2
Hm (cm) 𝛿ℎ𝑚 |∑ 𝛿ℎ𝑚|

0,3 -1,2 1,44

0,4 -1,1 1,21
0,8 -0,7 0,49
∑ = 1,5 ∑ = 3,14
1,5
̅
h𝑚 = = 0,5 cm
3
3,14
∆ h𝑚
̅ =√ = 1,57 cm
3−1
̅ ± ∆ℎ𝑚
h𝑚 ̅ = (0,5 ± 1,57) cm

2. When H2 = 2 cm
2
Hm (cm) 𝛿ℎ𝑚 |∑ 𝛿ℎ𝑚|

1,4 0,27 0,0729

1 -0,13 0,016
1 -0,13 0,016
∑ = 3,4 ∑ = 0,1049
3,4
̅
h𝑚 = = 1,13 cm
3
0,1049
∆ h𝑚
̅ =√ = 0,229 cm
3−1
̅ ± ∆ℎ𝑚
h𝑚 ̅ = (1,13± 0,229) cm
 3. when H2 = 3
2
Hm (cm) 𝛿ℎ𝑚 |∑ 𝛿ℎ𝑚|

1,5 -0,56 0,3136

1,7 -0,36 0,1296
3 0,94 0,8836
∑ = 6,2 ∑ = 1,3268
6,2
̅
h𝑚 = = 2,06 cm
3
1,3268
∆ h𝑚
̅ =√ = 0,814 cm
3−1
̅ ± ∆ℎ𝑚
h𝑚 ̅ = (2,06± 0,814) cm

C. Determine the value of h1 ± ∆h1

1. When H2 = 1 cm
H1 = 2 (0,5 - 0) = 1 cm
∆h1 = √4. 2,4649
= √9,8596
= 3,14 cm
h1 ± ∆h1 = (1 ± 3,14) cm

2. When H2 = 2 cm
H1 = 2 (1,13 - 0) = 2,26 cm
∆h1 = √4. 0,0524
= √0,2096
= 0,4578 cm
h1 ± ∆h1 = (2,26 ± 0,4578) cm
3. When H2 = 3 cm
H1 = 2 (2,06 - 0) = 4,12 cm
∆h1 = √4. 0,6625
= √2,65
= 1,6278 cm
h1 ± ∆h1 = (4,12 ± 1,6278) cm

D. Surface tension
1. When H2 = 1 cm
1
H = . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8 . (0,01 – 0,01)
2
= 0 N/m
2
1
∆h = √| . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| . |3,14|2
2

= √1498,4641 . 9,8596
= √14774, 2566
= 121,5493 N/m
H ± ∆H = (0 ± 121,5493)N/m
2. When H2 = 2 cm
H = 38,71 . (0,0226 – 0,02)
= 38,71 . 0,0026
= 0,100646 N/m
2
1
∆h = √| . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| . |0,4578|2
2

= √1498,4641 . 0,20958084
= √314,049364788
= 17,721438 N/m
H ± ∆H = (0,100646 ± 17,721438)N/m
3. When H2 = 3 cm
H = 38,71 . (0,0412 – 0,03)
 = 38,71 . 0,0112
= 0,433552 N/m
2
1
∆h = √| . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| . |1,6278|2
2
= √1498,4641 . 2,64973284
= √3970,52953533
= 63,012138 N/m
H ± ∆H = (0,433552 ± 63,012138)N/m

2. Rise Capillarity Methods

a. Determine h2 ± ∆ℎ2
1. when h1 = 1 cm
h2 (cm) 𝛿ℎ2 |𝛿ℎ2|2
0,01 0,01 – 0,01 = 0 0
0,01 0,01 – 0,01 = 0 0
0,02 0,02 – 0,01 = 0,01 0,0001
∑ = 0,04 ∑ = 0,0001
ℎ2 0,04
H2̅ = ∑ = = 0,013 cm
𝑛 3
0,0001
∆ h2̅ = √ = 0,00005 cm
3−1
h2̅ ± ∆ℎ2̅ = (0,013± 0,00005) cm

2. When h1 = 2 cm
h2 (cm) 𝛿ℎ2 |𝛿ℎ2|2
0,02 0,02 - 0,06 = 0 0
0,02 0,02 - 0,06 = 0 0
0,02 0,02 - 0,06 = 0 0
∑ = 0,06 ∑=0
ℎ2 0,06
H2̅ = ∑ = = 0,02 cm
𝑛 3
0
∆ h2̅ = √ = 0 cm
3−1
h2̅ ± ∆ℎ2̅ = (0,02 ± 0) cm

3. When h1 = 3 cm
h2 (cm) 𝛿ℎ2 |𝛿ℎ2|2
0,01 0,01 – 0,01 = 0 0
0,002 0,002 – 0,01 = -0,008 0,000064
0,02 0,02 – 0,01 = 0,01 0,0001
∑ = 0,032 ∑ = 0,000164
ℎ2 0,032
H2̅ = ∑ = = 0,01 cm
𝑛 3
0,000164
∆ h2̅ = √ = 0,009 cm
3−1
h2̅ ± ∆ℎ2̅ = (0,01 ± 0,009) cm

B. Determine the Value of Water Surface Tension

1. When h1 = 1 cm
Known :
1
h : r . 𝜌 . g (h1 – h2)
2
2
1
∆ h = √| r . 𝜌 . g| |∆ h2̅|2
2

r = 0,0079 m
𝜌 = 1000 kg/𝑚3
g = 9,8 m/𝑠 2
h2 = 0,013 cm
 = 0,00013 m
h1 = 1 cm
= 0,01 m
1
h = . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8 (0,00013 – 0,01)
2
= 38,71 (-0,0098)
= -0,3820 N/m
2
1
∆ h = √| 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| |0,0000|2
2
= √38,71. 0
= 0 N/m
h ±∆h = (-0,3820 ± 0)N/m

2. When h1 = 2 cm
Known :
1
h : r . 𝜌 . g (h1 – h2)
2
2
1
∆ h = √| r . 𝜌 . g| |∆ h2̅|2
2

r = 0,0079 m
𝜌 = 1000 kg/𝑚3
g = 9,8 m/𝑠 2
h2 = 0,02 cm
= 0,0002 m
h1 = 2 cm
= 0,02 m
1
h = . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8 (0,0002 – 0,02)
2
= 38,71 (-0,0198)
= -0,7664 N/m
2
1
∆ h = √| 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| |0|2
2
= √38,71. 0
= 0 N/m
h ±∆h = (-0,7664 ± 0)N/m

3. When h1 = 3 cm
Known :
1
h : r . 𝜌 . g (h1 – h2)
2
2
1
∆ h = √| r . 𝜌 . g| |∆ h2̅|2
2

r = 0,0079 m
𝜌 = 1000 kg/𝑚3
g = 9,8 m/𝑠 2
h2 = 0,01 cm
= 0,0001 m
h1 = 3 cm
= 0,03 m
1
h = . 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8 (0,0001 – 0,03)
2
= 38,71 (-0,0299)
= -1,1574 N/m
2
1
∆ h = √| 0,0079 . 1000 . 9,8| |0,00009|2
2
= √38,71. 0
= 0 N/m
h ±∆h = (-1,1574 ± 0)N/m
 V. Discussion
In this practicum report, we will discuss the surface tension that causes the surface
of the liquid to contract and be in a state of tension. In general, liquid has a flat surface,
but if the liquid is in contact with a solid or pipe wall, the surface of the edge in contact
with the wall will be curved. The purpose of this experiment is to understand the basic
understanding of surface tension and determine the surface tension by means of
maximum pressure and capillary rise.
To better understand the face tension that uses 2 methods, namely maximum
pressure and capillary rise. What distinguishes the maximum pressure method and
capillary rise is the maximum method by finding the face tension price by equalizing the
pressure pressure acting on the beaker and manometer in a state of equilibrium. While
the capillary rise method is to measure surface tension by looking at the height of water
or liquid that rises through a capillary pipe.
In this experiment, we will repeat the experiment three times at each depth of the
pipe immersed in different water, starting from 1 cm to 5 cm. Using a capillary pipe
diameter of 1.58 cm, so the radius of the pipe is 0.79 cm. Made in units of meters to
0.0079 m. The first method is the maximum pressure method by doing 5x experiments.
The first experiment at a pipe depth of 1 cm (H2 = 1 cm) with hm (cm) 0.3 cm; 0.4
cm; 0.8 cm obtained an average of 0.5 cm with an error in the height of the water surface
on the manometer is (h𝑚 ± ∆h𝑚) = (0.5 ± 1.57) cm. This calculation continues until (H2
= 3 cm) with each hm with an error in the height of the water surface on the manometer
(H2 = 2 cm h𝑚 ± ∆ℎ𝑚 = (1.13 ± 0.229) cm); (H2 = 3 h𝑚 ± ∆ℎ𝑚 = (2.06 ± 0.814)
cm); From the results of this first experiment also obtained the value of changes in the
height of the water surface on the manometer hi ± ∆ℎ𝑖 with h2 = 1 cm to h2 = 3 cm.
Obtained (h2 = 1 cm hi ± ∆ℎ𝑖 = (1 ± 3.14) cm); (h2 = 2 cm hi ± ∆ℎ𝑖 = (2.26 ± 0.4578)
cm); (h2 = 3 cm hi ± ∆ℎ𝑖 = (4.12 ± 1.6278) cm). In the face tension obtained data H ±
∆𝐻 With each h2 = 1 cm to h2 = 3 cm. obtained the following data on (h2 = 1 cm H ±
∆𝐻 = (0 ± 121.5493) N/m); (h2 = 2 cm H ± ∆𝐻 = (0.100646 ± 17.721438) N/m); (h2 =
3 cm H ± ∆𝐻 = (0.433552 ± 63.012138) N/m).
The second method is the capillary pipe rise method, still with the same pipe radius
of 0.79 cm or 0.0079 m and by doing 3x experiments. The first experiment at a pipe
depth of 1 cm (H1 = 1 cm) with hm (cm) 0.01 cm; 0.01 cm; 0.02 cm obtained an average
of 0.04 cm with an error in the height of the water surface on the manometer that is (ℎ2
±∆ℎ2) = (0.013 ± 0.00005) cm.Furthermore, data taken from H1 = 2cm - H1 = 3cm then
obtained the following results: (ℎ2±∆ℎ2) = (0.02 ± 0) cm at H1 = 2cm; (ℎ2±∆ℎ2) = (0.01
± 0.009) cm at H1 = 3 cm. This method also determines the value of water level stress h
± ∆ℎ at each H1 = 1 cm to H1 = 3 cm, so that the data obtained: h ± ∆ℎ = (-0.3820 ± 0)
N/m at H1 = 1 cm; h ± ∆ℎ = (-0.7664 ± 0) N/m at H1 = 2 cm; h ± ∆ℎ = (-1.1574 ± 0)
N/m at H1 = 3.
Based on the results of this experiment, the value of water level stress or H in the
maximum pressure method is influenced by its (h1-h2) value, it is based on the equation
1
h : r . 𝜌 . g (h1 – h2)
2

Where in this experiment the value of 𝑟𝜌𝑔 is the same. The greater the value of
(h1-h2), the greater the value of the water level stress H obtained. That means the
relationship between the value of water level stress (H) is directly proportional to the
value (h1-h2) or the difference between the change in water level rise and the depth of
the submerged pipe. In this experimental method, the calculation results are the same as
the existing theory.
The principle of this experiment is to understand the ability or tendency of a liquid
to always go to a state with a smaller surface area, namely a flat surface, or round like a
ball or an attempt to form a surface area by finding the price of face tension.
which affects the error in the practicum when dipping the capillary pipe in the
beaker is not appropriate, so that it can affect the calculation results of the data. The lack
of accuracy of the practitioner affects the time of the experiment and when reading the
scale on the manometer or when measuring the scale on the capillary pipe.
 VI. Conclusion
Surface tension is the force of unity length that must be exerted parallel to the surface to
compensate for the attractive force of depth in the liquid, factors that can affect such as
solutes, density, and temperature.
The results of the surface tension experiment can be concluded that the maximum
pressure method and the capillary rise method have only varying surface tension, where
in the maximum pressure method by determining the radius of the pipe we get the result
of 0.0079 m then we determine the Average h𝑚±∆h𝑚 we get a varied value and the
formula given where the largest is 2.06 ± 0.814 cm then, determine the Value of Changes
in Water Surface Height at the Manometer ℎ1 ±∆ℎ1 with the formula given where the
largest number is 4, 12 ± 1.6278 cm then Determining the Value of Water Level Stress
H ± ∆H we get the largest value which is 0 ± 121.5493 N / m Whereas, in the capillary
rise method to Determine ℎ2 ± ∆ℎ2 Getting a variable value with the formula there is
where to get the value of ℎ2 ± ∆ℎ2 = 0.01 ± 0.009 cm and where to Determine the Value
of Water Level Stress H ± ∆H with the formula in the data analysis getting the largest
value, namely (𝐻 ± ∆𝐻) = (-0.3820 ± 0).

Bibliography
[1] Bird. 1993. University Physical Chemistry. PT.Gramedia
Main Library. Jakarta.
[2] Giancoli, Douglas.C.2001. Physics volume 1.Erlangga.Jakarta.
[3] Lacman, L. 1989. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy.UI-Press.

[4] Mawardah. 2009. Surface Tension and Capacity. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Jakarta.
[5] Sears, Francis Weston and Hark W. Zemansky. 1994. Physics for University I
Mechanics, Heat, Sound. Bina Cipta. Bandung.